Abstract
The Black-goggled Tanager (Trichothraupis melanops) is a South American forest species that comprises two disjunct populations in the Atlantic Forest and in the Andes. During visits to natural history museums, we noticed morphological differences between these populations, which led to a taxonomic revision of the species based on plumage patterns and morphometry. Our analyses revealed that both populations are fully diagnosable, and that the Andean population represents an undescribed taxon, which we name Trichothraupis griseonota sp. nov. The new taxon differs from T. melanops by the extension of black in the faces of the males, covering the auricular region, and a greyer shade on the back (instead of olive). A previous mtDNA study with Trichothraupis is consistent with our conclusions that a new taxon requires recognition. The new species is found from 400 m up to 1,700 m on the eastern slopes of the Andes in Peru, Bolivia, and northwestern Argentina, inhabiting Tucumano-Boliviano and Yungas Forests as opposed to the Atlantic Forests where T. melanops is found. The biogeographical disjunction of the two species is similar to what has been observed for other bird species and subspecies, whereby avian lineages are allopatrically distributed and separated by the Chaco-Cerrado vegetation. The description of this taxon reinforces the importance of continued studies and analyses of museum specimens, which may yet reveal little-known patterns and undescribed taxa.
References
- Araya‐Salas, M. & Smith‐Vidaurre, G. (2017) warbleR: an R package to streamline analysis of animal acoustic signals. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 8 (2), 184–191. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12624 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12624
- Azara, F. de (1802) Apuntamientos para la Historia Natural de los Páxaros del Paragüay y Rio de la Plata. Nabu Press, Madrid, 492 pp.
- Barnett, J.M. & Buzzetti, D.R.C. (2014) A new species of Cichlocolaptes Reichenbach 1853 (Furnariidae), the “gritador-do-nordeste”, an undescribed trace of the fading bird life of northeastern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22, 75–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03544237 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03544237
- Billerman, S.M., Keeney, B.K., Rodewald, P.G. & Schulenberg, T.S. (2022) Birds of the World. Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York. Available from: https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/home (25 January 2024)
- Bocalini, F. & Silveira, L.F. (2016) A taxonomic revision of the Musician Wren, Cyphorhinus arada (Aves, Troglodytidae), reveals the existence of six valid species endemic to the Amazon basin. Zootaxa, 4193 (3), 541–564.
- https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4193.3.5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4193.3.5
- Burns, K.J., Shultz, A.J., Title, P.O., Mason, N.A., Barker, F.K., Klicka, J., Lanyon, S.M. & Lovette, I.J. (2014) Phylogenetics and diversification of tanagers (Passeriformes: Thraupidae), the largest radiation of Neotropical songbirds. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 75, 41–77.
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2014.02.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2014.02.006
- Buzzetti, D., Belmonte-Lopes, R., Reinert, B., Silveira, L. & Bornschein, M. (2013) A new species of Formicivora Swainson, 1824 (Thamnophilidae) from the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 21 (4), 269–291.
- Cabanis, J. (1850) Museum Heineanum Verzeichniss der ornithologischen Sammlung des Oberamtmann Ferdinand Heine, auf Gut St. Burchard vor Halberstadt. R. Frantz, Halberstadt, 233 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.112135 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.112135
- Cabanne, G.S., Campagna, L., Trujillo-Arias, N., Naoki, K., Gómez, I., Miyaki, C.Y., Santos, F.R., Dantas, G.P.M., Aleixo, A., Claramunt, S., Rocha, A., Caparroz, R., Lovette, I.J. & Tubaro, P.L. (2019) Phylogeographic variation within the Buff-browed Foliage-gleaner (Aves: Furnariidae: Syndactyla rufosuperciliata) supports an Andean-Atlantic forests connection via the Cerrado. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 133, 198–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.01.011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.01.011
- Cadena, C.D. & Cuervo, A.M. (2009) Molecules, ecology, morphology, and songs in concert: how many species is Arremon torquatus (Aves: Emberizidae)? Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 99 (1), 152–176.
- https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01333.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01333.x
- Carneiro, L.S., Gonzaga, L.P., Rêgo, P.S., Sampaio, I., Schneider, H. & Aleixo, A. (2012) Systematic revision of the Spotted Antpitta (Grallariidae: Hylopezus macularius), with description of a cryptic new species from Brazilian Amazonia. The Auk, 129 (2), 338–351. https://doi.org/10.1525/auk.2012.11157 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/auk.2012.11157
- Cohn-Haft, M.E., Santos Junior, M.A., Fernandes, A.M. & Ribas, C.C. (2013) A new species of Cyanocorax jay from savannas of the central Amazon. In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Christie, D. (Eds), Handbook of the Birds of the World, Special Volume: New Species and Global Index. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, pp. 248–252.
- Dantas, S.M., Weckstein, J.D., Bates, J., Oliveira, J.N., Catanach, T.A. & Aleixo, A. (2021) Multi-character taxonomic review, systematics, and biogeography of the Black-capped/Tawny-bellied Screech Owl (Megascops atricapilla-M. watsonii) complex (Aves: Strigidae). Zootaxa, 4949 (3), 401–444.
