Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 5286 No. 1: 18 May 2023
Type: Monograph
Published: 2023-05-18
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
Page range: 1-144
Abstract views: 474
PDF downloaded: 57

Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860(Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina)

College of Forestry; Beijing Forestry University
Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution; Institute of Zoology; Chinese Academy of Sciences
Coleoptera ground beetles arboreal habitats Oriental Realm African Realm key new species new synonymies

Abstract

The present contribution revises the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860, a group of arboreal carabid beetles with 46 recognized species, distributed in Tropical Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and the north and east coastal Australasia. We re-evaluate the infrageneric taxonomy of the genus and redefine three subgenera: Parena s. str., Bothynoptera Schaum, 1863 and Crossoglossa Chaudoir, 1872, based on the morphological characters of external features, male genitalia and female ovipositors. Under these three subgenera, we define 14 species groups to contain all known species. Keys for the identification of all subgenera, species groups, and species are provided, along with diagnostic characters, included species, geographical distribution, brief discussion on monophyly and relationships for each subgenus and species group, ample species descriptions, distribution maps, habitus images, and genitalia illustrations.

The previous alpha-taxonomy of the genus Parena is defective, and several species were described without genital morphological comparisons with their real adelphotaxon. Based on careful examination of a large amount of type materials, we propose 19 new synonyms: P. rufotestacea Jedlička, 1934, as a junior synonym of P. cavipennis (Bates, 1873); P. perforata (Bates, 1873), P. nepalensis Kirschenhofer, 1994, and P. kunmingensis Kirschenhofer, 1996, as junior synonyms of P. dorsigera (Schaum, 1863); P. wrasei Kirschenhofer, 2006, as a junior synonym of P. kurosai Habu, 1967; P. nantouensis Kirschenhofer, 1996 and P. kataevi Kirschenhofer, 2006, as junior synonyms of P. tesari (Jedlička, 1951); P. yunnana Kirschenhofer, 1994, as a junior synonym of P. shapingensis Xie & Yu, 1993; P. albomaculata Habu, 1979, as a junior synonym of P. malaisei (Andrewes, 1947); P. koreana Kirschenhofer, 1994, as a junior synonym of P. monostigma (Bates, 1873); P. phongsalyensis Kirschenhofer, 2011, as a junior synonym of P. quadrisignata Mateu, 1977; P. sellata (Heller, 1921), P. hastata (Heller, 1921), P. sellatoides (Jedlička, 1940), P. fasciata var. unicolor Louwerens, 1949, and P. sumatrana Kirschenhofer, 2011, as junior synonyms of P. fasciata (Chaudoir, 1872); P. nigrolineata nipponensis Habu, 1964 and P. schillhammeri Kirschenhofer, 2006, as junior synonyms of P. nigrolineata (Chaudoir, 1852); and P. alluaudi Jeannel, 1949, as a junior synonym of P. madagascariensis (Alluaud, 1917). Furthermore, the specific status of P. scutata (Alluaud, 1917) is resurrected from synonym with P. plagiata Motschulsky, 1864. Parena sticta (Andrewes, 1947) is excluded from Parena and a new combination is suggested: Peliocypas stictus (Andrewes, 1947) comb. nov.

A total of eight new species are described: P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. nov. (type locality: Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands), P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. nov. (type locality: Houaphan, Laos), P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. nov. (type locality: Muli, Sichuan, China), P. (Bothynoptera) gonggaica sp. nov. (type locality: Hailuogou, Sichuan, China), P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. nov. (type locality: Kangding, Sichuan, China), P. (Parena) picipes sp. nov. (type locality: Trus Madi, Borneo), P. (Parena) fulva sp. nov. (type locality: Dodoma, Tanzania), and P. (Parena) ruficornis sp. nov. (type locality: Lobaye, the Central African Republic). Several of these new species are very rare in collections, with four of them known from females only.

