Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 5285 No. 2: 16 May 2023
Type: Article
Published: 2023-05-16
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5285.2.1
Page range: 201-251
Abstract views: 551
PDF downloaded: 31

A checklist of the Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera) of Chile with exemplar live-photographed

Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero (SAG). Camino La Pólvora Km 12;5; Valparaíso; Chile
Coleoptera Distribution diversity endemics scarab beetles taxonomy

Abstract

An updated list of the Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera) species registered in Chile is given, which includes current names, synonyms, and photographs of live specimens of 88 species. The photographs cover 35% of the species present in the country, with all families represented except for Glaresidae and Ochodaeidae. For each species, the geographical distribution is presented from north to south by administrative regions of the country. For species shared with neighboring countries, the distribution by provinces or departments is indicated, while for those that have a worldwide distribution, the countries, or regions where they have been reported are cited. This list includes species whose presence in continental and insular Chile has been verified and confirmed by studying specimens from collections, excluding all records considered erroneous. The systematic ordering is carried out at the family, subfamily, and tribe level following the current classification of the group; genera and species are presented in alphabetical order. Paranimbus peruanus (Erichson) (Aphodiinae) is recorded for the first time in Chile based on specimens collected in the locality of Visviri (Arica and Parinacota Region). The known distribution is extended for the following species: Allidiostoma landbecki (Philippi), A. simplicifrons (Fairmaire), Archophileurus chaconus Kolbe, Brachysternus germaini (Ohaus), Chiasognathus beneshi Lacroix, Cyclocephala modesta Burmeister, Frickius costulatus Germain, Martinezostes posticus (Germar), Martinezostes ruizi Gutiérrez, Megathopa villosa Eschscholtz, Oogenius chilensis Ohaus, O. kuscheli Gutiérrez, Oryctomorphus maculicollis Guérin-Méneville, Paranimbus zoai Dellacasa, Paranomala undulata peruviana (Guérin-Méneville), Phytholaema fenestra Smith & Mondaca, Tesserodoniella meridionalis Vaz-de-Mello & Halffter, Macrodactylus farinosus Philippi, and Ulata argentina Saylor. Considering the great morphological variability and differences in the color pattern of the integument, Chiasognathus grantii holometallicus Rataj, 2012 and Chiasognathus megalodon Rataj, 2013 are considered new synonyms of Chiasognathus grantii Stephens, 1831. The study of the syntype of Copris punctatissima Curtis, 1844 confirms that this species belongs to the genus Homocopris Burmeister, 1846 and that is not conspecific with H. torulosus (Eschscholtz, 1822), therefore, the combination Homocopris punctatissimus (Curtis, 1844) new combination is established. The study of the syntype of Copris valdiviana Philippi, 1859 confirms that this species is a synonymy of Homocopris torulosus and not of H. puntatissimus. The morphological study of specimens of the genus Germarostes Paulian, 1982 and the comparison with Chilean specimens of Germarostes posticus (Germar, 1843), confirms that this last species really belongs to the genus Martinezostes Paulian, 1982, therefore, the combination Martinezostes posticus (Curtis, 1843) new combination is established. Based on the inconsistencies that exist with the current definition of the subfamily Melolonthinae, and on the results of a previous phylogenetic analysis, Lichniini is elevated to the category of subfamily, placing Lichniinae new status very close to Aclopinae. There are 79 genera, 251 species and 10 subspecies of Scarabaeoidea in Chile, belonging to the families Geotrupidae (three genera, 10 species), Glaresidae (one genus, one species), Hybosoridae (one genus, six species), Trogidae (one genus, 11 species), Lucanidae (nine genera, 31 species, nine subspecies), Ochodaeidae (one genus, one species), and Scarabaeidae (63 genera, 191 species, one subspecies). In addition, Onthophagus pilauco Tello, Verdú, Rossini, & Zunino, 2021, the first fossil scarab from Chile, is included. Approximately 58% of the listed species are endemic to the country, 39% are native to South America and 3% correspond to introduced species with a wide global distribution.

