Abstract
The sponge genus Corticium has important evolutionary significance and great pharmacological potential, but its diversity remains poorly known. In this contribution we redescribe two poorly-known Indian and Pacific oceans species, viz., Corticium simplex and C. bargibanti, and describe three new species of Corticium from Western Australia. We observed for the first time the presence of rare calthrops in C. simplex, which has a wide distribution and may be a species complex. The three new species are mainly characterized by their spiculation: Corticium furcatum sp. nov. has large calthrops and exclusive candelabra with bifurcated rays in the apical actine; C. monolophum sp. nov. has large monolophose calthrops, smooth calthrops and candelabra; and C. verticillatum sp. nov. has acanthocalthrops with verticillated spines, which are exclusive to this species within the genus. The diversity of Corticium is raised to 11 species worldwide, but it still remains highly underestimated. A key to all valid species is here provided.
References
Aoki, S., Watanabe, Y., Sanagawa, M., Setiawan, A., Kotoku, N., & Kobayashi, M. (2006) Cortistatins A, B, C, and D, anti-angiogenic steroidal alkaloids, from the marine sponge Corticium simplex. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 128 (10), 3148–3149.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ja057404h
Aoki, S., Watanabe, Y., Tanabe, D., Setiawan, A., Araia, M. & Kobayashi, M. (2007a) Cortistatins J, K, L, novel abeo-9(10-19)-androstane-type steroidal alkaloids with isoquinoline unit, from marine sponge Corticium simplex. Tetrahedron Letters, 48, 4485–4488.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.05.003
Aoki, S., Watanabe, Y., Tanabe, D., Arai, M., Suna, H., Miyamoto, K., Tsujibo, H., Tsujikawa, K., Yamamoto, H. & Kobayashi, M. (2007b) Structure–activity relationship and biological property of cortistatins, anti-angiogenic spongean steroidal alkaloids. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 15, 6758–6762.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2007.08.017
Bergquist, P.R. (1978) Sponges. Hutchinson, London, 268 pp.
Boury-Esnault, N., de Vos, L., Donadey, C. & Vacelet, J. (1984) Comparative study of the choanosome of Porifera: 1. The Homoscleromorpha. Journal of Morphology, 180 (1), 3–17.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051800103
Burton, M. (1934) Sponges. Scientific Reports of the Great Barrier Reef Expedition, 4, 513–621.
Cruz, T. (2002) Esponjas marinas de Canarias. Consejería de Política Territorial y Medio Ambiente del Gobierno de Canarias, S/C Tenerife, 260 pp.
Dendy, A. (1905) Report on the sponges collected by Professor Herdman at Celyon in 1902. In: Herdman W. (Ed.), Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster fisheries of the gulf of Manaar. Royal Society of London, London, pp. 57–246.
Domingos, C., Lage, A, & Muricy, G. (2016) Overview of the biodiversity and distribution of the class Homoscleromorpha in the tropical western Atlantic. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 96 (2), 379–389.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315415000375
Ereskovsky, A.V., Lavrov, D.V. & Willenz, P. (2014) Five new species of Homoscleromorpha (Porifera) from the Caribbean Sea and redescription of Plakina jamaicensis. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 94, 285–307.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315413000295
Gazave, E., Lapébie, P., Renard, E., Vacelet, J., Rocher, C., Ereskovsky, A.V., Lavrov, D.V. & Borchiellini, C. (2010) Molecular phylogeny restores the supra-generic subdivision of homoscleromorph sponges (Porifera, Homoscleromorpha). PLoS ONE, 5, e14290.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014290
Gazave, E., Lavrov, D.V., Cabrol, J., Renard, E., Rocher, C., Vacelet, J., Adamska, M., Borchiellini, C. & Ereskovsky, A.V. (2013) Systematics and molecular phylogeny of the family Oscarellidae (Homoscleromorpha) with description of two new Oscarella species. PLoS ONE, 8 (5), 63976–63910.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0063976
Hinde, G.J. & Holmes, W.M. (1892) On the sponge remains in the Lower Tertiary strata near Oamaru, Otago, New Zealand. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 24, 177–262.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1892.tb02480.x
Hooper, J.N.A. & Ekins, M. (2004) Collation and validation of museum collection databases related to the distribution of marine sponges in Northern Australia. Technical Reports of the Queensland Museum, 2, 1–224.