- https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4949.3.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4949.3.1
- Dickens, J.K., Bitton, P.P., Bravo, G.A. & Silveira, L.F. (2021) Species limits, patterns of secondary contact and a new species in the Trogon rufus complex (Aves: Trogonidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 193 (2), 499–540. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa169 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa169
- Eck, S., Töpfer, T., Fiebig, J., Heynen, I., Fiedler, W., Nicolai, B., van den Elzen, R., Winkler, R., Woog, F. & Töpfer, T. (2011) Measuring Birds. Deutsche Ornithologen-Gesellschaft, Wilhelmshaven, 118 pp.
- Fjeldså, J. (2013) Avian classification in flux. In: del Hoyo, J., Elliot, A., Sargatal, J. & Christie, D. (Eds), Handbook of the Birds of the World, Special Volume: New Species and Global Index. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, pp. 77–146.
- Giribet, G. (2015) Morphology should not be forgotten in the era of genomics—a phylogenetic perspective. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 256, 96–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2015.01.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2015.01.003
- Hellmayr, C.E. (1906) Revision der Spix’chen Typen brasilianischer Vögel. Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Klasse der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 22, 561–726.
- Hellmayr, C.E. (1936) Catalogue of birds of the Americas, part IX, Tersinidae, Thraupidae. Field Museum of Natural History Publications in Zoology, 13, 1–458.
- Hilty, S.L. (2011) Family Thraupidae (Tanagers). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Christie, D. (Eds), Handbook of the Birds of the World, volume 16: Tanagers to New World Blackbirds. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, pp. 46–329.
- Hilty, S.L., Ascanio, D. & Whittaker, A. (2013) A new species of softtail (Furnariidae: Thripophaga) from the delta of the Orinoco River in Venezuela. The Condor, 115 (1), 143–154. https://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2012.110212 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2012.110212
- Isler, M.L. & Isler, P.R. (1987) The Tanagers: Natural History, Distribution and Identification. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 404 pp.
- Isler, M.L., Isler, P.R. & Whitney, B.M. (1998) Use of vocalizations to establish species limits in antbirds (Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae). The Auk, 115 (3), 577–590.
- https://doi.org/10.2307/4089407 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4089407
- Joseph, L. (2011) Museum collections in ornithology: today’s record of avian biodiversity for tomorrow’s world. Emu, 111 (3), i–xii. https://doi.org/10.1071/MUv111n3_ED DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/MUv111n3_ED
- Lane, D.F., Kratter, A.W. & O’Neill, J.P. (2017) A new species of manakin (Aves: Pipridae; Machaeropterus) from Peru with a taxonomic reassessment of the Striped Manakin (M. regulus) complex. Zootaxa, 4320 (2), 379–390. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4320.2.11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4320.2.11
- Lane, D.F., Justiniano, M.A.A., Terrill, R.S., Rheindt, F.E., Klicka, L.B., Rosenberg, G.H., Schmitt, C.J. & Burn, K. (2021) A new genus and species of tanager (Passeriformes, Thraupidae) from the lower Yungas of western Bolivia and southern Peru. Ornithology, 138 (4), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukab059 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukab059
- Lara, C.E., Cuervo, A.M., Valderrama, S.V., Calderón-F., D. & Cadena, C.D. (2012) A new species of wren (Troglodytidae: Thryophilus) from the dry Cauca River Canyon, northwestern Colombia. The Auk, 129 (3), 537–550. https://doi.org/10.1525/auk.2012.12028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/auk.2012.12028
- Lichtenstein, H. (1823) Doubletten Zoologischen Museums. Commission bei T. Trautwein, Berlin, 118 pp.
- O’Neill, J.P., Lane, D.F. & Naka, L.N. (2011) A cryptic new species of thrush (Turdidae: Turdus) from Western Amazonia. The Condor, 113 (4), 869–880, https://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2011.100244 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2011.100244
- Pacheco, J., Gonzaga, L. & Whitney, B. (1996) A new genus and species of furnariid (Aves: Furnariidae) from the cocoa-growing region of southeastern Bahia, Brazil. Wilson Bulletin, 108 (3), 397–433.
- Pyke, G.H. & Ehrlich, P.R. (2010) Biological collections and ecological/environmental research: a review, some observations and a look to the future. Biological Reviews, 85 (2), 247–266.
- https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2009.00098.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2009.00098.x
- R Core Team (2022) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available from: https://www.r-project.org/ (accessed 3 April 2023)
- Repenning, M. & Fontana, C.S. (2013) A new species of gray seedeater (Emberizidae: Sporophila) from upland grasslands of southern Brazil. The Auk, 130 (4), 791–803.
- https://doi.org/10.1525/auk.2013.12167 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/auk.2013.12167
- Ridgely, R.S. & Tudor, G. (1989) The Birds of South America: Volume 1: The Oscine Passerines. University of Texas Press, Texas, 516 pp.
- Ridgely, R.S. & Tudor, G. (2009) Field Guide to the Birds of South America: Passerines. University of Texas Press, Texas, 720 pp.
