Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Type: Article
Published: 2023-03-02
Page range: 301-334
Abstract views: 541
PDF downloaded: 52

An elusive giant: A new species of Vitreorana Guayasamin et al., 2009 (Anura: Centrolenidae) from the northern Atlantic Forest with an osteological description and comments on integumentary spicules

Laboratório de Sistemática de Vertebrados, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6681, CEP 90619-900, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.
Laboratório de Sistemática de Vertebrados, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6681, CEP 90619-900, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Laboratório de Herpetologia Tropical, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Km 16, CEP 45662-900 Ilhéus, Bahia, Brasil.
Laboratório de Herpetologia Tropical, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Km 16, CEP 45662-900 Ilhéus, Bahia, Brasil.
Laboratório de Herpetologia Tropical, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Km 16, CEP 45662-900 Ilhéus, Bahia, Brasil. Herpetology Section, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany.
Laboratório de Herpetologia Tropical, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Km 16, CEP 45662-900 Ilhéus, Bahia, Brasil.
Departamento de Zoología, Universidad de Sevilla, Av. Reina Mercedes, 41012, Sevilla, España. Department of Herpetology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West & 79th St., New York, NY 10024, USA.
Brazil Centroleninae glassfrogs morphology osteology taxonomy Amphibia

Abstract

We describe a new species of Vitreorana from the Atlantic Forest of southern Bahia state, in north-eastern Brazil. Vitreorana assuh sp. nov. is by far the largest species of the genus (snout-to-vent length [SVL] = 30.9 mm and 34.1 mm in one male and female, respectively; maximum SVL recorded for all other species = 28.0 mm). The new species is morphologically most similar to V. franciscana, from the Cerrado biome in Brazil. Besides its large size, the new species has, among other diagnostic characters, the presence of vomerine teeth and the occurrence of enameled iridophores in the pericardium, hepatic and urinary bladder peritonea. Furthermore, we describe and compare the complete mineralized skeleton of the new species and V. uranoscopa, and describe and discuss the variation of integumentary spicules in all species of the genus and their relevance to Vitreorana systematics.

References

  1. Alberch, P. & Gale, E. (1985) A developmental analysis of an evolutionary trend: Digital reduction in amphibians. Evolution, 39, 8–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb04076.x

  2. Amorim, A.M., Jardim, J.G., Lopes, M.M.M., Fiaschi, P., Borges, R.A.X., Perdiz, R.O. & Thomas, W.W. (2009) Angiospermas em remanescentes de floresta montana no sul da Bahia, Brasil. Biota Neotropica, 9, 313–348. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032009000300028

  3. Amorim, A.M. & Matos, F.B. (2009) A vegetação do complexo de Serras das Lontras. In: SAVE Brasil, IESB & BirdLife International, Complexo de Serras das Lontras e Una, Bahia: elementos naturais e aspectos de sua conservação. SAVE Brasil, São Paulo, pp. 15–25.

  4. Anunciação, P.R., Barros, F.M., Ribeiro, M.C., de Carvalho, L.M.T. & Ernst, R. (2021) Taxonomic and functional threshold responses of vertebrate communities in the Atlantic Forest hotspot. Biological Conservation, 257, 109137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109137

  5. Ayarzagüena, J. (1992) Los centrolenidos de la Guayana Venezolana. Publicaciones de la Asociacion de Amigos de Doñana, 1, 1–48.

  6. Bang, D.L., Lisboa, B.S., Teixeira, B.F.V., Giaretta, A.A. & Carvalho, T.R. (2020) A comparative acoustic analysis of species of Vitreorana (Anura: Centrolenidae) from Brazilian Atlantic Forest and Cerrado, with a description of the call of V. baliomma and insights into the taxonomic status of Cerrado populations. Phyllomedusa, 19, 35–47. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v19i1p35-47

  7. Barrera-Rodríguez, M. (2000 [1999]) Estudio anatómico de cuatro especies de ranitas de cristal del género Hyalinobatrachium Ruíz and Lynch 1991 grupo fleischmanni (Amphibia: Anura: Centrolenidae). Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, 23, 245–260.

