Abstract
Pulvinaria ixorae Green, 1909 is a soft scale insect (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) originally described from Sri Lanka and later recorded from other parts of the Indian subcontinent, but its diagnostic characteristics, distribution, and ecology remain inadequately documented. In the present study, the adult female of P. ixorae is redescribed in detail, based on fresh specimens collected from Odisha, India, and is illustrated from slide-mounted specimens, to facilitate accurate identification and to distinguish it from other closely related members of Pulvinaria. Ecological observations are also given, including the host-plant association, a predatory natural enemy (Jauravia sp., Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), and the relationship between P. ixorae and an attendant ant. The redescription and new information provide a better understanding of the taxonomy and ecology of this potentially economically important soft scale species.
References
- Ashmead, W.H. (1891) A generic synopsis of the Coccidae. Family X. Coccidae. Transactions of the Entomological Society of America, 18, 92–102.
- Chatterji, A. & Datta, A.R. (1974) Bionomics and control of mango mealy-scale, Chloropulvinaria (Pulvinaria) polygonata (Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Coccidae). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 44, 791–795.
- Choi, J. & Lee, S. (2020) Molecular phylogeny of the family Coccidae (Hemiptera, Coccomorpha), with a discussion of their waxy ovisacs. Systematic Entomology, 45 (2), 396–414. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12404
- Das, A., Pramanik, A. & Das, B.K. (2025) First record of Pulvinaria aurantii Cockerell (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) from India, with a key to species of Pulvinaria Targioni Tozzetti in India. Zootaxa, 5601 (3), 571–580. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5601.3.10
- García Morales, M., Denno, B.D., Miller, D.R., Miller, G.L., Ben-Dov, Y. & Hardy, N.B. (2016) ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. Available from: http://scalenet.info (accessed 10 March 2026) https://doi.org/10.1093/database/bav118
- Gopalakrishnan, C. & Narayanan, K. (1989) Occurrence of Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht and its pathogenicity on guava scale Chloropulvinaria psidii Maskell (Hemiptera: Coccidae). Current Science, 58, 92–93.
- Green, E.E. (1909) The Coccidae of Ceylon. Part IV. Dulau & Co., London, 250–344 pp.
- Green, E.E. (1922) Supplementary notes on the Coccidae of Ceylon. Part IV. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society, 28, 1007–1037.
- Gupta, B.P. & Singh, Y.P. (1988) Mango scale insects—occurrence in western Uttar Pradesh and their control. Progressive Horticulture, 20 (3–4), 357–361.
- Hodgson, C.J. (1994) The Scale Insect Family Coccidae: An Identification Manual to Genera. CAB International, Wallingford, 639 pp.
- Hodgson, C.J. & Henderson, R.C. (2000) Coccidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Fauna of New Zealand No. 41. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand, 264 pp.
- Hodgson, C.J. & Peronti, A.L.B.G. (2012) A revision of the wax scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Ceroplastinae) of the Afrotropical Region. Zootaxa, 3372, 1–265. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3372.1.1
- Linnaeus, C. (1758) Insecta, Hemiptera. Coccus (pp. 455–457). In: Systema Naturae, per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. (10th Edition). Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, pp. 455–457. [In Latin.] https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.156772
- Miller, D.R., Rung, A., Parikh, G., Venable, G., Redford, A.J., Evans, G. & Gill, R.J. (2014) Scale Insects. 2nd Edition. USDA APHIS PPQ Identification Technology Program (ITP), Fort Collins, Colorado. Available from: http://idtools.org/id/scales/ (accessed 10 March 2026)
- Qin, T.K. & Gullan, P.J. (1992) A revision of the Australian pulvinariine soft scales (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccidae). Journal of Natural History, 26, 103–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939200770061
- Shafee, S.A., Yousuf, M. & Khan, M.Y. (1989) Host plants and distribution of coccid pests (Homoptera: Coccoidea) in India. Indian Journal of Systematic Entomology, 6 (2), 47–55.
- Talukder, B. & Das, B.K. (2021) Description of a new soft scale insect of the genus Pulvinaria Targioni Tozzetti (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) from India. Zootaxa, 4941 (3), 434–442. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4941.3.8
- Tanaka, H. & Amano, H. (2005) A new species of Pulvinaria (Homoptera: Coccidae) and a new locality record of Pulvinaria neocellulosa. Entomological Science, 8, 79–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8298.2005.00102.x
- Tanaka, H. & Kamitani, S. (2020) Review of the Pulvinaria (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) species of the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Zootaxa, 4868 (3), 408–422. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4868.3.5
- Targioni Tozzetti, A. (1866) Come certe cocciniglie sieno cagione di alcune melate delle piante, e di alcune ruggini; e come la cocciniglia del fico dia in abbondanza una specie di cera. Atti della Reale Accademia economica-agraria dei Georgofili di Firenze, Nuova Serie, 13, 115–146. [In Italian.]
- Varshney, R.K. (1992) A check list of the scale insects and mealy bugs of South Asia. Part-1. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Occasional Paper, 139, 1–152.