 

References

  1. Abell, A.J., Cole, B.J., Reyes, R. & Wiernasz, D.C. (1999) Sexual selection on body size in the western harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex occidentalis Cresson. Evolution, 53, 535–545. https://doi.org/10.2307/2640789 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1999.tb03788.x
  2. Armesto, J.J., Rozzi, R., Smith-Ramírez, C. & Arroyo, M.T.K. (1998) Conservation targets in South American temperate forests. Science, 282, 1271–1272. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.282.5392.1271 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.282.5392.1271
  3. Artigas, J.N. (1994) Entomología económica: Insectos de interés agrícola, forestal, médico y veterinario (nativos, introducidos y susceptibles de ser introducidos). Volumen 2. Ediciones Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, 943 pp.
  4. Arroyo, M.T.K., Riveros, M., Peñaloza, M., Cavieres, L. & Faggi, A.M. (1996) Phytogeographic relationships and regional richness patterns of the cool temperate rainforest flora of southern South America. In: Lawford, R.G., Alaback, P.B. & Fuentes, A. (Eds.), High-Latitude Rainforests and Associated Ecosystems of the West Coasts of the Americas. Climate, Hydrology, Ecology and Conservation. Springer Verlag, New York, New York, pp. 134–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3970-3_8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3970-3_8
  5. Arroyo, M.T.K., Marquet, P.A., Marticorena, C., Simonetti, J.A., Cavieres, L., Squeo, F. & Rozzi, T.R. (2004) Chilean winter rainfall-Valdivian forests. In: Mittermeier, R.A., Gil, P.R., Hoffmann, M., Pilgrim, J., Brooks, T., Mittermeier, C.G., Lamoreux, J. & da Fonseca, G.A.B. (Eds.), Hotspots Revisted: Earth’s Biologically Wealthiest and most Threatened Ecosystems. Cemex, Mexico City, pp. 99–103.
  6. Arroyo, M., Marquet, P., Marticorena, C., Cavieres, L., Squeo, F., Simonetti Zambelli, J., Rozzi, R. & Massardo, F. (2006) El hotspot chileno, prioridad mundial para la conservación. Diversidad de ecosistemas terrestres (online). Available from: https://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/120068 (accessed 20 September 2022)
  7. Ballerio, A. & Mondaca, J. (2020) Preliminary contribution to a revision of the Chilean Ceratocanthinae (Coleoptera Hybosoridae) with description of two new species of Martinezostes. Biodiversity Journal, 11, 301–310. https://doi.org/10.31396/Biodiv.Jour.2020.11.1.301.310 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31396/Biodiv.Jour.2020.11.1.301.310
  8. Biblioteca Congreso Nacional de Chile. (2022) Chile Nuestro País. Available from: https://www.bcn.cl/siit/nuestropais/relieve.htm (accessed 6 August 2022)
  9. Bouchard, P., Bousquet, Y., Davies, A.E., Alonso-Zarazaga, M.A., Lawrence, J.F., Lyal, C.H.C., Newton, A.F., Reid, C.A.M., Schmitt, M., Ślipiński, S.A. & Smith, A.B.T. (2011) Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta). ZooKeys, 88, 1–972. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.88.807 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.88.807
  10. Campello-Nunes, P.H., Woelfl, S., da Silva-Neto, I.D., Paiva, T.S. & Fernández, L.D. (2022) Checklist, diversity and biogeography of ciliates (Ciliophora) from Chile. European Journal of Protistology, 84 (125892), 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejop.2022.125892 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejop.2022.125892
  11. Campos, L. & Peña, L.E. (1974) Los insectos de isla de Pascua (resultados de una prospección entomológica). Revista Chilena de Entomología, 7, 217–229.