 

References

  1. Acorn, J.H. & Ball, G.E. (1991) The mandibles of some adult ground beetles, structure, function, and evolution of herbivory (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 69 (3), 638–650. https://doi.org/10.1139/z91-094 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/z91-094
  2. Alluaud, C. (1917) Contributions à l'étude des Carabiques d'Afrique et de Madagascar [Col.] XIV- Sur le genre Crossoglossa Chaudoir et descriptions de duex especes nouvelles. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France, 1917, 85–88. https://doi.org/10.3406/bsef.1917.26042 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/bsef.1917.26042
  3. Andrewes, H.E. (1919) Papers on Oriental Carabidae. –I. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (9) 3, 469–483. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222931908673846 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222931908673846
  4. Andrewes, H.E. (1921) Notes on synonymy and on some types of Oriental Carabidae in various foreign collections. The Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1921, 145–195. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1921.tb02805.x
  5. Andrewes, H.E. (1927a) Papers on Oriental Carabidae. XIX. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (9) 19, 97–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222932708633575 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222932708633575
  6. Andrewes, H.E. (1927b) Insects of Samoa. Part IV. Coleoptera, Fasc. 1, Carabidae. Pp. 1–14. In: Andrewes HE, et al (eds.), Insects of Samoa and other Samoan Terristrial Anthrapoda. London: British Museum (Natural History), 66 pp.
  7. Andrewes, H.E. (1928) On the types of Oriental Carabidae described by V. de Motschulsky. The Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 76, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1928.tb01185.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1928.tb01185.x
  8. Andrewes, H.E. (1929) The Fauna of Sumatrensis. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 72, 303–340.
  9. Andrewes, H.E. (1930) Catalogue of Indian Insects, pars 18 (carabidae), Carabidae. Calcutta: Government of India Central Publication Branch, xxii + 389 pp.
  10. Andrewes, H.E. (1931a) Some keys to Sumatran Carabidae together with descriptions of further new species. Zoologische Mededelingen, 14, 54–78.
  11. Andrewes, H.E. (1931b) Carabidae of Mt. Kinabalu North Borneo. Journal of the Federated Malay Museums, XVI (3–4), 431–485.
  12. Andrewes, H.E. (1933) On some new species of Carabidae, chiefly from Java. Treubia, 14 (2), 273–286.
  13. Andrewes, H.E. (1947) Entomological results from the Swedish expedition 1934 to Burma and British India. Coleoptera: Carabidae. Collected by René Malaise. Arkiv för Zoologi, 38A nr. 20, 1–49.
  14. Aston, P. (2016) Catalogue and bibliography of the Hong Kong Carabidae Latreille, 1802 (Coleoptera: Adephaga), with notes on the historic boundaries of Hong Kong as related to zoological collections. Zootaxa, 4121 (3), 201–257 https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4121.3.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4121.3.1
  15. Basilewsky, P. (1955) Carabidae (Coleoptera) de l’Angola. Publicaçoes Culturais da Companhia de Diamantes de Angola, 27, 93–137.
  16. Basilewsky, P. (1961) Sur les types de Carabidae africains decrits par V. Motschulsky. Bulletin et Annales Société Entomologique de Belgique, 97, 205–224.
  17. Basilewsky, P. (1984) Essai d’une classification supra-générique naturelle des Carabides Lébiens d’Afrique et de Madagascar (Coleoptera Carabidae Lebiinae). Revue de Zoologie Africaine, 98 (3), 525–559.
  18. Bates, H.W. (1873) On the Geodephagous Coleoptera of Japan. Fam. Carabidae. The Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1873 (2), 229–322. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1873.tb00643.x
  19. Bates, H.W. (1889) Contributions à la faune Indo-chinoise. 3e mémoire. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, (6) 9, 261–286.
  20. Bates, H.W. (1891) List of the Carabidae (ord. Coleoptera) obtained by Père Cardon in Chota-Nagpore. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de Belgique, 35, 324–339.
  21. Chaudoir, B.M. (1852) Mémoire sur la famille des carabiques. 3e partie. Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou, 25 (1), 3–104.
  22. Chaudoir, B.M. (1872) Monographie des Callidides. Annales de Société Entomologique de Belgique, 16, 97–204.
  23. Chaudoir, B.M. (1877) Genres nouveaux et espèces inédites de la famille des Carabiques. Bulletin de la Société Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou, 52 (2), 188–268.