- Schulenberg, T.S., Stotz, D.F., Lane, D.F., O’Neill, J.P. & Parker III, T.A. (2007) Birds of Peru: Revised and Updated Edition. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 664 pp.
- Seeholzer, G.F., Winger, B.M., Harvey, M.G. & Weckstein, J.D. (2012) A new species of barbet (Capitonidae: Capito) from the Cerros del Sira, Ucayali, Peru. The Auk, 129 (3), 551–559.
- https://doi.org/10.1525/auk.2012.11250 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/auk.2012.11250
- Sick, H. (1997) Ornitologia Brasileira. Nova Fronteira, Rio de Janeiro, 862 pp.
- Silveira, L.F., Tomotani, B.M., Cestari, C., Straube, F.C. & Piacentini, V.Q. (2017) Ortalis remota: a forgotten and critically endangered species of chachalaca (Galliformes: Cracidae) from eastern Brazil. Zootaxa, 4306 (4), 524–536. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4306.4.4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4306.4.4
- Smithe, F.B. (1975) Naturalist’s Color Guide. The American Museum of Natural History, New York, 37 pp.
- Spix, J.B. (1825) Avium species novae, quas in itinere per Brasiliam annis MDCCCXVII-MDCCCXX. Typis Franc. Seraph. Hübschmanni, Monachii, 85 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.5117 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.63182
- Staats, M., Erkens, R.H.J., van de Vossenberg, B., Wieringa, J.J., Kraaijeveld, K., Stielow, B., Geml, J., Richardson, J.E. & Bakker, F.T. (2013) Genomic treasure troves: complete genome sequencing of herbarium and insect museum specimens. PLoS ONE, 8 (7), e69189. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069189 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069189
- Swainson, W. (1826) A monograph of the genus Tachyphonus; a group of birds belonging to the Tanagrae of Linnaeus. Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature and Art, 20, 60–69.
- Taczanowski, L. (1874) Liste des oiseaux recueillis par M. Constantin Jelski dans la partie centrale du Peróu occidental. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 42 (1), 501–565. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1874.tb02510.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1874.tb02510.x
- Trujillo-Arias, N., Calderón, L., Santos, F.R., Miyaki, C.Y., Aleixo, A., Witt, C.C., Tubaro, P.L. & Cabanne, G.S. (2018) Forest corridors between the central Andes and the southern Atlantic Forest enabled dispersal and peripatric diversification without niche divergence in a passerine. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 128, 221–232.
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.08.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.08.005
- Trujillo-Arias, N., Dantas, G.P.M., Arbeláez-Cortés, E., Naoki, K., Gómez, M.I., Santos, F.R., Miyaki, C.Y., Aleixo, A., Tubaro, P.L. & Cabanne, G.S. (2017) The niche and phylogeography of a passerine reveal the history of biological diversification between the Andean and the Atlantic forests. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 112, 107–121.
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2017.03.025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2017.03.025
- Trujillo-Arias, N., Rodríguez-Cajarville, M.J., Sari, E., Miyaki, C.Y., Santos, F.R., Witt, C.C., Barreira, A.S., Gómez, I., Naoki, K., Tubaro, P.L. & Cabanne, G.S. (2020) Evolution between forest macrorefugia is linked to discordance between genetic and morphological variation in Neotropical passerines. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 149, 106849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106849 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106849
- Vieillot, L.J. (1818) Nouveau dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, appliquée aux arts, à l’agriculture, à l’économie rurale et domestique, à la médecine, etc. Par une société de naturalistes et d’agriculteurs. Tome XXI. Chez Deterville, Paris, 586 pp.
- Vieillot, L.J. (1819) Nouveau dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, appliquée aux arts, à l’agriculture, à l’économie rurale et domestique, à la médecine, etc. Par une société de naturalistes et d’agriculteurs. Tome XXXII. Chez Deterville, Paris, 595 pp.
- Whitney, B.M. & Cohn-Haft, M.E. (2013) Fifteen new species of Amazonian birds. In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J. & Christie, D.A. (Eds), Handbook of the Birds of the World. Special Volume: New Species and Global Index. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, pp. 225–239.
- Whitney, B.M., Schunck, F., Rêgo, M.A. & Silveira, L.F. (2013) A new species of Zimmerius tyrannulet from the upper Madeira-Tapajós interfluvium in central Amazonian Brazil: birds don’t always occur where they “should.” In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., & Christie, D. (Eds), Handbook of the Birds of the World. Special Volume: New Species and Global Index. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, pp. 286–291.
- Winker, K. (2004) Natural history museums in a postbiodiversity era. BioScience, 54 (5), 455–459. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0455:NHMIAP]2.0.CO;2
- https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0455:NHMIAP]2.0.CO;2
- Zimmer, J.T. (1947) Studies of Peruvian birds. No. 52, The genera Sericossypha, Chlorospingus, Cnemoscopus, Hemispingus, Conothraupis, Chlorornis, Lamprospiza, Cissopis, and Schistochlamys. American Museum Novitates, No. 1367, 1–26.