  12. Cherman, M.A., Basílio, D.S., Mise, K.M., Frisch, J., Smith, A.B.T. & Almeida, L.M. (2020) Liogenys Guérin-Méneville, 1831 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) from the southern South American Transition Zone and boundaries: taxonomic overview with four new species. Zootaxa, 4896 (1), 46–84. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4896.1.2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4896.1.2
  13. Cid-Arcos, M. (2017) Primer registro para Chile de Scybalophagus patagonicus Martínez, 1953 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Arquivos Entomolóxicos, 18, 361–362.
  14. Cid-Arcos, M. & Guerra-Serrudo, F. (2021) Nuevos registros de Scybalophagus rugosus (Blanchard 1846) para Bolivia y Chile. Ecología en Bolivia, 56, 102–104.
  15. Dellacasa, G. (1990) A systematic revision of the Aphodius subgenus Paranimbus A. Schmidt with description of a new species. Bollettino del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, 8, 417–428.
  16. Dellacasa, G. (1992) On some little known species of Aphodius from Australia and South America with description of a new subgenus. Frustula Entomologica, 13, 145–158. [dated 1990]
  17. Dellacasa, G., Bordat, P. & Dellacasa, M. (2001) A revisional essay of world genus-group taxa of Aphodiinae (Coleoptera Scarabaeoidea: Aphodiidae). Memorie della Società Entomologica Italiana, 79, 1–482.
  18. Diéguez, V.M. (2008) Conocimiento actual de los Trogidae de Chile (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea). Revista Chilena de Entomología, 34, 11–28.
  19. Diéguez, V.M. (2019) Nueva especie del género Polynoncus Burmeister (Coleoptera: Trogidae) para Chile. Revista Chilena de Entomología, 45, 87–92.
  20. Di Iorio, O., Zubarán, G.E. & Penco, F.C. (2017) A review of the genus Archophileurus Kolbe, 1910 from Argentina and adjacent countries. Giornale Italiano di Entomologia, 14 (62), 549–582.
  21. Elgueta, M., Solervicens, J. & Guerrero, M. (2018) Orden Coleoptera. In: Ministerio del Medio Ambiente (Ed.), Biodiversidad de Chile, Patrimonio y Desafíos. Tercera Edición. Tomo I. Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, Santiago, pp. 285–293 + 388–390.
  22. Evans, A.V. & Smith, A.B.T. (2020) On the tribal classification of the Nearctic Melolonthinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), with descriptions of new species of Acoma Casey, 1889. Zootaxa, 4748 (1), 51–77. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4748.1.3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4748.1.3
  23. Fairmaire, L. & Germain, P. (1863) Revision des Coléoptères du Chili, Suite (1). Fam. Scarabaeidae. Genres Maypa et Listronyx. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 4, 721–746. [dated 1862] https://doi.org/10.1080/00379271.1863.11755447 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00379271.1863.11755447
  24. Génier, F. & Moretto, P. (2017) Digitonthophagus Balthasar, 1959: taxonomy, systematics, and morphological phylogeny of the genus revealing an African species complex (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Zootaxa, 4248 (1), 1–101. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4248.1.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4248.1.1
  25. Gordon, R.D. & Hanley, G.A. (2014) Systematic revision of American Glaresidae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea). Insecta Mundi, 333, 1–91.
  26. Grossi, P.C. & Paulsen, M.J. (2009) Generic limits in South American stag beetles: taxa currently misplaced in Sclerostomus Burmeister (Coleoptera: Lucanidae: Lucaninae: Sclerostomini). Zootaxa, 2139 (1), 23–42. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2139.1.2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2139.1.2
  27. Gutiérrez, R. (1951) El género Liogenys en Chile. Revista Chilena de Entomología, 1, 129–145.
  28. Halffter, G. & Martínez, A. (1966) Revisión monográfica de los canthonina americanos, I parte. Revista de la Sociedad Mexicana de Historia Natural, 27, 89–177.