  24. Chaudoir, B.M. (1878) Énumération des cincindélètes et des carabiques recueillis par M.A. Raffray, dans les îles de Zanzibar et de Pemba, ainsi qu’à Bagamoyo, Mombaze et sur les montagnes de Schimba, avec la déscription des espèces nouvelles. 2. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquée, (3) 6, 145–161.
  25. Chaudoir, B.M. (1883) Description de carabiques nouveaux. p. 17–39. In: Coleopterorum novitates. Recueil spécialement consacré à l'étude des Coléoptères. Tom. I. Livr. I. Rennes: Oberthür, 48 pp., 2 pl. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.48018830243
  26. Csiki, E. (1932) Carabidae: Harpalinae VII (Pars 124). Pp. 1279–1598. In: Junk, W. & Schenkling, S. (eds.), Coleopterorum catalogus. Volumen III. Carabidae III. Berlin: W. Junk, 1933 pp.
  27. Darlington, P.J. (1968) The carabid beetles of New Guinea. Part 3. Harpalinae (Continued): Perigonine to Pseudomorphini. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 137 (1), 1–253.
  28. Darlington, P.J. (1971) The carabid beetles of New Guinea. Part 4, General considerations; analysis and history of fauna; taxonomic supplement. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 142, 129–337.
  29. Dejean, P.F.M.A. (1836) Catalogue des coléoptères de la collection de M. le Comte Dejean. Troisième édition, revue, corrigée et augmentée. Livraisons 1–4. Paris: Méquigono-Marvis, 384pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/t.173109 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/t.173109
  30. Facchini, S. (2011) A new species of Parena Motschulsky, 1859 from Zambia (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini). Giornale Italiano di Entomologia, 12 (56), 275–279.
  31. Fairmaire, L. (1899) Description de coléoptères nouveaux de Madagascar. Bulletin de la Scoiété Entomologique de France, 1899, 76–78. https://doi.org/10.3406/bsef.1899.22305 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/bsef.1899.22305
  32. Fairmaire, L. (1901) Matériaux pour la faune coléoptèrique de la région Malagache (11 Note). Revue d’Entomologie, 20, 101–248.
  33. Habu, A. (1942) Notes on some Carabideous-beetles from Miyake Island. Kontyû, 16, 76–79.
  34. Habu, A. (1964a) A new species of Parena from southern islands of Japan (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Akitu, 11, 29–31.
  35. Habu, A. (1964b) On Parena nigrolineata (Chaudoir) from Japan. Akitu: Journal of the Kyoto Entomological Society, 11(3), 33–34.
  36. Habu, A. (1965) Some Carabid-beetles from Formosa. Special Bulletin of the Lepidopteralogical Society of Japan, 1, 83–88.
  37. Habu, A. (1967) Fauna Japonica, Carabidae Truncatipennes Group (Insecta: Coleoptera). Tokyo: Biogeographical Society of Japan. xiv + 338 pp., 27 pls.
  38. Habu, A. (1969) A new species of Parena (Lebiini: Calleidina) from Formosa, with notes on the generic name Calleida (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Kontyû, 37, 115–119.
  39. Habu, A. (1979) Formosan Lebiini collected by Professor T. Shirôzu in 1965 (Coleoptera, Carabidae). The Entomological Review of Japan, 33, 51–59.
  40. Habu, A. (1981) Larvae of two species of Lebiini (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Entomological Review of Japan, 36 (1), 63–73.
  41. Habu, A. (1982) Revised and supplementary notes on and descriptions of the Truncatipennes group of Japan (2) (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Entomological Review of Japan, 37 (2), 83–118.
  42. Habu, A. & Sadanaga, K. (1967) Description of the larva of Parena (Parena) perforata (Bates) with some notes on its life history (Carabidae). Kontyu, 35, 391–397.
  43. Habu, A., Sadanaga, K. & Minamikawa, J. (1963) Additional notes on predators (Carabidae) of the tea nettle grub, Phrixolepia sericea Butler. Kontyu, 31, 305–308.