  8. Barros, A.B. (2011) Herpetofauna do Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra, Minas Gerais, Brasil. M.Sc. dissertation, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 119 pp.

  9. Boulenger, G.A. (1895 “1894”) Third report on additions to the batrachian collection in the Natural-History Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1894, 640–646.

  10. Brown, J.L., Paz, A., Reginato, M., Renata, C.A., Assis, C., Lyra, M., Caddah, M.K., Aguirre-Santoro, J., d’Horta, F., Amaral, F.R., Goldenberg, R., Silva-Brandão, K.L., Freitas, A.V.L., Rodrigues, M.T., Michelangeli, F.A., Miyaki, C.Y. & Carnaval, A.C. (2020) Seeing the forest through many trees: Multi-taxon patterns of phylogenetic diversity in the Atlantic Forest hotspot. Diversity and Distribution, 26, 1160–1176. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13116

  11. Cannatella, D.C. & Duellman, W.E. (1982) Two new species of Centrolenella, with a brief review of the genus in Perú and Bolivia. Herpetologica, 38, 380–388.

  12. Carnaval, A.C. & Moritz, C. (2008) Historical climate modelling predicts patterns of current biodiversity in the Brazilian Atlantic forest. Journal of Biogeography, 35, 1187–1201. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01870.x

  13. Carvalho, T., Becker, C.G. & Toledo, L.F. (2017) Historical amphibian declines and extinctions in Brazil linked to chytridiomycosis. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 284, 20162254. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2254

  14. Carvalho-e-Silva, S.P., Carvalho-e-Silva, A.M.P.T., Folly, M., Luno-Dias, C., Bezerra, A.M., Gomes, M.R., Caram, J., Peixoto, O.L. & Izecksohn, E. (2021) Parque Nacional da Serra dos Orgãos: the highest Amphibian diversity within an Atlantic Forest protected area. Biota Neotropica, 20, e20201033. https://doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2020-1033

  15. Cassano, C.R. & Kierulff, M.C.M. (2009) Diversidade de mamíferos não voadores no complexo de Serras das Lontras. In: SAVE Brasil, IESB & BirdLife International, Complexo de Serras das Lontras e Una, Bahia: elementos naturais e aspectos de sua conservação. SAVE Brasil, São Paulo, pp. 33–38.

  16. Castroviejo-Fisher, S., Guayasamin, J.M., Gonzalez-Voyer, A. & Vilà, C. (2014) Neotropical disversification seen through glassfrogs. Journal of Biogeography, 41, 66–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12208

  17. Castroviejo-Fisher, S., Guayasamin, J.M. & Kok, P.J.R. (2009) Species status of Centrolene lema Duellman and Señaris, 2003 (Amphibia: Centrolenidae) revealed by Integrative Taxonomy. Zootaxa, 1980, 16–28. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1980.1.2

  18. Chan, K.O. & Grismer, L.L. (2021) A standardized and statistically defensible framework for quantitative morphological analyses in taxonomic studies. Zootaxa, 5023 (2), 293–300. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5023.2.9

  19. Cisneros-Heredia, D.F. (2013) Centrolene ritae is a senior synonym of Cochranella oyampiensis Lescure and Cochranella ametarsia Flores (Anura: Centrolenidae). Avances en Ciencias e Ingenierías, 5, B1–B4. https://doi.org/10.18272/aci.v5i2.132

  20. Cisneros-Heredia, D.F. & McDiarmid, R.W. (2006) A new species of the genus Centrolene (Amphibia: Anura: Centrolenidae) from Ecuador with comments on the taxonomy and biogeography of Glassfrogs. Zootaxa, 1244, 1–32.