  29. Hawkins, S.J. (2006) A revision of the Chilean tribe Lichniini Burmeister, 1844 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae). Zootaxa, 1266 (1), 1–63. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1266.1.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1266.1.1
  30. Howden, H.F. (2011) Larval and adult characters of Frickius Germain, its relationship to the Geotrupini, and a phylogeny of some major taxa in the Scarabaeoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 60, 2713–2724. https://doi.org/10.1139/z82-347 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/z82-347
  31. Howden, H.F. & Peck, S. (1987) Adult habits, larval morphology, and phylogenetic placement of Taurocerastes patagonicus Philippi (Scarabaeidae: Geotrupinae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 65, 329–332. https://doi.org/10.1139/z87-051 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/z87-051
  32. Jameson, M.L. & Ratcliffe, B.C. (2002) Series Scarabaeiformia Crowson 1960, Superfamily Scarabaeoidea Latreille 1802. In: Arnett, R., Thomas, M.C., Skelley, P.E. & Frank, J.H. (Eds.), American Beetles. Vol. 2. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp 1–15.
  33. Jameson, M.L. & Smith, A.B.T. (2002) Revision of the South American genus Brachysternus Guérin-Méneville (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Anoplognathini: Brachysternina). The Coleopterists Bulletin, 56, 321–366. https://doi.org/10.1649/0010-065X(2002)056[0321:ROTSAG]2.0.CO;2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1649/0010-065X(2002)056[0321:ROTSAG]2.0.CO;2
  34. Král, D. & Batelka, J. (2017) Order Coleoptera, superfamily Scarabaeoidea. Arthropod fauna of the UAE, 6, 78–168.
  35. Krikken, J. (1977) Notes on African Onitini, mainly from southeastern Kenya (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Zoologische Mededelingen, 51, 141–170.
  36. Lawrence, J.F. & Newton, A.F. (1995) Families and subfamilies of Coleoptera (with selected genera, notes, references and data on family-group names). In: Pakaluk, J. and Slipinski, S.A. (Eds.), Biology, Phylogeny, and Classification of Coleoptera. Papers Celebrating the 80th Birthday of Roy A. Crowson. Muzeum I Instytut Zoologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Warsaw, pp. 779–1006.
  37. López-García, M.M. & Deloya, C. (2019) Cladistic analysis reveals polyphyly of Tomarus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae): new classification and taxonomic revision. Zootaxa, 5211 (1), 1–119. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5211.1.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5211.1.1
  38. López-García, M.M, Girando-Mendoza, A.G. & Deloya, C. (2022) Taxonomic synopsis of the genus Tomarus Erichson, 1847 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) in Peru. Zootaxa, 4604 (3), 428–440. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4604.3.2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4604.3.2
  39. Martínez, A. (1950) Contribución al conocimiento del género Megathopa Eschsch., 1822, en la Argentina. Revista Española. de Entomología, 26, 197–269.
  40. Martínez, A. (1956) Notas Coleopterologicas VII. Anales Sociedad Científica Argentina, 160: 78–97.
  41. Martínez, A. (1961) Scarabaeoidea Neotropica VIII. Notas sobre el complejo Megathopa Eschscholtz, 1822 (Col. Scarab., Scarabaeinae). Neotropica, 7 (24), 81–86.
  42. Martínez, A. (1967) El género Athlia Erichson (Col. Scarabaeidae, Sericinae). Entomologische Arbeiten aus dem Museum G. Frey, 18, 327–372.
  43. Martínez, A. (1974) Nuevas consideraciones sobre el género Athlia Erichson, 1835 (Col., Scarabaeidae, Sericinae). Entomologische Arbeiten aus dem Museum G. Frey, 25, 343–353.
  44. Martínez, A. (1975) Contribución al conocimiento de los Pachydemini neotropicales (Col. Scarabaeidae, Melolonthinae). Entomologische Arbeiten aus dem Museum G. Frey, 26, 227–251.
  45. Martínez, A. (1982) Un nuevo género de Pachydemini argentino. Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina, 41, 89–91.
  46. Mondaca, J. (2004) Ceratognathus argentinensis Martínez, nuevo registro de Aesalinae (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) para Chile. Revista Chilena de Entomología, 30, 21–25.
