Abstract
A study on midge galls found on oaks has led to the description of a new species, Andricus katilmisi sp. nov. from Türkiye. When considered in terms of its morphological characteristics and biological associations, the new species exhibits an unusual combination of gall inducers and inquilines. The diagnostic characters, morphological description, biological relationships, life cycle, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the new species are provided. Owing to its distinctive life strategy, the new species is discussed within the broader context of cynipoid evolution.
References
- Ashmead, W.H. (1903) Classification of the gall-wasps and parasitic cynipoids, or the superfamily Cynipoidea. Psyche, Cambridge, 10, 210–215. https://doi.org/10.1155/1903/21809
- Askew, R.R. (1984) The biology of gall wasps. In: Ananthakrishan, T.N. (Ed.), Biology of gall insects. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta, pp. 223–271.
- Askew, R.R. (1999) Confirmation of an association of Synergus Hartig and Saphonecrus Dalla Torre & Kieffer (Hym., Cynipidae) with oak galls of Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Entomologist´s Monthly Magazine, 135 (1616–1619), 89–90.
- Azmaz, M. & Katılmış, Y. (2017a) Cynipidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) Fauna of Istanbul. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 12 (1), 151–167.
- Azmaz, M. & Katılmış, Y. (2017b) Updated species list of Cynipidae (Hymenoptera) from Turkey. Zootaxa, 4303 (3), 361–378. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4303.3.3
- Azmaz, M. & Katılmış, Y. (2020a) A new species of herb gall wasp (Cynipidae, Aulacideini, Aulacidea) from Turkey. Zootaxa, 4747 (2), 378–390. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4747.2.9
- Azmaz, M. & Katılmış, Y. (2020b) A new species of Cynips (Cynipidae: Cynipini) from Turkey. Zoology in the Middle East, 66, 232–239. https://doi.org/10.1080/09397140.2020.1782579
- Azmaz, M. & Katılmış, Y. (2021a) Three new species of herb gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) from Turkey. European Journal of Taxonomy, 757, 152–168. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.757.1421
- Azmaz, M. & Katılmış, Y. (2021b) Two new oak gall wasp species (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini) from Quercus pontica (Fagaceae) in Turkey. Zootaxa, 5016 (3), 382–394. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5016.3.4
- Beutenmüller, W. (1892) Catalogue of gall-producing insects found within fifty miles of New York City, with descriptions of their galls, and of some new species. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 4, 245–278, pls. IX–XVI.
- Billberg, G.J. (1820) Enumeratio Insectorum in Museo. Typis Gadelianis, Stockholm, 138 pp.
- Blaimer, B.B., Gotzek, D., Brady, S.G. & Buffington, M.L. (2020) Comprehensive phylogenomic analyses re-write the evolution of parasitism within cynipoid wasps. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 20, 155. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-020-01716-2
- Buffington, M.L., Forshage, M., Liljeblad, J., Tang, C.-T. & van Noort, S. (2020) World Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera): A Key to Higher-Level Groups. Insect Systematics and Diversity, 4 (4), 1, 1–69. https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixaa003
- Csóka, Gy., Stone, G.N. & Melika, G. (2005) Biology, Ecology and Evolution of Gall-inducing Cynipidae. In: Raman, A., Schaefer, C.W. & Withers, T.M. (Eds.), Biology, Ecology and Evolution of Gall-Inducing Arthropods. Science Publishers, Enfield, New Hampshire, pp. 573–642.
- Demirel, M., Azmaz, M. & Katılmış, Y. (2022) A new species of oak gall wasp (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini) from Turkey. Zootaxa, 5087 (4), 583–590. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5087.4.6
- Demirel, M., Tataroğlu, M. & Katılmış, Y. (2023) Cynipidae (Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea) fauna of Burdur province (Türkiye). Zootaxa, 5296 (3), 362–380. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.3
- Dinç, S., Mutun, S. & Melika, G. (2014) A new species of Andricus Hartig oak gall wasp from Turkey (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). North-Western Journal of Zoology, 10 (1), 122–127.
