Abstract
The Triatoma phyllosoma species group includes 17 species of kissing bugs, most of them implicated in the transmission of Chagas disease in the Americas. The species of this group are T. bassolsae Alejandre-Aguilar, Nogueda-Torres, Cortéz-Jímenez, Jurberg, Galvão & Carcavallo, 1999, T. brailovskyi Martínez, Carcavallo & Pelaez, 1984, T. dimidiata (Latreille, 1811), T. gerstaeckeri (Stål, 1859), T. gomeznunezi Martínez, Carcavallo & Juberg, 1994, T. hegneri Mazzotti, 1940, T. huehuetenanguensis Lima-Cordón, Monroy, Stevens, Rodas, Rodas, Dorn & Justi, 2019, T. indictiva Neiva, 1912, T. longipennis Usinger, 1939, T. mazzottii Usinger, 1941, T. mexicana (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1848), T. mopan Dorn, Justi, Dale, Stevens, Galvão, Lima-Cordón & Monroy, 2018, T. pallidipennis (Stål, 1872), T. phyllosoma (Burmeister, 1835), T. picturata Usinger, 1939, T. recurva (Stål, 1868), and T. sanguisuga (LeConte, 1855). The validity of some species of the group was uncertain, because of both cryptic species and hybrid occurrence. Species exhibiting these particularities were formerly classified in the T. dimidiata and T. phyllosoma complexes. Although we recognize the historical value of these species complexes, we do not recommend their further use. Instead, we recognize the T. phyllosoma species group here reviewed, considering the current knowledge of the systematics and reproductive behavior of the group. We implement the cohesion species concept, validating the species status of T. bassolsae, T. longipennis, T. mazzottii, T. pallidipennis, T. phyllosoma, and T. picturata. We also provide diagnoses, photographs and a taxonomic key including the recently described species.
References
Abad-Franch, F., Monteiro, F.A., Pavan, M.G., Patterson, J.S., Bargues, M.D., Zuriaga, M.Á., Aguilar, M., Beard, C.B., Mas-Coma, S. & Miles, M.A. (2021) Under pressure: Phenotypic divergence and convergence associated with microhabitat adaptations in Triatominae. Parasites & Vectors, 14, 195. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04647-z
Aguilar, R.A., Nogueda-Torres, B., Cortéz-Jiménez, M., Jurberg, J., Galvão, C. & Carcavallo, R. (1999) Triatoma bassolsae sp. n. do México, com uma chave para as espécies do complexo “phyllosoma” (Hemiptera, Reduviidae). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 94, 353–359. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761999000300012
Amyot, C.J.B. & Serville, A. (1843) Histoire naturelle des insectes. Hémiptères. Librairie encyclopédique de Roret, Paris, LXXVI + 675 + 5 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.8471
Banks, N. (1910) Catalogue of the Nearctic Hemiptera-Heteroptera. The American Entomological Society, Philadelphia, Indy, 103 + VIII pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.12353
Barber, H.G. (1937) A new species of Triatoma from Arizona (Hemiptera-Heteroptera: Reduviidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 39, 86–87.
Bargues, M.D., Klisiowicz, D.R., González-Candelas, F., Ramsey, J.M., Monroy, C., Ponce, C., Salazar-Schettino, P.M., Panzera, F., Abad-Franch, F., Sousa, O.E., Schofield, C.J., Dujardin, J.P., Guhl, F. & Mas-Coma, S. (2008) Phylogeography and genetic variation of Triatoma dimidiata, the main Chagas disease vector in Central America, and its position within the genus Triatoma. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2, e233. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000233
Blatchley, W.S. (1926) Heteroptera or true bugs of eastern North America, with special reference to the faunas of Indiana and Florida. The Nature Publishing Company, Indianapolis, 1116 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6871
Bern, C., Kjos, S., Yabsley, M.J. & Montgomery, S.P. (2011) Trypanosoma cruzi and Chagas’ disease in the United States. Clinical Microbiology Review, 24, 655–681. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00005-11
Bern, C., Messenger, L.A., Whitman, J.D. & Maguirec, J.H. (2020) Chagas disease in the United States: A public health approach. Clinical Microbiology Review, 33, e00023-19. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00023-19.