  47. Mondaca, J. (2007) Revisión del género Dihymenonyx Gutiérrez (Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae: Sericini) con descripción de dos nuevas especies de Chile. Revista Chilena de Entomología, 32, 13–29.
  48. Mondaca, J. (2010) Plectris talinay nov. sp. (Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae), primer registro del género Plectris en Chile. Revista Chilena de Entomología, 35, 53–59.
  49. Mondaca, J. (2011a) Primer registro de Cyclocephala modesta (Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Cyclocephalini) en Chile. Revista Chilena de Entomología, 36, 33–38.
  50. Mondaca, J. (2011b) Presencia de Athlia giaii y Myloxena patagonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) en la Patagonia occidental, Chile. Revista Chilena de Entomología, 36, 43–49.
  51. Mondaca, J. (2012) Paranomala undulata peruviana (Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Anomalini): a new exotic scarab beetle introduced in Chile. Revista Chilena de Entomología, 37, 75–80.
  52. Mondaca, J. (2014) Primer registro de Glaresis fritzi (Coleoptera: Glaresidae) en la Región de Arica y Parinacota, Chile. Revista Chilena de Entomología, 39, 73–77.
  53. Mondaca, J. (2016) Revisión del género Oogenius Solier, 1851 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini). Insecta Mundi, 515, 1–24.
  54. Mondaca, J. (2019a) Revisión del género Microogenius Gutiérrez (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini), con descripción de dos nuevas especies altoandinas. Insecta Mundi, 694, 1–23.
  55. Mondaca, J. (2019b) Parochodaeus bituberculatus (Erichson) (Coleoptera: Ochodaeidae) and Faargia gentilii (Martínez) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), two species newly discovered in Chile. Zootaxa, 4608 (1), 187–190. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4608.1.12
  56. Mondaca, J. (2021) Revision of the high Andean genus Eremophygus Ohaus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini). Insecta Mundi, 905, 1–11.
  57. Mondaca, J. & Ocampo, F.C. (2012) Revision of the Chilean genus Ptyophis Redtenbacher (Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae: Macrodactylini). Revista Chilena de Entomología, 37, 47–60.
  58. Mondaca, J. & Paulsen, M.J. (2004) Ceratognathus argentinensis Martínez, nuevo registro de Aesalinae (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) para Chile. Revista Chilena de Entomología, 30, 21–26.
  59. Mondaca, J. & Paulsen, M.J. (2008) Revision of the genus Apterodorcus Arrow (Coleoptera: Lucanidae: Lucaninae) of southern South America. Zootaxa, 1920 (1), 21–32. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1922.1.2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1922.1.2
  60. Mondaca, J. & Rothmann, S. (2022) First record of Ancognatha erythrodera (Blanchard, 1846) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Cyclocephalini) in the altiplano of Chile. Insecta Mundi, 936, 1–4.
  61. Mondaca, J. & Smith, A.B.T (2008) A revision of the southern South American genus Bolborhinum Boucomont (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae: Bolboceratinae). Zootaxa, 1794 (1), 1–48. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1794.1.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1794.1.1
  62. Mondaca, J., Fierro, A. & Rothmann, S. (2019a) Parochodaeus bituberculatus (Erichson) (Coleoptera: Ochodaeidae) and Faargia gentilii (Martínez) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), two species newly discovered in Chile. Zootaxa, 4608 (1), 187–190. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4608.1.12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4608.1.12
  63. Mondaca, J., Pizarro-Araya, J. & Alfaro, F.M. (2019b) Revision of the genus Luispenaia Martínez (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae: Tanyproctini), with description of three new species from the Atacama Desert, Chile. Zootaxa, 4615 (3), 549–562. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4615.3.8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4615.3.8
  64. Neita, J.C. & Ratcliffe, B.C. (2017) The genus Tomarus Erichson (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Pentodontini) in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay. Insecta Mundi, 547, 1–36.