  21. Cisneros-Heredia, D.F. & McDiarmid, R.W. (2007) Revision of the characters of Centrolenidae (Amphibia: Anura: Athesphatanura), with comments on its taxonomy and the description of new taxa of glassfrogs. Zootaxa, 1572 (1), 1–82. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1572.1.1

  22. Cisneros-Heredia, D.F., Yánez-Muñoz, M.H. & Ortega-Andrade, H.M. (2009) Description of a new species of Teratohyla Taylor (Amphibia: Athesphatanura: Centrolenidae) from north-western Ecuador. Zootaxa, 2237 (1), 53–62. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2227.1.3

  23. Condez, T.H., Sawaya, R.J. & Dixo, M. (2009) Herpetofauna dos remanescentes de Mata Atlântica da região de Tapiraí e Piedade, SP, sudeste do Brasil. Biota Neotropical, 9, 157–185. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032009000100018

  24. Deforel, F., Duport-Bru, A.S., Rosset, S.D., Baldo, D. & Candioti, F.V. (2021) Osteological atlas of Melanophryniscus (Anura, Bufonidae): a synthesis after 150 years of skeletal studies in the genus. Herpetological Monographs, 35, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1655/HERPMONOGRAPHS-D-20-00002

  25. Develey, P.F. & De Luca, A.C. (2009) Avifauna do complexo de Serras das Lontras. In: SAVE Brasil, IESB & BirdLife International, Complexo de Serras das Lontras e Una, Bahia: elementos naturais e aspectos de sua conservação. SAVE Brasil, São Paulo, pp. 27–32.

  26. Dias, I.R., Haddad, C.F.B., Argôlo, A.J.S. & Orrico, V.G.D. (2017) The 100th: An appealing new species of Dendropsophus (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae) from northeastern Brazil. PLoS One, 12, e0171678. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171678

  27. Dias, I.R., Medeiros, T.T., Vila-Nova, M.F. & Solé, M. (2014) Amphibians of Serra Bonita, southern Bahia: a new hotpoint within Brazil’s Atlantic Forest hotspot. ZooKeys, 449, 105–130. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.449.7494

  28. Dias, I.R., Novaes-e-Fagundes, G., Neto, A.M., Zina, J., Garcia, C., Recoder, R.S., Vechio, F.D., Rodrigues, M.T. & Solé, M. (2020) A new large canopy-dwelling species of Phyllodytes Wagler, 1930 (Anura, Hylidae) from the Atlantic Forest of the state of Bahia, northeastern Brazil. PeerJ, 8, e8642. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8642

  29. Eaton, T.H. (1958) An anatomical study of a Neotropical tree frog, Centrolene prosoblepon (Salientia: Centrolenidae). University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 39, 459–472.

  30. Echevarría, L.Y., De la Riva, I., Venegas, P.J., Rojas-Runjaic, F.J., Dias, I.R. & Castroviejo-Fisher, S. (2021) Total evidence and sensitivity phylogenetic analyses of egg-brooding frogs (Anura: Hemiphractidae). Cladistics, 37, 375–401. https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12447

  31. Fabrezi, M. (1992) El carpo de los anuros. Alytes, 10, 1–29.

  32. Fabrezi, M. (1993) The anuran tarsus. Alytes, 11, 47–63.

  33. Fabrezi, M. & Alberch, P. (1996) The carpal elements of anurans. Herpetologica, 52, 188–204.

  34. Ferrante, L. & Fearnside, P.M. (2021) Brazil’s deception threatens climate goals. Science, 374, 1569. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abn0693

  35. Figueiredo, M.S.L., Weber, M.M., Brasileiro, C.A., Cerqueira, R., Grelle, C.E.V., Jenkins, C.N., Solidade, C.V., Thomé, M.T.C., Vale, M.M. & Lorini, M.L. (2021) Tetrapod diversity in the Atlantic Forest: maps and gaps. In: Marques, M.C.C. & Grelle, C.E.V. (Eds.), The Atlantic Forest: history, biodiversity, threats and opportunities of the mega-diverse forest. Springer Nature, Cham, pp. 185–204. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55322-7_9