Burmeister, H. (1835) Handbuch der Entomologie. Vol. 2. Part 1. G. Reimer, Berlin, IV + 400 + 4 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.8135
Carcavallo, R.U., Jurberg, J., Lent, H., Noireau, F. & Galvão, C. (2000) Phylogeny of the Triatominae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae). Proposals for taxonomic arrangements. Entomología y Vectores, 7, 1–99.
Champion, G.C. (1899) Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta Rhynchota. Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Vol. 2. Published for the editors by R. H. Porter, London, XVI + 416 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.730
Davis, D.J., McGregor, T. & De Shazo, T. (1943) Triatoma sanguisuga (LeConte) and Triatoma ambigua Neiva as natural carriers of Trypanosoma cruzi in Texas. U. S. Public Health Service Report, 58, 353–354. https://doi.org/10.2307/4584383
De la Rúa, N.M., Bustamante, D.M., Menes, M., Stevens, L., Monroy, C., Kilpatrick, C.W., Rizzo, D., Klotz, S.A., Schmidt, J., Axen, H.J. & Dorn, P.L. (2014) Towards a phylogenetic approach to the composition of species complexes in the North and Central American Triatoma, vectors of Chagas disease. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 24, 157–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2014.03.019
Del Ponte, E. (1930) Catálogo descriptivo de los géneros Triatoma Lap., Rhodnius Stål, e Eratyrus Stål. Revista del Instituto Bacteriologico del Departamento Nacional de Higiene, 5, 855–937.
Dorn, P. L., Calderon, C., Melgar, S., Moguel, B., Solorzano, E., Dumonteil, E., Rodas, A., De la Rúa, N., Garnica, R. & Monroy, C. (2009) Two distinct Triatoma dimidiata (Latreille, 1811) taxa are found in sympatry in Guatemala and Mexico. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 3, e393. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000393
Dorn, P.L., De la Rúa, N. M., Axen, H., Smith, N., Richards, B.R., Charabati, Suarez, J., Woods, A., Pessoa, R., Monroy, C., Kilpatrick, C. W. & Stevens, L. (2016) Hypothesis testing clarifies the systematics of the main Central American Chagas disease vector, Triatoma dimidiata (Latreille, 1811), across its geographic range. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 44, 431–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2016.07.046
Dorn, P.L., Justi, S.A., Dale, C., Stevens, L., Galvão, C., Lima-Cordón, R. & Monroy, C. (2018) Description of Triatoma mopan sp. n. from a cave in Belize (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae). ZooKeys, 775, 69–95. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.775.22553
Dorn, P, Monroy C. & Curtis, A. (2007) Triatoma dimidiata (Latreille, 1811): A review of its diversity across its geographic range and the relationship among populations. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 7, 343–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2006.10.001
Dujardin, J.P., Costa, J., Bustamante, D., Jaramillo, N. & Catalá, S. (2009) Deciphering morphology in Triatominae: The evolutionary signals. Acta Tropica, 110, 101–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.09.026
Eads, R.B. (1957) An unusual Triatoma feeding record. Journal of Parasitology, 43, 27. https://doi.org/10.2307/3274747
Espinoza, B., Martínez-Ibarra, J.A., Villalobos, G., De La Torre, P., Laclette, J.P. & Martínez-Hernández, F. (2013) Genetic variation of North American triatomines (Insecta: Hemiptera: Reduviidae): Initial divergence between species and populations of Chagas disease vector. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 88, 275–284. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0105
Froeschner, R.C. (1944) Contributions to a synopsis of the Hemiptera of Missouri. Part III. The American Midland Naturalist Journal, 31, 638–683. https://doi.org/10.2307/2421413
Galvão, C., Carcavallo, R., Rocha D.D.S. & Jurberg, J. (2003) A checklist of the current valid species of the subfamily Triatominae Jeannel, 1919 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) and their geographical distribution, with nomenclatural and taxonomic notes. Zootaxa, 202 (1), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.202.1.1
García, M., Menes, M., Dorn, P.L., Monroy, C., Richards, B., Panzera, F. & Bustamante, D.M., (2013) Reproductive isolation revealed in preliminary crossbreeding experiments using field collected Triatoma dimidiata (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) from three ITS-2 defined groups. Acta Tropica, 128, 714–718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.09.003