  65. Neita-Moreno, J.C., Agrain, F.A., Eberle, J., Ahrens, D. & Pereyra, V. (2019) On the phylogenetic position and systematics of extant and fossil Aclopinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Systematic Entomology, 44, 709–727. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12366 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12366
  66. Ocampo, F.C. & Molano, F. (2011) Revision and biogeography of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Scybalophagus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina, 70, 231–253.
  67. Ocampo, F.C. & Mondaca, J. (2012) Revision of the scarab subfamily Aclopinae Blanchard (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Argentina and Chile. Zootaxa, 3409 (1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3409.1.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3409.1.1
  68. Otavo, S.E., Parrado-Rosselli, A. & Noriega, J.A. (2013) Superfamilia Scarabaeoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) como elemento bioindicador de perturbación antropogénica en un parque nacional amazónico. Revista de Biología Tropical, 61, 735–752. https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v61i2.11219 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v61i2.11219
  69. Paulian, R. (1982) Révision des Cératocanthides (Coleoptera Scarabaeoidea) Amérique du Sud. Mémoires du Muséum National Histoire Naturelle, Série A, Zoologie, 124, 1–110, XVIII pls.
  70. Paulsen, M.J. (2005) A revision of the southern South American stag beetles of the genus Sclerostomus Burmeister (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Lucanidae). Zootaxa, 1060 (1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1060.1.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1060.1.1
  71. Paulsen, M.J. (2010) The stag beetles of southern South America. Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum, 24, 1–124.
  72. Paulsen, M.J. (2016) Two new species of South American Glaresidae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea). Zootaxa, 4154 (5), 595–600. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4154.5.9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4154.5.9
  73. Paulsen, M.J. & Mondaca, J. (2006) Revision of the South American Ceratognathini (Coleoptera: Lucanidae: Aesalinae) with the description of a new genus and a new species. Zootaxa, 1191, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1191.1.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1191.1.1
  74. Paulsen, M.J. & Ocampo, F.C. (2012) The Ochodaeidae of Argentina (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea). ZooKeys, 174, 7–30. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.174.2668 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.174.2668
  75. Paulsen, M.J. & Smith, A.B.T. (2010) Revision of the genus Chiasognathus Stephens of southern South America with the description of a new species (Coleoptera, Lucanidae, Lucaninae, Chiasognathini). ZooKeys, 43, 33–63. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.43.397 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.43.397
  76. Philippi, F. (1861) Observaciones sobre los lamelicornios de Chile, descritos en la obra del Señor Gay, con descripción de algunas especies nuevas. Anales de la Universidad de Chile, 18, 735–742.
  77. Philippi, R.A. (1864) Sobre algunos coléopteros nuevos de Chile de la familia de las melolontideas. Anales de la Universidad de Chile, 2, 434–462.
  78. Rataj, L. (2012) Description de la sousespèce holometallicus ssp. n. de Chiasognathus grantii Stephens, 1831. (Coleoptera, Lucanidae, Lucaninae, Chiasognathini). Le Coléoptériste—Supplément Chili, 1, 26–40.
  79. Rataj, L. (2013) Une nouvelle espèce de Lucanidae pour le Chili Chiasognathus megalodon sp. nova (Coleoptera, Lucanidae, Lucaninae, Chiasognathini). Le Coléoptériste—Supplément Chili, 2, 3–15.
  80. Ratcliffe, B.C. & Ocampo, F.C. (2002) A review of the genus Hylamorpha Arrow (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Anoplognathini: Brachysternina). The Coleopterists Bulletin, 56, 367–378. https://doi.org/10.1649/0010-065X(2002)056[0367:AROTGH]2.0.CO;2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1649/0010-065X(2002)056[0367:AROTGH]2.0.CO;2
  81. Ratcliffe, B.C. & Paulsen, M.J. (2008) The Scarabaeoidea beetles of Nebraska. Bulletin of the University Nebraska State Museum, 22, 1–570.