  44. Heller, K.M. (1921) New Philippine Coleoptera. The Philippine Journal of Science, 19, 523–627. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.1235 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.1235
  45. Hondo, M. (2012) Bionomics of arboreal carabid beetles, the genus of Parena Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in Japan. New Entomologist, 61 (1, 2), 1–13.
  46. Hua, L.Z. (2002) List of Chinese Insects vol. II. Guangzhou: Zhongshan (Sun Yat-sen) University Press, 612 pp.
  47. Jakobson, G.G. (1907) Fasc. 5: pp. 321–400. In: Zhuki Rossii i Zapadnoi Evropy. Sankt-Petersburg: A.F. Devrien, 1024 pp., 83 pls.
  48. Jakobson, G.G. (1908) Fasc. 6: pp. 401–480. In: Zhuki Rossii i Zapadnoi Evropy. Sankt-Ptersburg: A.F.Dervrien, 1024 pp., 83 pls.
  49. Jeannel, R. (1949) Faune de l’Empire francais. XI. Coléoptères carabiques de la région malgache (troisième partie). Paris: Librairie Larose, 767–1146.
  50. Jedlička, A. (1934) Carabiden aus Ostasien. (5 Teil.). Časopis Československé Společnosti Entomologické, 31, 13–19.
  51. Jedlička, A. (1939) Neue Carabiden aus Ostasien. (XII. Teil). Praha: A. Jedlička, 8 pp.
  52. Jedlička, A. (1940) Neue Carabiden aus Ostasien. (Hauptsachlich Von der Insel formosa) (XIII. Teil). Praha: A. Jedlička, 18 pp.
  53. Jedlička, A. (1946) Description des Carabides nouveaux de 1’Asie orient. Praha: A. Jedlička, 16 pp.
  54. Jedlička, A. (1951) Stukie O. Carabidech Palaearcticke Fauny. Études sur les Carabides de la faune palaéarctique. Acta Musei Silesiae, (A) 1, 59–60.
  55. Jedlička, A. (1952) Les Carabides nouveaux de la zone palaéarctique (Col.). Sborník Entomologického Oddělení Národního Musea v Praze, 27 [1951], 207–211.
  56. Jedlička, A. (1963) Monographie der Truncatipennen aus Ostasien, Lebiinae- Odacanthinae- Braehyninae (Coleptera, Carabidae). Entomologische Abhandlungen und Berichte aus dem Staatlichen Museum fuer Tierkunde in Dresden, 28, 269–579.
  57. Kano, T. (1930) Contribution to the carabideous fauna of Formosa, I. Transactions of the Natural History Society of Formosa, 20, 24–31.
  58. Karube, H., Matsumoto, K., Kishimoto, T. & Ozono, A. (2012) Records of notable insect species from the Ogasawara Islands. Ogasawara Research, 38, 1–16.
  59. Kirschenhofer, E. (1994) Neue und wenig bekannte Carabidae aus der paläarktischen und orientalischen Region (Col. Carabidae, Lebiinae, Odacanthinae, Brachininae, Panagaeinae). Linzer Biologische Beiträge, 26, 999–1067.
  60. Kirschenhofer, E. (2006) Neue Arten der Gattung Parena Motschulsky aus Japan, China Und Indonesien (Sulawesi) (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Mitteilungen des Internationalen Entomologischen Vereins E.V. Frankfurt, 31 (3–4), 87–103.
  61. Kirschenhofer, E. (2011) Beschreibungen neuer truncatipenner Carabiden aus Ost- und Südostasien; eine neue Art der Gattung Craspedophorus Hope, 1838 (Panageaeini) aus Südostasien; Bemerkungen zu zwei japanischen Arten der Gattung Parena Motschulsky, 1859. Acta Coleopterologica, 27 (1), 61–75.
  62. Ko, J.H. & Ko, M.K. (1982) On the Parena cavipennis (Bates) (Coleoptera: Carabidae) as a predator of Hyphantria cunea Drury in Korea. Korean Journal of Entomology, 12 (2), 71–72.
