Abstract
We describe two new species of Cypricercus, Cypricercus alfredo sp. nov. and Cypricercus tiao sp. nov., and briefly redescribe the female of Cypricercus centrurus (Klie, 1940) from Brazilian floodplains. Both new species have the elongated carapace which is characteristic of the genus. Cypricercus alfredo sp. nov. was found as both sexual and asexual populations and has a posterior spine on the right valve and differs from the Brazilian C. centrurus by the position and the size of spine and the size and shape of the carapace. Cypricercus tiao sp. nov. was found as one asexual population only and lacks a posterior spine on the right valve. Cypricercus populations in Brazil mostly consist exclusively of asexual females, but some sexual populations and populations with mixed reproduction can also be found. This genus occurs primarily in the Southern Hemisphere, but some species can also be found in the southern part of North America and in India. We also present a re-appraisal of all species presently allocated to the genus, primarily based on original descriptions.
References
Agostinho, A.A. & Gomes, L.C. (2002) Biodiversity and fisheries management in the Paraná River Basin: successes and failures. In: Would Fisheries Trust (Org.), The Blue Millennium Project: Managing Fisheries for Biodiversity. Would Fisheries Trust-CRDI - UNEP, Victoria, British Columbia, pp.1–30.
Agostinho, A.A., Gomes, L.C., Thomaz, S.M. & Hahn, N.S. (2004) The Upper Paraná River and its Floodplain: Main Characteristics and Perspectives for Management and Conservation. In: Thomaz, S.M., Agostinho, A.A., Hahn, N.S. (Eds.), The Upper Paraná River and its Floodplain: Physical Aspects, Ecology and Conservation. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 381–393.
Agostinho, A.A., Pelicice, F.M. & Gomes, L.C. (2008) Dams and the fish fauna of the Neotropical region: impacts and management related to diversity and fisheries. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 68 (4), 1119–1132.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842008000500019
Aquino, S., Latrubesse, E.M. & Souza-Filho, E.E. (2008) Relações entre o regime hidrológico e os ecossistemas aquáticos da planície aluvial do rio Araguaia. Acta Scientiarium, Biological Sciences, 30 (4), 361–369.
https://doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v30i4.5866
Aquino, S., Latrubesse, E.M. & Souza-Filho, E.E. (2009) Caracterização hidrológica e geomorfológica dos afluentes da bacia do rio Araguaia. Revista Brasileira de Geomorfologia, 10 (1), 43–54.
https://doi.org/10.20502/rbg.v10i1.116
Bode, S.N.S., Adolfsson, S., Lamatsch, D.K., Martins, M.J.F., Schmit, O., Vandekerkhove, J., Mezquita, F., Namiotko, T., Rossetti, G., Schön, I., Butlin, R.K. & Martens, K. (2010) Exceptional cryptic diversity and multiple origins of parthenogenesis in a freshwater ostracod. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 54, 542–552.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.022
Brady, G.S. (1904) On Entomostraca collected in Natal by Mr. James Gibson. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1904 (2), 121–128.
Broodbakker, N.W. (1983) The genus Strandesia and other Cypricercini (Crustacea, Ostracoda) in the west indies. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 53 (2), 327–368.
https://doi.org/10.1163/26660644-05302012
Broodbakker, N.W. & Danielopol, D.L. (1982) The chaetotaxy of Cypridacea (Crustacea, Ostracoda) limbs: proposals for a descriptive model. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 52, 103–120.
https://doi.org/10.1163/26660644-05202003
Campos, R., Conceição, E.O., Martens, K. & Higuti, J. (2019) Extreme drought periods can change spatial effects on periphytic ostracod metacommunities in river-floodplain ecosystems. Hydrobiologia, 828 (1), 369–381.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-018-3825-3
Campos, R., Conceição, E.O., Pinto, M.B.O., Higuti, J. & Martens, K. (2017) Evaluation of quantitative sampling methods in pleuston: An example from ostracod communities. Limnologica—Ecology and Management of Inland Waters, 63, 36–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.limno.2017.01.002
Campos, R., Lansac-Tôha, F.M., Conceição, E.O., Martens, K. & Higuti, J. (2018) Factors affecting the metacommunity structure of periphytic ostracods (Crustacea, Ostracoda): a deconstruction approach based on biological traits. Aquatic Sciences, 80 (2), 1–12.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-018-0567-2
Chapman, M.A. (1963) A Review of the freshwater ostracods of New Zealand, Hydrobiologia, 22, 1–40.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00039679
Conceição, E.O., Higuti, J., Campos, R. & Martens, K. (2018) Effects of flood pulses on persistence and variability of pleuston communities in a tropical floodplain lake. Hydrobiologia, 807 (1), 175–188.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-017-3392-z
Conceição, E.O., Higuti, J. & Martens, K. (2017) Variability in ostracod communities (Crustacea, Ostracoda) in connected and isolated tropical floodplain lakes. Annales de Limnologie—International Journal of Limnology, 53, 325–332.