GBD (2018) Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. (2018) Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Bureau of Disease Study 2017. Lancet, 392, 1789–858. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32279-7
Georgieva, A.Y., Gordon, E.R.L. & Weirauch, C. (2017) Sylvatic host associations of Triatominae and implications for Chagas disease reservoirs: A review and new host records based on archival specimens. PeerJ 5, e3826. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3826
Gómez-Palacio, A. & Triana, O. (2014) Molecular evidence of demographic expansion of the Chagas disease vector Triatoma dimidiata (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) in Colombia. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 8, e2734. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002734
Herrera-Aguilar, M., Be-Barragán, L.A., Ramírez-Sierra, M.J., Tripet, F., Dorn, P. & Dumonteil, E. (2009) Identification of a large hybrid zone between sympatric sibling species of Triatoma dimidiata in the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico, and its epidemiological importance. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 9, 1345–1351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2009.09.009
Herrich-Schaeffer, G.A.W. (1848) Die Wanzenartigen Insecten. Vol. 8. In der C.H. Zeh’schen Buchhandlung, Nürnberg, 130 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11547
Hypsa, V., Tietz, D., Zrzavy, J., Rego, R.O., Galvão, C. & Jurberg, J. (2002) Phylogeny and biogeography of Triatominae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae): Molecular evidence of a New World origin of the asiatic clade. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 23, 447–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1055-7903(02)00023-4
Hoffmann, W.H. (1922) Sobre la presencia de Rhodnius prolixus Stål en Cuba y su importancia médica. Sanidad y Beneficencia, 27, 263–266.
Howard, L.O. (1900) The insects to which the name “kissing bug” became applied during the summer of 1899. Bulletin U. S. Department Agriculture, 22, 24–30.
Islas, F. (1941) Observaciones acerca del desarrollo y caracteres morfológicos de Triatoma picturata Usinger. Anales del Instituto de Biología, 12, 311–326.
Justi, S.A., Cahan, S., Stevens, L., Monroy, C., Lima-Cordón, R. & Dorn, P L. (2018) Vectors of diversity: Genome wide diversity across the geographic range of the Chagas disease vector Triatoma dimidiata sensu lato (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 120, 144–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2017.12.016
Kieran, T.J., Gordon, E.R.L., Zaldívar-Riverón, A., Ibarra-Cerdeña, C.N., Glenn, T.C. & Weirauch, C. (2021) Ultraconserved elements reconstruct the evolution of Chagas disease-vectoring kissing bugs (Reduviidae: Triatominae). Systematic Entomology, 4 (3), 725–740. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12485
Kimball, B.S. (1896) Conorhinus sanguisugus—its habits and life-history. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 14, 128–131. https://doi.org/10.2307/3623926
Kirkaldy, G.W. (1900) Bibliographical and nomenclatorial notes on the Rhynchota. No. 1. Entomologist, 33, 238–243. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.3888
Kirkaldy, G.W. (1907) Biological notes on the Hemiptera of the Hawaiian Isles. No. 1. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 1, 135–161.
Larrousse, F. (1926) Description de deux espèces nouvelles du genre Triatoma: T. carrioni n. sp., et T. pintoi n. sp. Annals of Parasitology, 4, 136–139. https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/1926042136
Laporte, F.L. (1832-1833) Essai d’une classification systématique de l’ordre des Hémipterès (Hémipterès Hétéropterès, Latr.). Magazine de Zoologie, Guérin, 2, 88.
LeConte, J.L. (1855) Remarks on two species of American Cimex. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 7, 404.
Lent, H. (1951) Triatoma longipes Barber, 1937, um sinónimo de Triatoma recurva (Stål, 1868). Ciencia, México, 11, 156–158.
Lent, H., Jurberg, J. & Galvão, C. (1994) Revalidação do gênero Mepraia, Mazza Gajardo & Jörg, 1940 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 89, 347–352. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761994000300008
Lent, H., Jurberg, J. & Galvão, C. (1994) Revalidação do gênero Mepraia, Mazza Gajardo & Jörg, 1940 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 89, 347–352. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761994000300008
Lent, H. & Wygodzinsky, P. (1979) Revision of the Triatominae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) and their significance as vector of Chagas’ disease. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 163, 123–520.