  36. Flores, G. (1985) A new Centrolenella (Anura) from Ecuador, with comments on nuptial pads and prepollical spines in Centrolenella. Journal of Herpetology, 19, 313–320. https://doi.org/10.2307/1564260

  37. Forlani, M.C., Tonini, J.F.R., Cruz, C.A.G., Zaher, H. & de Sá, R.O. (2017) Molecular and morphological data reveal three new cryptic species of Chiasmocleis (Mehely 1904) (Anura, Microhylidae) endemic to the Atlantic Forest, Brazil. PeerJ, 5, e3005. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3005

  38. Frost, D.R. (2022) Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.1. American Museum of Natural History, New York. Available from: https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/index.php (20 December 2022). https://doi.org/10.5531/db.vz.0001 

  39. Galetti, M., Gonçalves, F., Villar, N., Zipparro, V.B., Paz, C., Mendes, C., Lautenschlager, L., Souza, Y., Akkawi, P., Pedrosa, F., Bulascoschi, L., Bello, C., Sevá, A.P., Sales, L., Genes, L., Abra, F. & Bovendorp, R.S. (2021) Causes and consequences of large-scale defaunation in the Atlantic Forest. In: Marques, M.C.C. & Grelle, C.E.V. (Eds.), The Atlantic Forest: history, biodiversity, threats and opportunities of the mega-diverse forest. Springer Nature, Cham, pp. 297–324. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55322-7_14

  40. García-Gómez, I., Pereyra, M.O., Cabra-García, J. & Ospina-Sarria, J.J. (2022) Evolutionary history of secondary sexual characters in the most species-rich genus of anurans, the direct-developing frogs of the genus Pristimantis (Anura: Strabomantidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 136, 264–281. https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blac036

  41. Gómez, R.O. & Turazzini, G.F. (2015) An overview of the ilium of anurans (Lissamphibia, Salientia), with a critical appraisal of the terminology and primary homology of main ilial features. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 36 (1), e1030023. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2015.1030023

  42. Guayasamin, J.M., Bustamante, M.R., Almeida-Reinoso, D. & Funk, W.C. (2006) Glass frogs (Centrolenidae) of Yanayacu Biological Stations, Ecuador, with the description of a new species and comments on centrolenid systematics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 147, 489–513. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00223.x

  43. Guayasamin, J.M., Castroviejo-Fisher, S., Ayarzagüena, J., Trueb, L. & Vilà, C. (2008) Phylogenetic relationships of glassfrogs (Centrolenidae) based on mithocondrial and nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 48, 574–595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2008.04.012

  44. Guayasamin, J.M., Castroviejo-Fisher, S., Trueb, L., Ayarzagüena, J., Rada, M. & Vilà, C. (2009) Phylogenetic systematics of glassfrogs (Amphibia: Centrolenidae) and their sister taxon Allopryne ruthveni. Zootaxa, 2100 (1), 1–97. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2100.1.1

  45. Guayasamin, J.M., Cisneros-Heredia, D.F. Maynard, R.J., Lynch, R.L., Culebras, J. & Hamilton, P.S. (2017) A marvelous new glassfrog (Centrolenidae, Hyalinobatrachium) from Amazonia Ecuador. ZooKeys, 673, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.673.12108

  46. Guayasamin, J.M., Cisneros-Heredia, D.F., McDiarmid, R.W., Peña, P. & Hutter, C.R. (2020) Glassfrogs of Ecuador: diversity, evolution, and conservation. Diversity, 12, 222. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12060222

  47. Guayasamin, J.M. & Trueb, L. (2007) A new species of glassfrog (Anura: Centrolenidae) from the lowlands of northwestern Ecuador, with comments on centrolenid osteology. Zootaxa, 1447 (1), 27–45. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1447.1.2

  48. Hayes, M.P. & Starrett, P.H. (1980) Notes on a collection of centrolenid frogs from the Colombian Chocó. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Science, 79, 89–96.

