Abstract
Bursaphelenchus hildegardae Braasch et al., 2006 was collected from pine wood (Pinus radiata) growing in Kaingaroa Timberlands, and a bark beetle, Hylastes ater Paykull, 1800 in New Zealand. This is a new record for B. hildegardae, occuring in New Zealand, and the second report from the southern hemisphere in addition to Australia. In general, the New Zealand isolate of B. hildegardae corresponds well with the description of B. hildegardae given by Braasch et al. (2006) from Germany. The New Zealand isolate is characterized by having an adult body length of 807–1190 μm, medium a ratios (47.5–58.5 for female and 44.6–60.1 for male), b ratios of 9.8–14.5 (female) and 10.2–12.7 (male), c ratios of 18.8–25.2 (female) and 21.6–32.4 (male), c’ ratios of 4.0–4.4 (female) and 2.1–2.7 (male), and is characterised by having three incisures in the lateral fields, thorn-shaped spicules with a distinctly dorsally-bent thin hook-like condylus, and a dorso-ventally visible terminal bursa. In addition, molecular phylogeny using near full length small subunit (SSU), D2/D3 expansion segments of the large subunit (LSU) and the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1 and 2) of the ribosomal rDNA supports the identification. A key to Bursaphelenchus species in the eggersi-group is given.
References
Abolafia, J., Alizadeh, M. & Khakvar, R. (2016) Description of Panagrellus ulmi sp. n. (Rhabditida, Panagrolaimidae) from Iran, and comments on the species of the genus and its relatives. Zootaxa, 4162 (2), 245–267. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4162.2.3
Altschul, S.F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E.W. & Lipman, D.J. (1990) Basic local alignment search tool. Journal of Molecular Biology, 215, 403–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80360-2
Ambrogioni, L. & Marinari Palmisano, A. (1998) Description of Bursaphelenchus tusciae sp. n. from Pinus pinea in Italy. Nematologia Mediterranea, 26, 243–254.
Braasch, H. (2001) Bursaphelenchus species in conifers in Europe: distribution and morphological relationships. EPPO Bulletin, 31, 127–142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.2001.tb00982.x
Braasch, H. (2009) Re-establishment of Devibursaphelenchus Kakuliya, 1967 (Nematoda, Aphelenchoididae) and proposal for a new combination of several Bursaphelenchus. Journal of Nematode Morphology and Systematics, 12, 1–5.
Braasch, H., Burgermeister, W., Schönfeld, Metge, K. & Brandstetter, M. (2006) Bursaphelenchus hildegardae sp. n. (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae)—a new species belonging to the ‘eggersi’ group. Journal of Nematode Morphology and Systematics, 9, 27–36.
Brzeski, M.W. & Baujard, P. (1997) Morphology and morphometrics of Bursaphelenchus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) species from pine wood of Poland. Annales Zoologici, 47, 305–319.
Carnegie, A.J. & Nahrung, H.F. (2019) Post-Border Forest Biosecurity in Australia: Response to Recent Exotic Detections, Current Surveillance and Ongoing Needs. Forests, 10 (4), 236. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10040336
Dale, P. (1967) Nematodes associated with pine-bark beetle, Hylastes ater in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Science, 10 (1), 222–234.
Dale, P. (1971) Foliar, root lesion, and other nematodes. New Zealand Journal of Agriculture, 122, 59–61.
Davies, K. & Giblin-Davis, R.M. (2004). The biology and associations of Fergusobia (Nematoda) from the Melaleuca leucadendra-complex in eastern Australia. Invertebrate Systematics, 18, 291–319. https://doi.org/10.1071/IS02034
Holterman, M., Van Der Wurff, A., Van Den Elsen, S., Van Megen, H., Bongers, T., Holovachov, O., Bakker, J. & Helder, J. (2006) Phylum-wide analysis of SSU rDNA reveals deep phylogenetic relationships among nematodes and accelerated evolution toward crown clades. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 13, 1792–1800. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msl044
Kanzaki, N. & Giblin-Davis, R.M. (2018) Diversity and plant pathogenicity of Bursaphelenchus and related nematodes in relation to their vector interactions. Current Forestry Reports, 4, 85–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-018-0074-7
Kanzaki, N., Tsujimoto, S. & Kajimura, H. (2021) Bursaphelenchus hibisci n. sp. (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) isolated from Ernoporus corpulentus (Scolytinae) emerged from dead Hibiscus tiliaceus (Malvaceae) twigs from Okinawa, Japan. Nematology. [in press] https://doi.org/10.1163/15685411-bja10109
Knight, K.W.L., Barber, C.J. & Page, G.D. (1997) Plant-parasitic nematodes of New Zealand recorded by host association. Journal of Nematology, 29, 640–656.