  82. Ratcliffe, B.C., Cave, R.D. & Mondaca, J. (2021) The dynastine scarab beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) of Chile. The Coleopterists Bulletin, 75, 279–309. https://doi.org/10.1649/0010-065X-75.2.279 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1649/0010-065X-75.2.279
  83. Ratcliffe, B.C., Jameson, M.L., Figueroa, L., Cave, R.D., Paulsen, M.J., Cano, E.B., Beza-Beza, C., Jimenez-Ferbans, L. & Reyes-Castillo, P. (2015) Beetles (Coleoptera) of Peru: a survey of the families. Scarabaeoidea. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 88, 186–207. https://doi.org/10.2317/kent-88-02-186-207.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2317/kent-88-02-186-207.1
  84. Ripa, S.R., Rojas, P.S., and Velasco, G. (1995) Releases of biological control agents of insect pests on Easter Island (Pacific Ocean). Entomophaga, 40, 427–440. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02373730 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02373730
  85. Ruiz-Manzanos, E. (2006) Redescription and first record of Diaphylla granulata for Argentina (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae). Revista Sociedad Entomológica Argentina, 65, 79–86.
  86. Sanmartín, I. (2003) Evolución biogeográfica de los Pachydeminae paleárticos (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea) mediante análisis de dispersión-vicarianza. Graellsia, 59, 427–441. https://doi.org/10.3989/graellsia.2003.v59.i2-3.258 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3989/graellsia.2003.v59.i2-3.258
  87. Schweiger, H. (1959) Über einige von der Skottsbergexpedition im Antarkto-Archiplata-Gebiet aufgesammelte Koleopteren. Arkiv för Zoologi, 12 (1), 1–43.
  88. Scholtz, C.H. (1990) Revision of the Trogidae of South America (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea). Journal of Natural History, 24, 1391–1456. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939000770841 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939000770841
  89. Scholtz, C.H. & Grebennikov, V.V. (2016) Scarabaeoidea Latreille, 1802. In: Beutel, R.G. & Leschen, R.A.B. (Eds.), Handbook of Zoology. Arthropoda: Insecta, Coleoptera, Beetles, Volume 1, Morphology and Systematics (Archostemata, Adephaga, Myxophaga, Polyhaga partim). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 443–525. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110373929-018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110373929-018
  90. Skelley, P.E., Dellacasa, M., Dellacasa, G. & Gordon, R.D. (2007) Checklist of the Aphodiini of Mexico, Central and South America (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae). Insecta Mundi, 14, 1–14.
  91. Smith, A.B.T. (2002) Revision of the southern South American endemic genus Aulacopalpus Guérin-Méneville with phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses of the subtribe Brachysternina (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Anoplognathini). The Coleopterists Bulletin, 56, 379–437. https://doi.org/10.1649/0010-065X(2002)056[0379:ROTSSA]2.0.CO;2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1649/0010-065X(2002)056[0379:ROTSSA]2.0.CO;2
  92. Smith, A.B.T. (2006) A review of the family-group for the superfamily Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera) with corrections to nomenclature and a current classification. Coleopterists Society Monograph, 5, 144–204. https://doi.org/10.1649/0010-065X(2006)60[144:AROTFN]2.0.CO;2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1649/0010-065X(2006)60[144:AROTFN]2.0.CO;2
  93. Smith, A.B.T. (2008) South American Melolonthinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) classification and nomenclature: some problems and solutions. Insecta Mundi, 60, 1–28.
  94. Smith, A.B.T. (2017) Southern South American Trogidae (Coleoptera): verification of type specimens and notes on geographic distribution. Revista Chilena de Entomología, 43, 81–103.