  49. Heyer, W.R. (1978) Variation in members of the Centrolenella eurygnatha complex (Amphibia: Centrolenidae) from Serra do Mar and Serra da Mantiqueira, Brazil. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 32, 15–33.

  50. Heyer, W.R. (1985) Taxonomic and natural history notes on frogs of the genus Centrolenella (Amphibia: Centrolenidae) from southeastern Brasil and Adjacent Argentina. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 36, 1–21.

  51. Heyer, W.R., Rand, A.S., Cruz, C.A.G., Peixoto, O.L. & Nelson, C.E. (1990) Frogs of Boracéia. Arquivos de Zoologia, 31, 231–410.

  52. Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (2022) Unidade de Conservação: Parque Nacional da Serra das Lontras. Available from: https://www.gov.br/icmbio/pt-br/assuntos/biodiversidade/unidade-de-conservacao/unidades-de-biomas/mata-atlantica/lista-de-ucs/parna-da-serra-das-lontras (accessed 17 January 2022)

  53. IUCN (2022) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-2. Anura Spatial Data Download. Available from: https://www.iucnredlist.org (accessed 13 January 2023)

  54. Izecksohn, E. & Carvalho-e-Silva, S.P. (2001) Anfíbios do município do Rio de Janeiro. Editora UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, 148 pp.

  55. Kok, P.J.R. & Castroviejo-Fisher, S. (2008) Glassfrogs (Anura: Centrolenidae) of Kaieteur National Park, Guyana, with notes on the distribution and taxonomy of some species of the family in the Guiana Shield. Zootaxa, 1680 (1), 25–53. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1680.1.2

  56. Leitman, P., Amorim, A.M., Neto, L.M. & Forzza, R.C. (2014) Epiphytic angiosperms in a mountain forest in southern Bahia, Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 14, e20130010. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032014001013 

  57. Lourenço-de-Moraes, R., Dias, I.R., Mira-Mendes, C.V., de Oliveira, R.M., Barth, A., Ruas, D.S., Vences, M., Solé, M. & Bastos, R.P. (2018) Diversity of miniaturized frogs of the genus Adelophryne (Anura: Eleutherodactylidae): A new species from the Atlantic Forest of northeast Brazil. PLoS One, 13, e0201781. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0201781

  58. Lucas, E.M. & Marocco, J.C. (2011) Anurofauna (Amphibia, Anura) em um remanescente de Floresta Ombrófila Mista no estado de Santa Catarina, sul do Brasil. Biota Neotropica, 11, 377–384. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032011000100035

  59. Lutz, A. (1925) Batraciens du Brésil. Comptes rendus et mémories hebdomadaires des séances de la société de biologie et des ses filiales, Paris, 93, 137–139.

  60. Lutz, B. & Kloss, G.R. (1952) Anfíbios anuros do alto Solimões e Rio Negro. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 50, 625–678. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761952000100020

  61. Lynch, J.D. & Duellman, W.E. (1973) A review of the centrolenid frogs of Ecuador, with descriptions of new species. Occasional Papers University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, 16, 1–66. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/29040

  62. Maynard, R.J., Trageser, S.J., Kohn, S., Hamilton, P.S., Culebras, J. & Guayasamin, J.M. (2020) Discovery of a reproducing population of the Mindo glassfrog, Nymphargus balionotus (Duellman, 1981), at the Río Manduriacu Reserve, Ecuador, with a literature review and comments on its natural history, distribution, and conservation status. Amphibian and Reptile Conservation, 14, 172–184.