Larkin, M.A., Blackshields, G., Brown, N.P., Chenna, R., McGettigan, P.A., McWilliam, H., Valentin, F., Wallace, I.M., Wilm, A., Lopez, R., Thompson, J.D., Gibson, T.J. & Higgins, D.G. (2007) Clustal W and Clustal X version 2.0. Bioinformatics, 23, 2947–2948. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btm404
Massey, C.L. (1971) Nematode associates of several species of Pissodes (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the United States. Annals of Entomological Society of America, 64, 162–169. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/64.1.162
Massey, C.L. (1974) Biology and taxonomy of nematode parasites and associates of bark beetles in the United States. Agriculture Handbook No. 446. USDA, Forest Service, Washington, v + 233 pp.
Nunn, G.B. (1992) Nematode molecular evolution. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham. [unknown pagination]
Posada, D. & Crandall, K.A. (1998) Modeltest: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics, 14, 817–818. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/14.9.817
Ronquist, F. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2003) MR BAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics, 19, 1572–1574. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180
Rühm, W. (1956) Dien Nematoden der Irpiden. Parasitologische Schriftenreihe, 6, 1–435.
Ryss, A., Vieira, P., Mota, M.M. & Kulinich, O. (2005) A synopsis of the genus Bursaphelenchus Fuchs, 1937 (Aphelenchida: Parasitaphelenchidae) with keys to species. Nematology, 7, 393–458. https://doi.org/10.1163/156854105774355581
Ryss, A.Y. & Subbotin, S.A. (2017) [Coevolution of wood-inhabiting nematodes of the genus Bursaphelenchus Fuchs, 1937 with their insect vectors and plant hosts]. Zhurnal Obshchei Biologii, 78, 32–61. [in Russian]
Swofford, D.L. (2002) PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (and Other Methods), Version 4. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts. [program]
White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J.W. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis, M.A., Gelgard, D.H., Sninsky, J.J. & White, T.J. (Eds.), PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, New York, pp. 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1
Whitehead, A.G. & Hemming, J.R. (1965) A comparison of some quantitative methods of extracting small vermiform nematodes from soil. Annals of Applied Biology, 55, 25–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1965.tb07864.x
Williams, B.D., Schrank, B., Huynh, C., Shownkeen, R. & Waterston, R.H. (1992) A genetic mapping system in Caenorhabditis elegans based on polymorphic sequence-tagged sites. Genetics, 131, 609–624. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/131.3.609
Yeates, G.W. (2010) Phylum Nematoda: roundworms, eelworms. In: Gordon, D.P. (Ed.), New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Vol. 2. Kingdom Animalia. Chaetognatha, Ecdysozoa, Ichnofossils. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch, pp. 480–493.
Zamora, P., Sanz-Ros, A.V.,Dueñas, M., Miranda, J., Álvarez, B., González, A., Mayor, E., Dominguez, J. C., Pérez, G., Martín, A. B., Renedo, F. & Rodríguez, V. (2016) species DE Bursaphelenchus sp. en coníferas de la región de castilla y león. Post-262. XVIII Congreso de la Sociedad Española de Fitopatología, Palencia, 20–23 Septiembre 2016. Available from: https://sef.es/sites/default/files/Libro_SEF_2016_Palencia_sin_imagenes_.pdf (accessed on 9 July 2021) [in Spanish]
Zhao, Z.Q. & Buckley, T.R. (2009) Phylogenetic analysis of nematode nuclear 18S rDNA sequences indicates the genus Tripylina Brzeski, 1963 (Nematoda: Tripylidae de Man, 1876) should be placed in Enoplida. Zootaxa, 2238 (1), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2238.1.2
Zhao, Z.Q., Li, D.M., Davies, K.A. & Ye, W. (2015) Schistonchus zealandicus n. sp. (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) associated with Ficus macrophylla in New Zealand. Nematology, 17, 53–66. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00002851
Zheng, J.W., Subbotin, S.A., He, S.S., Gu, J.F. & Moens, M. (2002) Molecular characterisation of some Asian isolates of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and B. mucronatus using PCR-RFLPs and sequences of ribosomal DNA. Russian Journal of Nematology, 11, 17–22.