https://doi.org/10.1051/limn/2017016
Conceição, E.O., Mantovano, T., Campos, R., Rangel, T.F., Martens, K., Bailly, D. & Higuti, J. (2020) Mapping the observed and modelled intracontinental distribution of non-marine ostracods from South America. Hydrobiologia, 847, 1663–1687.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-019-04136-6
Deb, M. (1983) Brief descriptions of new species of Ostracoda: Crustacea from Maharashtra State (India). Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 81 (1/2), 135–166.
Deb, M. & Nasar, S.A.K. (1977) Cypricercus munshii sp. nov. (Crustacea: Ostracoda: Cyprididae) from India. Zoologische Beitrage, Neue Folge, 23 (3), 455–457.
De Deckker, P. (1981) Ostracoda from Australian Inland Waters – Notes on Taxonomy and Ecology. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 93, 43–85.
Farkas, H.K. (1957) Über einige neue Cypricercus-Arten (Ostracoda). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 50, 307–312.
Ferguson, E. Jr. (1957) Ostracoda (Crustacea) from the Northern Lower Peninsula of Michigan. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 76 (2), 212–218.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3223636
Ferreira, V.G., Higuti, J. & Martens, K. (2019) A striking case of convergent evolution in two species of Cypricercinae (Crustacea, Ostracoda), with the description of a new genus and species from Brazil. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 283, 1–11.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2019.06.007
Ferreira, V.G., Higuti, J. & Martens, K. (2020) Taxonomic revision of Strandesia s.s. (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from four Brazilian floodplains, with the description of three new species. Zootaxa, 4760 (1), 1–74.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4760.1.1
Furtos, N.C. (1936) On the Ostracoda from the cenotes of Yucatan and vicinity. Publications of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, 457, 89–115.
Higuti, J., Conceição, E.O., Campos, R., Ferreira, V.G., Rosa, J., Pinto, M.B.O. & Martens, K. (2017) Periphytic community structure of Ostracoda (Crustacea) in the river-floodplain system of the Upper Paraná River. Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 29 (120), 1–17.
https://doi.org/10.1590/s2179-975x12217
Higuti, J., Declerck, S.A.J., Lansac-Tôha, F.A., Velho, L.F.M. & Martens, K. (2010) Variation in ostracod (Crustacea, Ostracoda) communities in the alluvial valley of the upper Paraná River (Brazil) in relation to substrate. Hydrobiologia, 644 (1), 261–278.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-010-0122-1
Higuti, J., Lansac-Tôha, F.A., Velho, L.F.M. & Martens, K. (2009) Biodiversity of non-marine ostracods (Crustacea, Ostracoda) in the alluvial valley of the upper Paraná River, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 69 (2), 661–668.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842009000300020
Higuti, J. & Martens, K. (2016) Invasive South American floating plants are a successful substrate for native Central African pleuston. Biological Invasions, 18 (4), 1191–1201.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-016-1061-1
Higuti, J., Velho, L.F.M., Lansac-Tôha, F.A. & Martens, K. (2007) Pleuston communities are buffered from regional flood pulses: the example of ostracods in the Paraná River floodplain, Brazil. Freshwater Biology, 52 (10), 1930–1943.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2007.01821.x
Higuti J., Rosa J., Ferreira V.G., Almeida N.M., de Campos R., Conceição E.O. & Martens K. (2020) Inter-annual variation of ostracod (Crustacea) communities in the Upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil. Oecologia Australis, 24 (1): 474–488.