- Förster, A. (1869) Ueber die Gallwespen. Verhandlungen der k.k. zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 19, 327–370. [in German]
- Gagné, R.J. & Jaschhof, M. (2021) A Catalog of the Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) of the World. (5th ed.). Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture U.S. National Museum NHB, Washington, D.C., USA.
- Giraud, J. (1861) Fragments entomologiques. Verhandlungen der kaiserlich-königlichen zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 11, 445–498.
- Harris, R. (1979) A glossary of surface sculpturing. State of California, Department of Food and Agriculture, Occasional Papers in Entomology, 28, 1–31.
- Hearn, J., Gobbo, E., Nieves-Aldrey, J.L., Branca, A., Nicholls, J.A., Koutsovoulos, G., Lartillot, N., Stone, G.N. & Ronquist, F. (2024) Phylogenomic analysis of protein-coding genes resolves complex gall wasp relationships. Systematic Entomology, 49 (1), 110–137. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12611
- Karaca, G. & Katılmış, Y. (2020) Cynipidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) fauna of Kazdağı National Park (Turkey). Zootaxa, 4802 (2), 317–334. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4802.2.6
- Kollar, V. (1850) Naturgeschichte der Zerr-Eichen-Saummücke, (Lasioptera Cerris), eines schädlichen Forstinsectes. Denkschriften der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1, 347–350.
- Latreille, P.A. (1802) Histoire naturelle, génerále et particuliére des Crustacés et des Insectes. Vol. 3. F. Dufart, Paris, 467 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.15764
- Liljeblad, J. (2002) Phylogeny and evolution of gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Doctoral thesis, Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 176 pp.
- Liljeblad, J., Ronquist, F., Nieves-Aldrey, J.L., Fontal-Cazalla, F., Ros-Farré, P., Gaitros, D., Juli Pujade-Villar, J. (2008) A fully web-illustrated morphological phylogenetic study of relationships among oak gall wasps and their closest relatives (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Zootaxa, 1796 (1), 1–73. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1796.1.1
- Lobato-Vila, I., Bae, J., Roca-Cusachs, M., Kang, M., Jung, S., Melika, G., Pénzes, Z. & Pujade-Villar, J. (2022) Global phylogeny of the inquilinous gall wasp tribe Synergini (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Cynipidae): first insights and establishment of a new cynipid tribe. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 195, 1338–1354. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab085
- Mayr, G. (1872) Die Einmiethler der mitteleuropäischen Eichengallen. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Geselschaft in Wien, 22, 669–726. [in German]
- Melika, G. (2006) Gall wasps of Ukraine: Cynipidae. Vestnik zoologii, Supplement 21 (1–2), 1–300 + 301–644.
- Melika, G., Pujade-Villar, J., Abe, Y., Tang, C.-T., Nicholls, J., Wachi, N., Ide, T., Yang, M.-M., Pénzes, Z., Csóka, G. & Stone, G.N. (2010) Palaearctic oak gallwasps galling oaks (Quercus) in the section Cerris: re-appraisal of generic limits, with descriptions of new genera and species (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini). Zootaxa, 2470 (1), 1–79. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2470.1.1
- Mutun, S., Dinç, S., Bozsó, M. & Melika, G. (2014) Four new species of Andricus Hartig oak gallwasp from Turkey (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa, 3760 (2), 241–259. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3760.2.5
- Mutun, S., Dinç, S. & Melika, G. (2020) Two new species of oak gall wasps from Turkey (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa, 4890 (3), 428–438. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4890.3.9
- Nastasi, L.F., Smith, C.N., Davis, C.K., Ward, A.K.G., Brown, G., Zhang, Y.M., Rollins, S., Friesen, C., Tribull, C.M., Forbes, A.A. & Deans, A.R. (2024) One must imagine Sisyphus happy: Integrative taxonomic characterization of 22 new Ceroptres species (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Ceroptresini). Zootaxa, 5508 (1), 1–63. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5508.1.1
- Nieves-Aldrey, J.L. (2001) Hymenoptera, Cynipidae. In: Ramos, M., Alba-Tercedor, J., Bellés-i-Ros, X., Gosálbez-i-Noguera, J., Guerra-Sierra, A., Macpherson-Mayol, E., Martín Piera, F., Serrano Marino, J. & Templado González, J. (Eds.), Fauna Ibérica. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, pp. 1–636.