  95. Smith, A.B.T. & Cherman, M. (2021) Review of the genus Pacuvia Curtis, 1844 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae: Diplotaxini). Revista Chilena de Entomología, 47, 955–963. https://doi.org/10.35249/rche.47.4.21.21 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35249/rche.47.4.21.21
  96. Smith, A.B.T. & Evans, A.V. (2018) Taxonomic review of Athliini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae), a new tribe of scarab beetles endemic to South America. Zootaxa, 4471, 279–308. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4471.2.3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4471.2.3
  97. Smith, A.B.T. & Mondaca, J. (2015) Review of the southern South American Macrodactylini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) with descriptions of new genera and species. Zootaxa, 4056 (1), 1–65. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4056.1.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4056.1.1
  98. Smith, A.B.T. & Mondaca, J. (2016) A new genus and species of Tanyproctini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) from the Coquimbo Region of Chile. Insecta Mundi, 464, 1–6.
  99. Smith, A.B.T. & Skelley, P. (2007) A review of the Aphodiinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) of southern South America. Zootaxa, 1458 (1), 1–80. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1458.1.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1458.1.1
  100. Smith, A.B.T., Paulsen, M.J., Hawkins, S.J., Ocampo, F.C. & Mondaca, J. (2008) Scarabaeoidea of Southern South America Specimen Database. Available from: https://unsm-ento.unl.edu/SSSA/SSSA-Database/SSSA-DBlist.html (accessed 21 October 2022)
  101. Stebnicka, Z. (2004) The New World species of Ataenius Harold, 1867. IV. Revision of the A. strigicauda-group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariini). Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 47, 211–228. https://doi.org/10.3409/173491504783995834 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3409/173491504783995834
  102. Stebnicka, Z. (2005) The New World species of Ataenius Harold, 1867. VI. Revision of the A. aequalis-platensis-group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariini). Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 48, 99–138. https://doi.org/10.3409/173491505783995653 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3409/173491505783995653
  103. Stebnicka, Z. (2007) The genus Ataenius Harold, 1867 of New World. Iconography Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals Polish Academy of Sciences, 1, 1–155.
  104. Stebnicka, Z.T. & Skelley, P. (2009) Taxonomic redefinition of the genera Parataenius Balthasar and Pseudataenius Brown, with descriptions of three new species (Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariini). Insecta Mundi, 66, 1–18.
  105. Stebnicka, Z.T., Dellacasa, M. & Skelley, P. (2004) Review of the New World Aegialiini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), with descriptions of two new genera from South America. Insecta Mundi, 17, 73–83. [dated 2003]
  106. Tello, F. (2020) New record of Hilophyllus martinezi Paulsen and Mondaca, 2006 (Coleoptera: Lucanidae: Aesalinae) in southern Chile. The Coleopterists Bulletin, 74, 424–426. https://doi.org/10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.424 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1649/0010-065X-74.2.424
  107. Tello, F., Verdú, J.R., Rossini, M. & Zunino, M. (2021) Onthophagus pilauco sp. nov. (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae): evidence of beetle extinction in the Pleistocene–Holocene transition in Chilean northern Patagonia. ZooKeys, 1043, 133–145. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1043.61706 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1043.61706
  108. Vaz-de-Mello, F.Z. & Halffter, G. (2006) A new dung beetle genus with two new species from Chile (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Zootaxa, 1193 (1), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1193.1.4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1193.1.4
  109. Vaz-de-Mello, F.Z., Génier, F. & Smith, A.B.T. (2010) Reclassification of Homocopris Burmeister as a valid genus to accommodate three species formerly in Dichotomius Hope (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Coprini)‏. The Coleopterists Bulletin, 64, 192. https://doi.org/10.1649/0010-065X-64.3.192.3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1649/0010-065X-64.3.192.3
  110. Vergara, O., Benítez, H.A., Pincheira, M. & Jerez, V. (2014) Determinación del dimorfismo sexual en la forma corporal de Chiasognathus grantii (Coleoptera: Lucanidae). Revista Colombiana de Entomología, 40, 104–110.
  111. Villagrán, C. & Hinojosa, L.F. (1997) Historia de los bosques del sur de Sudamérica, II: análisis fitogeográfico. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 70, 241–267.
  112. Zunino, M. (1984) Analisi sistematica e zoogeografica della sottofamiglia Taurocerastinae
  113. Germain (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Geotrupidae). Bullettino del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali Torino, 2, 445–464.