Lima, A. da Costa (1940) Insetos do Brasil. Vol. 2. Hemípteros. Escola Nacional de Agronomia Série Didáctica, No. 3, 1–351. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.97953
Lima-Cordón, R.A., Monroy, M.C., Stevens, L., Rodas, A., Rodas, G.A., Dorn, P.L. & Justi, S.A. (2019) Description of Triatoma huehuetenanguensis sp. n., a potential Chagas disease vector (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae). Zookeys, 820, 51–70. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.820.27258
Mallet, J. (2005) Hybridization as an invasion of the genome. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 20, 229–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.02.010
Mallet, J. (2020) Alternative views of biological species: Reproductively isolated units or genotypic clusters? National Science Review, 7, 1401–1407. https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa116
Marcilla, A., Bargues, M.D., Ramsey, J.M., Magallón-Gastelum, E., Salazar-Schettino, P.M., Abad-Franch, F., Dujardin, J.-P., Schofield, C.J. & Mas-Coma, S. (2001) The ITS-2 of the nuclear rDNA as a molecular marker for populations, species, and phylogenetic relationships in Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), vectors of Chagas disease. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 18, 136–142. https://doi.org/10.1006/mpev.2000.0864
Marlatt, C.L. (1896) The bedbug and cone-nose. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology, New Series, Bulletin 4, 32–42.
Martínez, A., Carcavallo, R.U. & Pelaez, D. (1984) Triatoma brailovskyi, nueva especie de Triatominae en México. Chagas, 1, 39–42.
Martínez, A., Carcavallo, R.U. & Juberg, J. (1994) Triatoma gomeznunezi a new species of Triatomini from Mexico (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae). Entomología y Vectores, 1, 15–19.
Martínez, F.H., Villalobos, G.C., Cevallos, A.M., De la Torre, P., Laclette, J.P., Alejandre-Aguilar, R. & Espinoza, B. (2006) Taxonomic study of the Phyllosoma complex and other triatomine (Insecta: Hemiptera: Reduviidae) species of epidemiological importance in the transmission of Chagas disease: Using ITS-2 and mtCytB sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 41, 279–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.002
Martínez-Hernández, F., Martínez-Ibarra, J.A., Catalá, S., Villalobos, G., De la Torre, P., Laclette, J.P., Alejandre-Aguilar, R. & Espinoza, B. (2010) Natural crossbreeding between sympatric species of the Phyllosoma complex (Insecta: Hemiptera: Reduviidae) indicate the existence of only one species with morphologic and genetic variations. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 82, 74–82. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0272
Martínez-Ibarra, J.A., Grant-Guillén, Y., Ventura-Rodríguez, L.V., Osorio-Pelayo, P.D., Macías-Amezcua, M.D., Meillón-Isáis, K., Alejandre-Aguilar, R., Rodríguez-Bataz, E. & Nogueda-Torres, B. (2011a) Biological and genetic aspects of crosses between species of the genus Meccus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae Triatominae). Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 106, 293–300. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762011000300007
Martínez-Ibarra, J.A., Grant-Guillén, Y., Delgadillo-Aceves, I.N., Zumaya-Estrada, F.A., Rocha-Chávez, G., Salazar-Schettino, P.M., Alejandre-Aguilar, R., Villalobos, G. & Nogueda-Torres, B. (2011b) Biological and genetic aspects of crosses between phylogenetically close species of Mexican triatomines (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 48, 705–707. https://doi.org/10.1603/ME10159
Martínez-Ibarra, J.A., Nogueda-Torres, B., Cárdenas-De la Cruz, M.A., Villagrán, M.E., De Diego-Cabrera, J.A. & Bustos-Saldaña, R. (2015a) Biological parameters of interbreeding subspecies of Meccus phyllosomus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) in western Mexico. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 105, 763–770. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485315000759
Martínez-Ibarra, J.A., Nogueda-Torres, B., Licón-Trillo, Á., Alejandre-Aguilar, R., Salazar-Schettino, P.M. & Vences-Blanco, M.O. (2015b) Biological aspects of crosses between Triatoma recurva (Stål), 1868 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) and other members of the Phyllosoma complex. Journal of Vector Ecology, 40, 117–122. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvec.12139