- Nordlander, G. (1984) What do we know about parasitic cynipoids (Hymenoptera). Entomologisk Tidskrift, 105, 36–40.
- Pénzes, Z., Tang, C.T., Bihari, P., Bozsó, M., Schwéger, S. & Melika, G. (2012) Oak associated inquilines (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Synergini). TISCIA Monograph Series, 11, 1–76.
- Pujade-Villar, J., Melika, G., Ros-Farré, P., Ács, Z. & Csóka, Gy. (2003) Cynipid inquiline wasps of Hungary, with taxonomic notes on the Western Palearctic fauna (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipinae, Synergini). Folia Entomologica Hungarica, 64, 121–170.
- Rasplus, J.Y., Nieves-Aldrey, J.L. & Cruaud, A. (2022) Cecinothofagus Nieves-Aldrey & Liljeblad (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) is likely an endoparasitoid of the gall-maker genus Aditrochus Rübsaamen (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 93, 33–42. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.93.89507
- Ronquist, F. & Nordlander, G. (1989) Skeletal morphology of an archaic cynipoid, Ibalia rufipes (Hymenoptera: Ibaliidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement 33, 1–60.
- Ronquist, F. (1994) Evolution of parasitism among closely related species: phylogenetic relationships and the origin of Inquilinism in gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Evolution, 48 (2), 241–266. https://doi.org/10.2307/2410091
- Ronquist, F. (1995) Phylogeny and early evolution of the Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera). Systematic Entomology, 20, 309–335. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1995.tb00099.x
- Ronquist, F. (1999) Phylogeny, classification and evolution of the Cynipoidea. Zoologica Scripta, 28, 139–164. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1463-6409.1999.00022.x
- Ronquist, F., Nieves-Aldrey, J.L., Buffington, M.L., Liu, Zh., Liljeblad, J. & Nylander, J.A.A. (2015) Phylogeny, Evolution and Classification of Gall Wasps: The Plot Thickens. PLoS ONE, 10 (5), 1–40. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0123301
- Sanver, D. & Hawkins, B.A. (2000) Galls as habitats: the inquiline communities of insect galls. Basic and Applied Ecology, 1, 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1078/1439-1791-00001
- Stone, G.N. & Schönrogge, K. (2003) The adaptive significance of insect gall morphology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 18, 512–522. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00247-7
- Stone, G.N., Schönrogge, K., Atkinson, R.J., Bellido, D. & Pujade-Villar, J. (2002) The population biology of oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Annual Review of Entomology, 47, 633–668. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145247
- Tataroğlu, M. & Katılmış, Y. (2024a) Two New Species of Oak Gall Wasp (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini) from Türkiye. Zootaxa, 5433 (4), 559–572. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5433.4.5
- Tataroğlu, M. & Katılmış, Y. (2024b) Gall wasp (Cynipoidea: Cynipidae and Diplolepididae) fauna of the Eastern Black Sea Region (Türkiye). Zootaxa, 5468 (1), 112–144. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5468.1.4
- van Noort, S., Stone, G.N., Whitehead, V.B. & Nieves-Aldrey, J.L. (2007) Biology of Rhoophilus loewi (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Cynipidae), with implications for the evolution of inquilinism in gall wasps. Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society, 90, 153–172. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00719.x
- Wachi, N., Ide, T. & Abe, Y. (2011) A New Inquiline Species of Saphonecrus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) Associated with Cecidomyiid Galls on Oak Trees in Japan. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 104 (3), 369–373. https://doi.org/10.1603/AN10187