https://doi.org/10.4257/oeco.2020.2402.17
Horne, D. J., Cohen, A. & K. Martens, K. (2002) Biology, Taxonomy and Identification Techniques. In: Chivas, A. & Holmes, J. (Eds.), The Ostracoda: Applications in Quaternary Research. Geophysical Monograph Series, 131, pp. 5–36.
https://doi.org/10.1029/131GM02
Irion, G., Junk, W.J. & de Mello, J.A.S.N. (1997) The Large Central Amazonian River Floodplains Near Manaus: Geological, Climatological, Hydrological and Geomorphological Aspects. In: Junk, W.J. (Eds.), The Central Amazon Floodplain. Ecological Studies (Analysis and Synthesis). Vol. 126. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 23–46.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03416-3_2
Jurine, L. (1820) Histoire des monocles qui se trouvent aux environs de Genève I–XVI. .J. Paschoud, Genève, 260 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10137
Klie, W. (1940) Süßwasserostracoden aus Nordostbrasilien. V.I Die Gattung Strandesia. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 129 (7/8), 202–206.
Koenders, A., Schön, I., Halse, S., & Martens, K. (2016) Valve shape is not linked to genetic species in the Eucypris virens (Ostracoda, Crustacea) species complex. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 180 (1), 36–46.
https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12488
Latrubesse, E.M. & Stevaux, J.C. (2002) Geomorphology and environment aspects of the Araguaia fluvial basin, Brazil. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie, Supplement, 129, 109–127.
Latrubesse, E.M. & Stevaux, J.C. (2006) Características físico-bióticas e problemas ambientais associados à planície aluvial do Rio Araguaia, Brasil Central. Revista Goiana de Geociências, 5 (1), 65–73.
Martens, K. (1987) Homology and functional morphology of the sexual dimorphism in the antenna of Sclerocypris Sars, 1924 (Crustacea, Ostracoda, Megalocypridinae). Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 57, 183–190.
https://doi.org/10.1163/26660644-05702003
Martens, K. (Ed.) (1998) Sex and Parthenogenesis: Evolutionary Ecology of Reproductive Modes in Non-Marine Ostracods. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers, 335 pp.
Martens, K. & Behen, F. (1994) A checklist of the non-marine ostracods (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the inland waters of South America and adjacent islands, Travaux Scientifiques du Musée d’ Histoire naturelle de Luxembourg, 22, 1–81.
Martens, K., Yavuzatmaca, M. & Higuti, J. (2019) On a new species of the genus Cyprinotus (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from a temporary wetland in New Caledonia (Pacific Ocean), with a reappraisal of the genus. European Journal of Taxonomy, 566, 1–22.
https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2019.566
Matsuda, J.T., Lansac-Tôha, F.A., Martens, K., Velho, L.F.M., Mormul, R.P. & Higuti, J. (2015a) Association of body size and behaviour of freshwater ostracods (Crustacea, Ostracoda) with aquatic macrophytes. Aquatic Ecology, 49 (3), 321–331.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10452-015-9527-2
Matsuda, J.T., Martens, K. & Higuti, J. (2015b) Diversity of ostracod communities (Crustacea, Ostracoda) across hierarchical spatial levels in a tropical floodplain. Hydrobiologia, 762 (1), 113–126.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-015-2342-x
McKenzie, K.G. (1982) Homeomorphy: Persistant joker in the taxonomic pack, with the description of Bradleycypris gen. nov. In: Bate, R.H., Robinson, E. & Sheppard, L.M. (Eds.), Fossil and Recent Ostracods. Ellis Horwood Ltd., Chichester, pp. 407–438.
Meisch, C. (2000) Freshwater Ostracoda of Western and Central Europe. Spektrum Akademischer-Verlag, Berlin, 522 pp.
Meisch, C., Smith, R.J. & Martens, K. (2019) A subjective global checklist of the extant non-marine Ostracoda (Crustacea). European Journal of Taxonomy, 492, 1–135.
https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2019.492
Mormul, R.P., Thomaz, S.M., Higuti, J. & Martens, K. (2010) Ostracod (Crustacea) colonization of one native and one non-native macrophyte species of Hydrocharitaceae: an experimental evaluation. Hydrobiologia, 644 (1), 185–193.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-010-0112-3
Müller, G.W. (1898) Ergebnisse einer zoologischen Forschungsreise in Madagaskar und Ost-Afrika 1889–1895 von Dr. A. Voeltzkow: Die Ostracoden. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 21 (2), 255–296.