Martínez-Ibarra, J.A., Nogueda-Torres, B., Salazar-Schettino, P.M., Cabrera-Bravo, M., Vences-Blanco, M.O. & Rocha-Chávez, G. (2016) Transmission capacity of Trypanosoma cruzi (Trypanosomatida: Trypanosomatidae) by three subspecies of Meccus phyllosomus (Heteroptera: Reduviidae) and their hybrids. Journal of Medical Entomology, 53, 928–934. https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjw041
Martínez-Ibarra, J.A., Nogueda-Torres, B., Salazar-Montaño, L.F, García-Lino, J.C., Arroyo-Reyes, D. & Hernández-Navarro, J.A. (2017) Comparison of biological fitness in crosses between subspecies of Meccus phyllosomus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) in southern Mexico. Insect Science, 24, 114–121. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7917.12246
Martínez-Ibarra, J.A., Salazar-Schettino, P.M., Nogueda-Torres, B., Vences, M.O., Tapia-González, J.M. & Espinoza-Gutiérrez, B. (2009) Occurrence of hybrids and laboratory evidence of fertility among three species of the Phyllosoma complex (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in Mexico. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 104, 1125–1131. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762009000800009
Martínez-Ibarra, J.A., Ventura-Rodríguez, L. V., Meillon-Isais, K., Barajas-Martínez, H., Alejandre-Aguilar, R., Lupercio-Coronel, P., Rocha-Chávez, G. & Nogueda-Torres, B. (2008) Biological and genetic aspects of experimental hybrids from species of the Phyllosoma complex (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae). Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 103, 236–243. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762008000300002
Mas-Coma, S. & Bargues, M.D. (2009) Populations, hybrids and the systematic concepts of species and subspecies in Chagas disease triatomine vectors inferred from nuclear ribosomal and mitochondrial DNA. Acta Tropica, 110, 112–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.10.013
Mazza, S. (1944) Sobre la iconografia original de Panstrongylus geniculatus y Triatoma dimidiata. Misión de Estudios de Patología Regional Argentina, Publicación, 67, 62–63.
Mazza, S., Gajardo, R. & Jörg, M.E. (1940) Mepraia novum genus de Triatomidae. Mepraia spinolai (Porter) 1933, nov. comb., redescripción del macho y descripción de la hembra. Misión de Estudios de Patología Regional Argentina, Publicación, 44, 3–30.
Mazzotti, L. (1939) Infección natural por Trypanosoma cruzi en otra especie de Triatoma. Medicina, Revista Mexicana, 19, 197–199.
Mazzotti, L. (1940). Una especie rara de Triatoma. Triatoma mexicana (H. Schaeffer, 1848). Medicina, Revista Mexicana, 359, 127–131.
Mazzotti, L. (1943) Triatoma phyllosoma usingeri, a new subspecies of Triatoma from Mexico. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 19, 81–85.
Mazzottii, L. & Osorio, M.T. (1942) Cruzamientos experimentales entre varias especies de triatominos. Medicina, Revista Mexicana, 412, 215–219.
Meraz-Medina, T., Nogueda-Torres, B., Ceballos-Rodríguez, R.S., Godínez-Aceves, K.C. & Martínez-Ibarra, J.A. (2019). Enhancing fitness in offspring of crosses between two triatomine species. Journal of Vector Ecology, 44, 173–178. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvec.12341
Monteiro, F.A., Peretolchina, T., Lazoski, C., Harris, K., Dotson, E.M., Abad-Franch, F., Tamayo, E., Pennington, P.M., Monroy, C., Cordon-Rosales, C., Salazar-Schettino, P.M., Gómez-Palacio, A., Grijalva, M.J., Beard, C.B. & Marcet, P.L. (2013) Phylogeographic pattern and extensive mitochondrial DNA divergence disclose a species complex within the Chagas disease vector Triatoma dimidiata. PLoS ONE, 8, e70974. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070974
Monteiro, F.A., Weirauch, C., Felix, M., Lazoski, C. & Abad-Franch, F. (2018). Evolution, systematics, and biogeography of the Triatominae, vectors of Chagas disease. Advances in Parasitology, 99, 265–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apar.2017.12.002
Neiva, A. (1911) Notas de entomologia médica. Duas novas espécies norte-americanas de hemípteros hematophagos. Brasil-Médico, 25, 421–422.
