Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 5810 No. 3: 18 May 2026
Type: Article
Published: 2026-05-18
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5810.3.1
Page range: 401-433
Abstract views: 67
PDF downloaded: 9

A revised checklist of the genus Eupanacra Cadiou & Holloway, 1989 (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from China based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses

Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-Security; Yunnan University; Kunming 650500; China; Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security; Yunnan University; Kunming 650500; China
Northeast Forestry University; College of Forestry; Harbin 150040; China
School of Life Science; Westlake University; Hangzhou 310023; China
Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources; College of Life Sciences; Anhui Normal University; Wuhu; Anhui 241000; China
Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources; College of Life Sciences; Anhui Normal University; Wuhu; Anhui 241000; China
Lepidoptera Eupanacra phylogeny new records genital structure taxonomy

Abstract

The taxonomy of the hawkmoth genus Eupanacra Cadiou & Holloway, 1989 (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae, Macroglossinae, Macroglossini) from China is reviewed based on differences of wing pattern, male and female genitalia, and phylogenetic relationships derived from analysis of DNA barcodes. Eupanacra tsekoui (Clark, 1926) stat. nov. is elevated to a full species. A new record of China, Eupanacra frena Swinhoe, 1892 is reported from Yingjiang, Yunnan. Distribution maps, biological notes and living records of Eupanacra from China are also given.