  63. Kryzhanovskij, O.L., Belousov, I.A., Kabak, I.I., Kataev, B.M., Makarov, K.V. & Shilenkov, V.G. (1995) A checklist of the Ground Beetles of Russia and Adjacent Lands (Insecta, Coleoptera, Carabidae). Sofia & Moscow: PENSOFT Publishers, 271 pp.
  64. Lafer, G.S. (1989) 4. Semeystvo Carabidae – Zhuzhelitsy. Pp. 71–222. In: Ler P.A. (ed.), Opredelitel nasekomykh Dalnego Vostoka SSSR. Chast 1. Zhestkokrylye, ili zhuki. Chast 1. Leningrad: Nauka, 576 pp.
  65. Liang, H.B. & Liu, Y.Z. (2018) Carabidae. Pp. 4–39. In: Wu H, et al. (eds.), Fauna of Tianmu Mountain, Volume VI: Insecta, Coleoptera-Adephaga, Coleoptera-Polyphaga. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University Press, 266 pp.
  66. Löbl, I. & Löbl, D. (2017) Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 1: Archostemata – Myxophaga – Adephaga. Leiden, Boston: E J Brill, 1477 pp. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004330290_002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004330290_002
  67. Löbl, I. & Smetana, A. (2003) Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 1: Archostemata- Myxophaga-Adephaga. Apollo Books, Denmark, 819 pp. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004330290 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004330290
  68. Lorenz, W. (2005) Systematic list of extant ground beetles of the world (Insecta Coleoptera Geadephaga: Trachypachidae and Carabidae incl. Paussinae, Cicindelinae, Rhysodinae), second edition. Tutzing: Wolfgang Lorenz, 530 pp.
  69. Louwerens, C.J. (1949) Some notes on the Carabidae, collected by Mr. P. H. van Doesburg in the Malay Archipelago with descriptions of new species. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 90, 45–53.
  70. Macleay, W.J. (1871) Notes on a collection of insects from Gayndah. Transactions of the Entomological Society of New South Wales, 2 [1873], 79–205.
  71. Mateu, J. (1977) Ergebnisse der Bhutan-Expedition 1972 des Naturhistorischen Museums in Basel. Entomologica Basiliensia, 2, 159–174.
  72. Misra, R.M. (1994) Biology of some natural enemies of ailanthus webworm Atteva fabriciella Swed (Yponomeutidae: Lepidoptera). Indian Journal of Forestry, 16 (4), 350–356.
  73. Mochizuki, A. (1990) A carabid predator, Parena laesipennis (Bates) (Coleoptera: Carabidae) attacking Pidorus glaucopis (Drury) (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology, 25 (2), 319–320. https://doi.org/10.1303/aez.25.319 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1303/aez.25.319
  74. Mohamed, U.V.K., Abdurahiman, U.C. & Remadevi, O.K. (1982) Notes on two carabid (Carabidae: Coleoptera) predators of Nephantis serinopa Meyrick (Xylorictidae: Lepidoptera) from Kerala. Entomon, 7 (3), 341–343.
  75. Motschulsky, V. (1860) Entomologie spéciale. Insectes des Indes orientales, et de contrées analogues. 2: de série. Études Entomologiques, 8 [1859], 25–118.
  76. Motschulsky, V. (1864) Enumération des nouvelles espèces de coléoptères rapportés de des voyages. 4-ème article. Carabicines. Bulletin de la Scoiété Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou, 37, 171–240.
  77. Ohkura, M. (1978) A new Parena species from Taiwan (Coleoptera, Harpalidae). Entomological Review of Japan, 32 (1–2), 29–30.
  78. Park, J.K. & Kwon, Y.J. (1998) Ground-beetles of the genus Parena Motschulsky from Korea (Coleoptera: Harpalidae). Korean Journal of Soil Zoology, 3 (1), 35–41.
  79. Park, J.K. & Szél, G. (2004) North Korean Ground-beetles Deposited in Hungarian National History Museum (HNHM, Budapest). Entomological Research, 34 (3), 213–224 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5967.2004.tb00116.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5967.2004.tb00116.x
  80. Park, J.K, Trac, D.H, & Will, K. (2006) Carabidae from Vietnam (Coleoptera). Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 9 (2), 85–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1226-8615(08)60280-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1226-8615(08)60280-0
  81. Peringuey, L. (1896) Descriptive catalogue of the Coleoptera of South Africa. Part II. Cicindelidae supplement. Carabidae. The Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society, 7, 99–623.