Neiva, A. (1912) Notas de entomologia médica e descrição de duas novas espécies de Triatomas norte-americanas. Brasil-Medico, 26, 21–22.
Neiva, A. (1914) Revisão do gênero Triatoma Lap. Thesis, Faculdade de Medicina, Rio de Janeiro, 80 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.97815
Neiva, A. & Lent, H. (1940) Sôbre um novo triatomideo chileno: Triatomaptera porteri. Nota previa. Brasil-Medico, 54, 265–267.
Neiva, A. & Lent, H. (1941) Sinopse dos Triatomideos. Revista de Entomologia, Rio de Janeiro, 12, 61–92.
Olsen, P.F. (1966) Epizoology of Chagas’ disease in the southeastern United States-with particular emphasis on the Trypanosoma cruzi-Triatoma sanguisuga-Didelphis marsupialis complex in Alabama. Wildlife Diseases, 47, 1–108.
Packchanian, A. (1939) Natural infection of Triatoma gerstaeckeri with Trypanosoma cruzi in Texas. Public Health Reports, 54, 1547–1554. https://doi.org/10.2307/4582999
Pech-May, A., Mazariegos-Hidalgo, C.J., Izeta-Alberdi1, A., López-Cancino, A., Tun-Ku1, E., De la Cruz-Félix, K, Ibarra-Cerdeña, C.N., González Ittig, R.E. & Ramsey, J.M. (2019) Genetic variation and phylogeography of the Triatoma dimidiata complex evidence a potential center of origin and recent divergence of haplogroups having differential Trypanosoma cruzi and DTU infections. PLoS Neglected and Tropical Diseases, 13, e0007044. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007044
Pinto, C. (1926) Classificação dos Triatomideos (Hemipteros-Heteropteros hematophagos). Sciencia Medica, Rio de Janeiro, 4, 485–490.
Pinto, C. (1927) Classification de genres d’Hémiptères de la famille Triatomidae (Reduvidioidea). Boletim Biológico, São Paulo, 8, 103–114.
Pinto, C. (1931) Valor do rostro e antenas na caracterização dos gêneros de Triatomideos. Hemiptera, Reduvidioidea. Boletim Biológico, São Paulo, 19, 45–136.
Pfeiler, E., Bitler, B.G., Ramsey, J.M., Palacios-Cardiel, C. & Markow, T.A. (2006) Genetic variation, population structure, and phylogenetic relationships of Triatoma rubida and T. recurva (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) from the Sonoran Desert, insect vectors of the Chagas’ disease parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 41, 209–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2006.07.001
Ramsey, J.M., Peterson, A.T., Carmona-Castro, O., Moo-Llanes, D.A., Nakazawa, Y., Butrick, M., Tun-Ku, E., de la Cruz-Félix, K. & Ibarra-Cerdeña, C.N. (2015) Atlas of Mexican Triatominae (Reduviidae: Hemiptera) and vector transmission of Chagas disease. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 110, 339–352. https://doi.org/10.1590/0074-02760140404
Readio, P.A. (1927) Studies on the biology of the Reduviidae of America north of Mexico. The University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 17, 5–291.