Hooper, J.N.A. & Wiedenmayer, F. (1994) Porifera. In: Wells, A. (Ed.), Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 12. CSIRO, Melbourne, pp. 1–621.
Kelly-Borges, M., & Valentine, C. (1995) The sponges of the tropical island region of Oceania: a taxonomic status review. In: Maragos, J.A., Peterson, M.N.A., Eldredge, L.G., Bardach, J.E. & Takeuchi, H.F. (Eds.), Marine and coastal biodiversity in the tropical island. Pacific region - Volume 1: species systematics and information management priorities. East-West Center, Honolulu, pp. 83–120.
Kirkpatrick, R. (1900). Description of sponges from Funafuti. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 6 (34), 345–362.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930008678387
Lage, A., Muricy, G., Ruiz, C. & Pérez, T. (2018) New sciaphilic plakinids (Porifera, Homoscleromorpha) from the Central-Western Pacific. In: Klautau, M., Pérez, T., Cárdenas, P. & De Voogd, N. (Eds.), Deep sea and cave sponges. Zootaxa, 4466 (1), 8–38.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4466.1.4
Lendenfeld, R. von. (1887) On the systematic position and classification of sponges. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1886, 558–662.
Lendenfeld, R. von (1903) Porifera. Tetraxonia. In: Schulze, F.E. (Ed.), Das Tierreich, 19. Friedländer, Berlin, pp. vi–xv + 1–168
Lendenfeld, R. von (1907) Die Tetraxonia. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf der Dampfer Valdivia 1898–1899, 11 (1–2), 59–374.
Lévi, C. & Lévi, P. (1983) Démosponges bathyales récoltées par le N/O‘Vauban’ au sud de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, (4, A), 5 (4), 931–997.
Longakit, B., Sotto, F.B. & Kelly, M. (2005) The shallow water marine sponges (Porifera) of Cebu, Philippines. Science Diliman, 17 (2), 52–74.
Lu, Z., Koch, M., Harper, M.K., Matainaho, T.K., Barrows, L.R., van Wagoner, R.M. & Ireland, C.M. (2013) Plakinamine M, a steroidal alkaloid from the marine sponge Corticium sp. Journal of Natural Products, 76, 2150−2152. https://doi.org/10.1021/np400649e
Ludeman, D.A., Farrar, N., Riesgo, A., Paps, J. & Leys, S.P. (2014) Evolutionary origins of sensation in metazoans: functional evidence for a new sensory organ in sponges. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 14, 3.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-14-3
Maldonado, M., & Riesgo, A. (2007) Intra-epithelial spicules in a homosclerophorid sponge. Cell and Tissue Research, 328, 639–650.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-007-0385-7
Maldonado, M., & Riesgo, A. (2008) Reproductive output in a Mediterranean population of the homosclerophorid Corticium candelabrum (Porifera, Demospongiae), with notes on the ultrastructure and behavior of the larva. Marine Ecology, 29, 298–316.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2008.00244.x
Muricy, G. & Díaz, M.C. (2002) Order Homosclerophorida Dendy, 1905, family Plakinidae, Schulze, 1880. In: Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera: a guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic, New York, pp 71–82.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_6
Muricy, G., Boury-Esnault, N., Bézac, C. & Vacelet, J. (1996) Cytological evidence for cryptic speciation in Mediterranean Oscarella species (Porifera, Homoscleromorpha). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 74, 881–896.
https://doi.org/10.1139/z96-102
Muricy, G., Boury-Esnault, N., Bézac, C. & Vacelet, J. (1998) Taxonomic revision of the Mediterranean Plakina Schulze (Porifera, Demospongiae, Homoscleromorpha). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 124, 169–203.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1998.tb00572.x
Muricy, G., Bézac, C., Gallissian, M.F. & Boury-Esnault, N. (1999) Anatomy, cytology and symbiotic bacteria of four Mediterranean species of Plakina (Demospongiae: Homosclerophorida). Journal of Natural History, 33, 159–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/002229399300353
Muricy, G., Domingos, C., Lage, A., Lanna, E., Hardoim, C.C.P., Laport, M.S. & Zilberberg, C. (2019) Integrative taxonomy widens our knowledge of the diversity, distribution and biology of the genus Plakina (Homosclerophorida: Plakinidae). Invertebrate Systematics, 33 (2), 367–401.
https://doi.org/10.1071/IS18027
Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1996) Sponges from the Bismarck Sea. Bollettino dei Musei e degli Istituti Biologici dell’Universitá di Genova, 60–61, 101–138.