Müller, G.W. (1908) Die Ostracoden der Deutschen Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. Deutsche Suedpolar-Expedition, Berlin, 10 (Zoologie 2), 1–182.
Müller, G.W. (1912) Crustacea. Ostracoda. Das Tierreich, 31, 1–434.
Myrow, P.M., Hughes, N.C., Goodge, J.W., Fanning, C.M., Williams, I.S., Peng, S., Bhargava, O.N., Parcha, S.K. & Pogue, K.R. (2010) Extraordinary transport and mixing of sediment across Himalayan central Gondwana during the Cambrian-Ordovician. GSA Bulletin, 122 (9/10), 1660–1670.
https://doi.org/10.1130/B30123.1
Pereira, L.C., Lansac-Tôha, F.A., Martens, K. & Higuti, J. (2017) Biodiversity of ostracod communities (Crustacea, Ostracoda) in a tropical floodplain. Inland Waters, 7, 323–332.
https://doi.org/10.1080/20442041.2017.1329913
Por, F.D. (1995) The Pantanal of Mato Grosso (Brazil). World´s Largest Wetlands. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 124 pp.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0031-1
Roessler, E.W. (1986a) Estudios taxonómicos, ontogenéticos, ecológicos y etológicos sobre los ostrácodos de agua dulce en Colombia.—VI. Estudio taxonômico del género Strandesia Stuhlmann 1888, (Ostracoda, Podocopida, Cyprididae). Parte I. Aspectos morfologicos de uma nueva espécie do género Strandesia. Caldasia, 15 (71/75), 577–598.
Roessler, E.W. (1986b) Estudios taxonómicos, ontogenéticos, ecológicos y etológicos sobre los ostrácodos de agua dulce en Colombia.—VI. Estudio taxonômico del género Strandesia Stuhlmann 1888, (Ostracoda, Podocopida, Cyprididae). Parte II. El grupo “Strandesia variabilis Roessler, 1986”. Caldasia, 15 (71/75), 599–615.
Rosa, J., de Campos, R., Martens, K. & Higuti, J. (2020a) Spatial variation of ostracod (Crustacea, Ostracoda) egg banks in temporary lakes of a tropical flood plain. Marine and Freshwater Research, 72 (1): 26–34.
https://doi.org/10.1071/MF19081
Rosa, J., Golec, C., Bonecker, C.C., Martens, K., Higuti, J. (2020b) A comparison between active and passive communities of Ostracoda (Crustacea) in a tropical temporary lake. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 1–12.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01650521.2020.1758600
Sars, G.O. (1895) On some South-African Entomostraca raised from dried mud. Videnskabs-selskabets skrifter, I. Mathematik-Naturvidenskab Klasse, 8, 1–63.
Sars, G.O. (1924) The fresh-water Entomostraca of the Cape Province (Union of South Africa). Part 2: Ostracoda. Annals of the South African Museum, 20 (2), 105–193.
Savatenalinton, S. & Martens, K. (2009a) Generic revision of Cypricercinae McKenzie, 1971 (Crustacea, Ostracoda), with the description of three new genera and one new species and a phylogenetic analysis of the subfamily. Hydrobiologia, 632, 1–48.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-009-9826-5
Savatenalinton, S. & Martens, K. (2009b) Redescription of the type species of Strandesia Stuhlmann, 1888 and Cypricercus Sars, 1895 (Crustacea, Ostracoda, Cypricercinae), with a description of a new species of Cypricercus from South Africa. Zootaxa, 2007 (1), 1–42.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2007.1.1
Stuhlmann, F. (1888) Vorläufiger Bericht über eine mit Unterstützung der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften unternommene Reise nach Ost-Africa, zur Untersuchung der Süsswasserfauna. Sitzungsberichte der Königlich-Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 49, 1255–1269.
Tressler, W.L. (1949) Fresh-water Ostracoda from Brazil. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 100 (3258), 1–14.
https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.100-3258.61