  63. Moraes, L.J.C.L., Almeida, A.P., Fraga, R., Rojas, R.R., Pirani, R.M., Silva, A.A.A., Carvalho, V.T., Gordo, M. & Werneck, F.P. (2017) Integrative overview of the herpetofauna from Serra da Mocidade, a granitic mountain range in northern Brazil. ZooKeys, 715, 103–159. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.715.20288

  64. Müller, L. (1924) Neue laubfrösche aus dem Staate Santa Catharina, S. O. Brasilien. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 59, 233–238.

  65. Muñoz, A. & Aguayo, R. (2009) Sobre la presencia de Vitreorana oyampiensis (Lescure, 1975) (Amphibia: Centrolenidae) en Bolivia. Cuadernos de Herpetología, 23, 97–99.

  66. Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., da Fonseca, G.A.B. & Kent, J. (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403, 853–858. https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501

  67. Nacif, P.G.S., Costa, O.V., Araujo, M. & Santos, P.S. (2009) Geomorfodinâmica da região do complexo de Serras das Lontras. In: SAVE Brasil, IESB & BirdLife International, Complexo de Serras das Lontras e Una, Bahia: elementos naturais e aspectos de sua conservação. SAVE Brasil, São Paulo, pp. 9–14.

  68. Noonan, B.P. & Harvey, M.B. (2000) A new species of Glass Frog (Anura: Centrolenidae) from the highlands of Guyana. Herpetologia, 56, 294–302.

  69. Novaes-e-Fagundes, G., Araujo-Vieira, K., Entiauspe-Neto, O.M., Roberto, I.J., Orrico, V.G.D., Solé, M., Haddad, C.F.B. & Loebmann, D. (2021) A new species of Scinax Wagler (Hylidae: Scinaxini) from the tropical forests of northeastern Brazil. Zootaxa, 4903 (1), 1–41. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4903.1.1

  70. de Oliveira, I.S., Rödder, D., Capinha, C., Ahmadzadeh, F., de Oliveira, A.K.C. & Toledo, L.F. (2016) Assessing future habitat availability for coastal lowland anurans in the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 51, 45­­–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650521.2016.1160610

  71. Orrico, V.G.D., Dias, I.R. & Marciano Jr., E. (2018) Another new species of Phyllodytes (Anura: Hylidae) from the Atlantic Forest of northeastern Brazil. Zootaxa, 4407 (1), 101–110. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4407.1.6

  72. Orrico, V.G.D., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Rivera-Correa, M., Rada, M.A., Lyra, M.L., Cassini, C.S., Valdujo, P.H., Schargel, W.E., Machado, D.J., Wheeler, W.C., Barrio-Amorós, C., Loebmann, D., Moravec, J., Zina, J., Solé, M., Sturaro, M.J. Peloso, P.L., Suarez, P. & Haddad, C.F. (2021) The phylogeny of Dendropsophini (Anura: Hylidae: Hylinae). Cladistics, 37, 73–105. https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12429

  73. Ortega-Andrade, H.M., Bermingham, J., Aulestia, C. & Paucar, C. (2010) Herpetofauna of the Bilsa Biological Station, province of Esmeraldas, Ecuador. Check List, 6, 119–154. https://doi.org/10.15560/6.1.119

  74. Ospina-Sarria, J.J. & Grant, T. (2021) New phenotypic synapomorphies delimit three molecular-based clades of New World direct-developing frogs (Amphibia: Anura: Brachycephaloidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 195, 976–994. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab071

  75. Penhacek, M., Anjos, S., Oliveira, E., Hernández-Ruz, E.J., Rodrigues, L.R., Guerra, V. & Rodrigues, D. (2020) First record of Vitreorana ritae (Anura, Centrolenidae) for southern Amazonia inferred from molecular, reproductive and acoustic evidence. Caldasia, 42, 171–180. https://doi.org/10.15446/caldasia.v42n2.79487