References

  1. Brechlin, R. (2000) Neue Eupanacra aus China und von den Philippinen, mit Fundortergänzungen zum Philippinischen Archipel (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo, 21 (2), 71–78.
  2. Brechlin, R. (2014) Acht neue Taxa der Gattung Eupanacra Cadiou & Holloway, 1989 (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Entomo-Satsphingia, 7 (2), 15–28.
  3. Bryk, F. (1944) Entomological results from the Swedish expedition 1934 to Burma and British India. Lepidoptera: Saturniidae, Bombycidae, Eupterotidae, Uraniidae, Epiplemidae und Sphingidae, gesammelt von René Malaise. Arkiv för Zoologi (A), 35 (8), 1–55, 6 pls.
  4. Butler, A.G. (1875) Descriptions of several new species of Indian heterocerous Lepidoptera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1875, 391–393.
  5. Butler, A.G. (1881) Illustrations of typical specimens of Lepidoptera Heterocera in the collection of the British Museum, 5. British Museum, London, xii + 74 pp.
  6. Cadiou, J.M. & Holloway, J.D. (1989) Endemic Sphingidae from Sulawesi (Lepidoptera). Lambillionea, 89 (9–12), 130–158.
  7. Gehlen, B. (1930) Neue Sphingiden. Entomologische Zeitschrift, Frankfurt-am-Main, 44, 130–131.
  8. Clark, B.P. (1926) Descriptions of twelve new Sphingidae and remarks upon some other species. Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club, 9, 45–59.
  9. Clark, B.P. (1928) Sundry notes on Sphingidae and descriptions of ten new species. Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club, 10, 33–46.
  10. Hall, T.A. (1999) BioEdit: A user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series, 41, 95–98.
  11. Haxaire, J. & Melichar, T. (2023) Contribution to the knowledge of the Sphingidae of Arunachal Pradesh, with taxonomic notes on the genera Eupanacra Cadiou & Holloway, 1989, Acosmeryx Boisduval, 1875, Ambulyx Westwood, 1847 and Marumba Moore, 1882 (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae). European Entomologist, 15 (3/4), 115–153.
  12. Haxaire, J. & Melichar, T. (2024) Description of a new species and a new subspecies of the genus Eupanacra Cadiou & Holloway, 1989 (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae). European Entomologist, 16 (1/2), 1–19.
  13. Huelsenbeck, J., Larget, B. & Alfaro, M. (2004) Bayesian phylogenetic model selection using reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 21, 1123–1133. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msh123
  14. Jiang, Z.H. & Huang, C.L. (Eds.) (2023) Hawkmoths of China. Haixia Art and Literature Publishing House, Fuzhou, 468 pp.
  15. Jiang, Z.H., Wang, J.X., Xu, Z.B., Kitching, I.J., Huang, C.L., Hu, S.J. & Xiao, Y.L. (2024) Revision of the genus Rhagastis Rothschild & Jordan, 1903 (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from China, based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses. Insects, 15, 359. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15050359
  16. Jiang, Z.H., Kitching, I.J., Xu, X.D., Xu, Z.B., Yan, M., Yu, W.B., Liu, C.Q. & Hu, S.J. (2025) A review of the genus Ambulyx Westwood, 1847 (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from China based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses, with the description of a new species. Insects, 16, 223. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16020223
  17. Jiang, Z.H., Xu, Z.B., Lin, Y.T., Liu, C.Q., Wang, X. & Hu, S.J. (2025) New discoveries and notes of the family Sphingidae from China, with a new genus recorded (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae). Zootaxa, 5673 (2), 151–188. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5673.2.1
  18. Kalyaanamoorthy, S., Minh, B.Q., Wong, T.K., Von Haeseler, A. & Jermiin, L.S. (2017) ModelFinder: Fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates. Nature Methods, 14, 587–589. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.4285
  19. Kimura, M. (1980) A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 16, 111–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01731581
  20. Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C. & Tamura, K. (2018) MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across computing platforms. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 35, 1547–1549. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy096
  21. Mell, R. (1922) Beiträge zur Fauna sinica. Biologie und Systematik der südchinesischen Sphingiden, Vols. 1 & 2. R. Friedländer & Sohn, Berlin, xxii + 177 pp. + 331 pp.
  22. Rothschild, L.W. (1894) Notes on Sphingidae, with descriptions of new species. Novitates Zoologicae, 1, 65–98. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.24563
  23. Rothschild, L.W. & Jordan, K. (1903) A revision of the lepidopterous family Sphingidae. Novitates Zoologicae, 9 (supplement), cxxxv + 972 pp., 67 pls. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.5651
  24. Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., Van Der Mark, P., Ayres, D.L., Darling, A., Höhna, S., Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M.A. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: Efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Systematic Biology, 61, 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029
  25. Song, H., Buhay, J.E., Whiting, M.F. & Crandall, K.A. (2008) Many species in one: DNA barcoding overestimates the number of species when nuclear mitochondrial pseudogenes are coamplified. PNAS, 105, 13486–13491. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0803076105
  26. Swinhoe, C. (1892) Catalogue of Eastern and Australian Lepidoptera Heterocera in the collection of the Oxford University Museum. Part I. Sphinges and Bombyces. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 324 pp., 8 pls. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10598
  27. Thompson, J.D., Higgins, D.G. & Gibson, T.J. (1994) CLUSTAL W: Improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Research, 22, 4673–4680. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/22.22.4673
  28. Walker, F. (1856) List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum, 8: Sphingidae. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 271 pp.
  29. Xu, Z.B., He, J.B., Yang, N., Kitching, I.J. & Hu, S.J. (2023) Review of the Narrow-Banded Hawkmoth, Neogurelca montana (Rothschild & Jordan, 1915) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) in China, with morphological and phylogenetic analysis. Insects, 14, 818. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14100818
  30. Zhang, D., Gao, F.L., Jakovlić, I., Zou, H., Zhang, J., Li, W.X. & Wang, G.T. (2020) PhyloSuite: An integrated and scalable desktop platform for streamlined molecular sequence data management and evolutionary phylogenetics studies. Molecular Ecology Resource, 20, 348–355. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.13096

How to Cite

Jiang, Z.-H., Wang, J.-X., Xu, X.-D., Wang, X. & Hu, S.-J. (2026) A revised checklist of the genus Eupanacra Cadiou & Holloway, 1989 (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from China based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses. Zootaxa, 5810 (3), 401–433. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5810.3.1