  82. Peringuey, L. (1898) Descriptive catalogue of the Coleoptera of South Africa. Family Carabidae. First supplement. The Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society, 10, 315–374. https://doi.org/10.1080/21560382.1897.9525939 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21560382.1897.9525939
  83. Peringuey, L. (1904) Sixth contribution of the South African Coleopterous fauna. Annals of South African Museum, 3, 167–299.
  84. Pushpalatha, N.A. & Veeresh, G.K. (1995) Numerical relationship between Opisina arenosella Walker and its natural enemies, Apanteles taragamae Vierick and Parena nigrolineata Chaudoir on coconut. Journal of Insect Science, 8 (2), 148–150.
  85. Schaum, H.R. (1863) Descriptions of four new genera of Carabidae. The Journal of Entomology, Descriptive and Geographical, 2, 74–78.
  86. Shi, H.L, Zhou, H.Z. & Liang, H.B. (2013) Taxonomic synopsis of the subtribe Physoderina (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini), with species revisions of eight genera. ZooKeys, 284, 1–129. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.284.3983 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.284.3983
  87. Shibata, T. (1987) Three new species and a new record of Carabidae from Taiwan (Truncatipennes) (Coleoptera). Entomological Review of Japan, 42 (1), 63–67.
  88. Shpeley, D. (1986) Genera of the subtribe Metallicina and classification, reconstructed phylogeny and geographical history of the species of Euproctinus Leng and Mutchler (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Lebiini). Quaestiones Entomologicae, 22 (4), 261–349.
  89. Sloane, T.G. (1898) On Carabidae from West Australia, sent by Mr. A.M. Lea (with descriptions of new genera and species, synoptic tables & c.). The Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 23, 444–520.
  90. Sloane, T.G. (1907) Studies in Australian Entomology. No. XV. New genera and species of Carabidae, with some notes on synonymy (Clivinini, Scaritini, Cunipectini, Trigonotomini, Lebiini). The Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 32, 346–381. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.19572 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.19572
  91. Solodovnikov, I.A. (1999) New and Little-known Species of the Carabid Tribe Lebiini (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in the Fauna of Russia and Adjacent Countries, Vestnik VSU. Vitebsk, 1 (11), 108–109.
  92. Sran, C.S. & Sandhu, G.S. (1979) New records of parasites and predators of Nephopteryx eugraphella Ragonot in India. Current Science Bangalore, 48 (4), 169.
  93. Sundukov, Y.N. (2001) New data on the ground beetle fauna (Coleoptera, Carabidae) of the Russian Far East. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 80 (6), 754–757.
  94. Wang, J.Y., Zhang, Y.H., Jiang, S.P., Wang, J.B., Zhang, X.B. & Sun, J.Y. (1999) Preliminary study on the bionomics of Parena cavipennis, a predator of Hyphantria cunea. Chinese Journal of Biological Control, 15 (4), 183–184.
  95. Xie, W.P. & Yu, P.Y. (1993) On the Chinese species of Parena Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Sinozoologia, 10, 185–195.
  96. Zhao, H.L., Yu, G.Y., Wang, H., Yao, F.S., Feng, S.K. & Liu, X.. (2014) Morphology and life-history characteristics of a new insect pest of the staghorn sumac and the smoketree: the pyralid moth Termioptycha bilineata (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae). Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology, 51 (6), 1641–1645.
  97. Zhao, S.W, Dong, X.G., Li, X.S., Zhang, Q.S., Dong, C.Y., Mu, X.Q. & Liang, H.B. (2011) New predatory natural enemy for Tussah – Parena cavipennis Bates. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Science, 39 (6), 3613–3614.
  98. Zhou, X.T. (1988) Studies on the biology and host of Parena rufotestacea Jedl (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Natural Enemies of Insects, 10 (1), 56–60.