Ridley, C.P. & Faulkner, D.J. (2003) New cytotoxic steroidal alkaloids from the philippine sponge Corticium niger. Journal of Natural Products, 66, 1536–1539.
https://doi.org/10.1021/np0302706
Riesgo, A., Novo, M., Sharma, P.P., Peterson, M., Maldonado, M. & Giribet, G. (2014) Inferring the ancestral sexuality and reproductive condition in sponges (Porifera). Zoologica Scripta, 43 (1), 101–117.
https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12031
Ruiz, C., Muricy, G., Lage, A., Domingos, C., Chenesseau, S. & Pérez, T. (2017) Descriptions of new sponge species and genus, including aspiculate Plakinidae, overturn the Homoscleromorpha classification. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 179, 707–724.
Sarà, M. (1960) Poriferi del litorale dell’isola d’lschia e loro ripartizione per ambienti. Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, 31 (3), 421–472.
Schmidt, O. (1862) Die Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig.
Schulze, F.E. (1880) Untersuchungen über den Bau und die Entwicklung der Spongien. Neuten Mittheilung. Die Plakiniden. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 34, 407–451.
Schulze, F.E. (1881) Untersuchungen über den Bau und die Entwicklunq der Sponqien, X, Corticium candelabrum O. Schmidt. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 35, 410–430.
Sharp, K.H., Eam, B., Faulkner, D.J. & Haygood, M.G. (2007) Vertical transmission of diverse microbes in the tropical sponge Corticium sp. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 73 (2), 622–629.
https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01493-06
Soest, R.W.M. van, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J.N.A., Rützler, K., de Voogd, N.J., Alvarez, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A.B., Manconi, R., Schönberg, C., Klautau, M., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J., Dohrmann, M., Díaz, M.-C.k Cárdenas, P., Carballo, J.L., Ríos, P., Downey, R. & Morrow, C.C. (2021) World Porifera Database. Available from: http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera (accessed 14 April 2021)
Sunassee, S.N., Ransom, T., Henrich, C.J., Beutler, J.A., Covell, D.G., McMahon, J.B. & Gustafso, K.R. (2014) Steroidal alkaloids from the marine sponge Corticium niger that inhibit growth of human colon carcinoma cells. Journal of Natural Products, 77, 2475−2480.
https://doi.org/10.1021/np500556t
Thomas, P.A. (1968) Studies on Indian sponges-IV. Additions to the genus Corticum Schmidt with notes on the distribution of C. candelabrum Schmidt. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 10 (2), 260–263.
Thomas, P.A. (1985). Demospongiae of the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay. In: James, P.S.B.R. (Ed.), Recent Advances in Marine Biology. Today Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers, New Delhi, pp. 205–365.
Topsent, E. (1895) Étude monographique des spongiaires de France. II. Carnosa. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Générale, 3 (3), 493–590.
Topsent, E. (1923) Spongiaires du Musée Zoologique de Strasbourg. Choristides. Bulletin de l’Institut Océanographique, Monaco, 435, 1–16.
Voultsiadou, E. (2005) Demosponge distribution in the eastern Mediterranean: a NW–SE gradient. Helgoland Marine Research, 59, 237–251.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10152-005-0224-8
Watanabe, Y., Aoki, S., Tanabe, D., Setiawan, A. & Kobayashi, M. (2007) Cortistatins E, F, G, and H, four novel steroidal alkaloids from marine sponge Corticium simplex. Tetrahedron, 63, 4074–4079.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2007.02.112
Wiedenmayer, F. (1989) Demospongiae (Porifera) from northern Bass Strait, southern Australia. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 50 (1), 1–242.
https://doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.1989.50.01