  76. Pontes, R.C., Caramaschi, U., Pombal Jr., J.P. (2014) A remarkable new glass frog (Centrolenidae: Vitreorana) from the northeast Atlantic Forest, Brazil. Herpetologica, 70, 298–308. https://doi.org/10.1655/HERPETOLOGICA-D-13-00024

  77. Pyron, R.A. & Wiens, J.J. (2011) A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of extant frogs, salamanders, and caecilians. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 61, 543–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.012

  78. R Core Team (2021) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. [program]

  79. Rada, M., Ospina-Sarria, J.J. & Guayasamin, J.M. (2017) A taxonomic review of tan-brown glassfrogs (Anura: Centrolenidae), with the description of a new species from southwestern Colombia. South American Journal of Herpetology, 12, 136–156. https://doi.org/10.2994/SAJH-D-16-00026.1

  80. Rebouças, R., Dos Santos, M.M., Martins, A.G.S., Domingos, A.H.R., Santos, I. & Toledo, L.F. (2021) Warming drives cryptic declines of amphibians in Eastern Brazil. Biological Conservation, 256, 109035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109035

  81. Ribeiro, M.C., Metzger, J.P., Martensen, A.C., Ponzoni, F.J. & Hirota, M.M. (2009) The Brazilian Atlantic Forest: How Much is left, and how is the remaining forest distributed? Implications for conservation. Biological Conservation, 142, 1141–1153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.02.021

  82. Rojas-Padilla, O., Menezes, V.Q., Dias, I.R., Argôlo, A.J.S., Solé, M. & Orrico, V.G.D. (2020) Amphibians and reptiles of Parque Nacional da Serra das Lontras: an important center of endemism within the Atlantic Forest in southern Bahia, Brazil. ZooKeys, 1002, 159–185. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1002.53988

  83. Rossa-Feres, D.C., Garey, M.V., Caramaschi, U., Napoli, M.F., Nomura, F., Bispo, A.A., Aguirre-Brasileiro, C., Thomé, M.T.C., Sawaya, R.J., Conte, C.E., Cruz, C.A.G., Nascimento, L.B., Gasparini, J.L., Almeida, A.P. & Haddad, C.F.B. (2017) Anfíbios da Mata Atlântica: lista de espécies, histórico dos estudos, biologia e conservação. In: Monteiro-Filho, E.L.A. & Conte, C.E. (Eds.), Revisões em Zoologia, Mata Atlântica. Editora UFPR, Curitiba, pp. 237–314.

  84. Rueda-Almonacid, J.V. (1994) Estudio anatómico y relaciones sistemáticas de Centrolene geckoideum (Salientia: Anura: Centrolenidae). Trianea (Acta cientifica y tecnológica INDERENA), 5, 133–187.

  85. Ruíz-Carranza, P.M. & Lynch, J.D. (1991) Ranas Centrolenidae de Colombia I: propuesta de una nueva clasificación genérica. Lozania, 57, 1–30.

  86. Ruggeri, J., Ribeiro, L.P., Pontes, M.R., Toffolo, C., Candido, M., Carriero, M.M., Zanella, N., Sousa, R.L.M. & Toledo, L.F. (2019) Discovery of wild amphibians infected with ranavirus in Brazil. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 55, 897–902. https://doi.org/10.7589/2018-09-224

  87. de Sá, R.O., Grant, T., Camargo, A., Heyer, W.R., Ponssa, M.L. & Stanley, E. (2014) Systematics of the neotropical genus Leptodactylus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae): phylogeny, the relevance of non-molecular evidence, and species accounts. South American Journal of Herpetology, 9. [published online] https://doi.org/10.2994/SAJH-D-13-00022.1

  88. Sabaj, M.H. (2020) Codes for natural history collections in ichthyology and herpetology. Copeia, 108, 593–669. https://doi.org/10.1643/ASIHCODONS2020

  89. Sanchiz, B. & de La Riva, I. (1993) Remarks on the tarsus of centrolenid frogs (Amphibia: Anura). Graellsia, 49, 115–117.

