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Techniques for collecting, handling, preparing, storing and examining small molluscan specimens

DANIEL L. GEIGER 1 , BRUCE A. MARSHALL 2 , WINSTON F. PONDER 3 , TAKENORI SASAKI 4 & ANDERS WAREN 5
1 Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93105, USA. Email: geiger@vetigastropoda.com.
2 Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, P.O. Box 467, 169 Tory Street, Wellington, New Zealand. Email: brucem@tepapa.govt.nz.
3 Australian Museum Sydney, 6 College Street, Sydney NSW 2010, Australia. Email: winston.ponder@austmus.gov.au.
4 The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. Email: sasaki@um.u-tokyo.ac.jp.
5 Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden. Email: anders.waren@nrm.se.

Micromolluscs are small-sized molluscs (< 5 mm), and include the great majority of undescribed molluscan taxa. Such species require special collecting, sorting and handling techniques and different storage requirements to those routinely used for larger specimens. Similarly, the preparation of shells, opercula, radulae and animals poses some challenges for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). An overview of experiences with various techniques is presented, both positive and negative. Issues discussed include those relating to storage of dry specimens and interaction of specimens with glass, gelatine and paper products, handling techniques and storage in various fluids. Techniques for cleaning shells for SEM are described and compared, as well as those for radular extraction. The interactions of chemicals used for the dissolution of tissue with calcareous micromolluscs are described. Methods for handling and mounting small radulae for SEM are detailed and brief guides to SEM and light photography are given. An appendix listing details of frequently-used chemicals is provided.

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