Rengifo-Correa, L., Abad-Franch, F., Martínez-Hernández, F., Salazar-Schettino, P.M., Téllez-Rendón, J.L., Villalobos, G. & Morrone, J.J. (2021) A biogeographic–ecological approach to disentangle reticulate evolution in the Triatoma phyllosoma species group (Heteroptera: Triatominae), vectors of Chagas disease. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 59, 94–110. https://doi.org/10.1111/jzs.12409
Rengifo-Correa, L., Stephens, C.R., Morrone, J.J., Téllez-Rendón, J.L. & González-Salazar, C. (2017) Understanding transmissibility patterns of Chagas disease through complex vector-host networks. Parasitology, 144, 760–772. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182016002468
Ryckman, R.E. & Ryckman, A.E. (1967) Epizootiology of Trypanosoma cruzi in southwestern North America. Part X: The biosystematics of Dipetalogaster maximus in Mexico (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 4, 180–188. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/4.2.180
Rodrigues, J.M.D.S., Moreira, F.F.F., Deckert, J. & Galvão, C. (2020) List of the type specimens of Triatominae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae) in the Hemimetabola Collection of the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin. Zootaxa, 4809 (2), 329–348. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4809.2.5
Salazar-Schettino, P.M., Rojas-Wastavino, G., Rosales Piña, J.S., Vences-Blanco, M. & Cabrera-Bravo, M. (2013) Triatoma mexicana Herrich-Schaeffer (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) Descripción de la genitalia externa del macho y morfología externa de la hembra. EntomoBrasilis, 6, 68–73. https://doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v6i1.275
Santos, S.S., De Araújo, R.V., Giarolla, J., Seoud, O.E. & Ferreira, E.I. (2020) Searching for drugs for Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and schistosomiasis: A review. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 55, 105906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105906
Schofield, C.J. & Galvão, C. (2009) Classification, evolution, and species groups within the Triatominae. Acta Tropica, 110, 88–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.01.010
Stål, C. (1859) Monographie der Gattung Conorhinus und Verwandten. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 3, 99–117. https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.18590030202
Stål, C. (1865) Hemiptera Africana. Vol. 3. Ex officina Norstedtiana, Stockholm, 200 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.8566
Stål, C. (1868) Hemiptera Fabriciana. Pars 1. Heteroptera. Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 7, 1–148.
Stal, C. (1872) Enumeratio Hemipterorum. Pars 2. Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 10, 1–159. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.12549
Stål, C. (1874) Enumeratio Hemipterorum. Pars 4. Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 12, 1–186. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.12549
Téllez-García, A.A., Bello-Bedoy, R. Enríquez-Vara, J.N. Córdoba-Aguilar, A., Gutiérrez-Cabrera, A.E. (2019) Genital morphology and copulatory behavior in triatomine bugs (Reduviidae: Triatominae). Arthropod Structure & Development, 49, 103–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2018.11.012
Templeton, A.R. (1989). The meaning of species and speciation – a genetic perspective. In: Otte, D., Endler, J.A. (Eds.), Speciation and its consequences. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts, pp. 3–27.
Templeton, A.R. (2001) Using phylogeographic analyses of gene trees to test species status and processes. Molecular Ecology, 10, 779–791. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01199.x
Usinger, R.L. (1939) Descriptions of new Triatominae with a key to genera (Hemiptera, Reduviidae). University of California Publications in Entomology, 7, 33–56.
Usinger, R.L. (1941) Notes and descriptions of Neotropical Triatominae. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 17, 49–57.
Usinger, R.L. (1944) The Triatominae of North and Central America and the West Indies and their public health significance. Public Health Bulletin, 288, 1–83.
Usinger, R.L., Wygodzinsky, P. & Ryckman, R.E. (1966) The biosystematics of Triatominae. Annual Review of Entomology, 11, 308–330. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.11.010166.001521
Van Duzee, E.P. (1917) Catalogue of the Hemiptera of America north of Mexico, excepting the Aphididae, Coccidae and Aleurodidae. University of California Publications in Entomology. Vol 2. University of California press, Berkeley, California, 902 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.7789
Villalobos, G., Martínez-Hernández, F. de la Torre, P., Laclette, J.P. & Espinoza, B. (2011) Entomological indices, feeding sources, and molecular identification of Triatoma phyllosoma (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) one of the main vectors of chagas disease in the Istmo de Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 85, 490–497. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0508
Walker, F. (1873a) Catalogue of the specimens of Hemiptera Heteroptera in the collection of the British Museum. Part 7. Printed for the Trustees of the British Museum, London, 213 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.9254
Walker, F. (1873b) Catalogue of the specimens of Hemiptera Heteroptera in the collection of the British Museum. Part 8. Printed for the Trustees of the British Museum, London, 220 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.9254
Walsh, B.D. & Riley, C.V. (1869) The parasites of the human animal. American Entomologist, 1, 84–88.
Zárate, L.G. & Zárate, R.J. (1985) A checklist of the Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) of Mexico. International Journal of Entomology, 27, 102–127.