  90. Santana, D.J., Barros, A.B., Pontes, R.C. & Feio, R.N. (2015) A new species of Glassfrog genus Vitreorana (Anura: Centrolenidae) from the Cerrado Domain, southeastern Brazil. Herpetologica, 71, 289–298. https://doi.org/10.1655/HERPETOLOGICA-D-14-00066

  91. Santos, C.M.D. & Carbayo, F. (2021) Taxonomy as a political statement: the Brazilian case. Zootaxa, 5047 (1), 92–94. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5047.1.8

  92. Savage, J.M. & Heyer, W.R. (1997) Digital webbing formulae for anurans: a refinement. Herpetological Review, 28, 131.

  93. Señaris, J.C. & Ayarzagüena, J. (1993) Una nueva especie de Centrolenella (Anura: Centrolenidae) del Auyan-Tepui, Edo. Bolivar, Venezuela. Memoria de la Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La Salle, 53, 121–126.

  94. Señaris, J.C. & Ayarzagüena, J. (2005) Revisión taxonômica de la familia Centrolenidae (Amphibia; Anura) de Venezuela. Publicaciones del Comité Español del Programa Hombre y BiosferaRed—IberoMAB de la UNESCO, Sevilla, 337 pp.

  95. Silva, J.M.C. & Casteleti, C.H.M. (2003) Status of the biodiversity of the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. In: Galindo-Leal, C. & Câmara, I.G. (Eds.), The Atlantic forest of South America: biodiversity status, threats, and outlook. CABS and Island Press, Washington, pp. 43–59.

  96. Silva, J.M.C., Ryland, A.B. & Da Fonseca, G.A.B. (2005) The fate of the Amazonian areas of endemism. Conservation Biology, 19, 689–694. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00705.x

  97. SOS Mata Atlântica (2021) Mata Atlântica. Available from: https://www.sosma.org.br/ causas/mata-atlantica/ (accessed 17 January 2022)

  98. Taylor, E.H. (1951) Two new genera and a new family of tropical American frogs. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 64, 33–37. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.26735

  99. Taylor, E.H. & Cochran, D.M. (1953) Frogs of the family Centrolenidae from Brasil. University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 35, 1625–1656. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/44599

  100. Twomey, E., Delia, J. & Castroviejo-Fisher, S. (2014) A review of Northern Peruvian glassfrogs (Centrolenidae), with the description of four new remarkable species. Zootaxa, 3851 (1), 1–87. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3851.1.1

  101. Trueb, L. (1973) Bones, frogs and evolution. In: Vial, J.L. (Ed.), Evolutionary Biology of the Anurans: Contemporary Research on Major Problems. The University of Missouri Press, Columbia, Missouri, pp. 65–132.

  102. Valencia-Aguilar, A., Castro-Herrera, F. & Ramírez-Pinilla, M.P. (2012) Microhabitats for oviposition and male clutch attendance in Hyalinobatrachium aureoguttatum (Anura: Centrolenidae). Copeia, 4, 722–731. https://doi.org/10.1643/CE-11-173

  103. Vockenhuber, E.A., Höld, W. & Karpfen, U. (2008) Reproductive behaviour of the glass frog Hyalinobatrachium valerioi (Anura: Centrolenidae) at the tropical stream Quebrada Negra (La Gamba, Costa Rica). Stapfia, 80, 335–348

  104. Watters, J.L., Cummings, S.T., Flanagan, R.L. & Siler, C.D. (2016) Review of morphometric measurements used in anuran species description and recommendations for a standardized approach. Zootaxa, 4072 (4), 477–495. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4072.4.6

  105. Zucchetti, V.M., Rojas-Padilla, O., Días, I.R., Solé, M., Castroviejo-Fisher, S. (2021) Reproductive biology and phylogenetic relationships of Vitreorana baliomma (Anura: Centrolenidae). Salamandra, 57, 353–370.