Abstract
Pygoluciola dunguna Nada, 2018 was described from Peninsular Malaysia, using males and reliably associated females. This paper details description of the larva which has been conclusively identified as Pygoluciola dunguna based on DNA barcoding technique and uses morphology, brief habitat and behavioural data. A total of 70 larval specimens were measured and their main features described. The larvae exhibit a riparian or semi-aquatic behaviour, observed crawling on the sandy edge of shallow streams. The stake-like projections along the length of the body suggest a form of defensive mechanism from falling prey to aquatic predators.
References
Badruddin, N. (2019) Firefly (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) Diversity and Distribution in Malaysia: Ecological Explanations and Conservation Requirements. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, 186 pp.
Ballantyne, L.A. (2012) Taxonomy: help or hindrance in South East Asia. Lampyrid, 2, 1–12.
Ballantyne, L.A., Fu, X.H., Lambkin, C.L., Jeng, M.-L., Faust, L.F., Wijekoon, W.M.C.D., Li, D. & Zhu, T. (2013) Studies on South-east Asian fireflies: Abscondita, a new genus with details of life history, flashing patterns and behaviour of Abs. chinensis (L.) and Abs. terminalis (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae). Zootaxa, 3721 (1), 1– 48.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3721.1.1
Ballantyne, L.A. & Lambkin, C.L. (2013) Systematics and phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the description of new genera. Zootaxa, 3653 (1), 1–162.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
Ballantyne, L.A., Lambkin, C.L., Ho, J.-Z., Jusoh, W.F.A., Nada, B., Nak-Eiam, S., Thancharoen, A., Wattanachaiyingcharoen, W. & Yiu, V. (2019) The Luciolinae of S. E. Asia and the Australopacific region: a revisionary checklist (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) including description of three new genera and 13 new species. Zootaxa, 4687 (1), 1–174.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4687.1.1
Ballantyne, L.A. & Menayah, R. (2002) A description of larvae and redescription of adults of the firefly Pteroptyx valida Olivier in Selangor, Malaysia (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae), with notes on Luciolinae larvae. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 50 (1), 101–109.
Carneiro, E., Mielke, O.H.H., Casagrande, M.M. & Fiedler, K. (2014) Skipper richness (Hesperiidae) along elevational gradients in Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Neotropical Entomology, 43, 27–38.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-0175-8
Costa, C., Oliveira, V.H.F., Maciel, R., Beiroz, W., Korasaki, V. & Louzada, J. (2017) Variegated tropical landscapes conserve diverse dung beetle communities. PeerJ, 5, 1–22.
https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3125
DeSalle, R. & Goldstein, P. (2019) Review and interpretation of trends in DNA barcoding. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 7 (September), 1–11.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2019.00302
Ekrem, T., Stur, E. & Hebert, P.D.N. (2010) Females do count: documenting chironomidae (Diptera) species diversity using DNA barcoding. Organisms Diversity and Evolution, 10 (5), 397–408.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-010-0034-y
Folmer, O., Black, M., Hoeh, W., Lutz, R. & Vrijenhoek, R. (1994) DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology, 3 (5), 294–299. https://doi.org/10.1071/ZO9660275
Fu, X.H. & Ballantyne, L.A. (2008) Taxonomy and behaviour of lucioline fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae) with redefinition and new species of Pygoluciola Wittmer from mainland China and review of Luciola LaPorte. Zootaxa, 1733 (1), 1–44.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1733.1.1
Fu, X.H., Ballantyne, L.A. & Lambkin, C.L. (2010) Aquatica gen. nov. from mainland China with a description of Aquatica wuhana sp. nov. (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae). Zootaxa, 2530 (1), 1–18.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2530.1.1
Fu, X.H., Ballantyne, L.A. & Lambkin, C.L. (2012) The external larval morphology of aquatic and terrestrial Luciolinae fireflies (Coleoptera : Lampyridae). Zootaxa, 3405 (1), 1–34.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3405.1.1
Fu, X.H. & Benno Meyer-Rochow, V. (2013) Larvae of the firefly Pyrocoelia pectoralis (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) as possible biological agents to control the land snail Bradybaena ravida. Biological Control, 65 (2), 176–183.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2013.02.005
Fu, X.H., South, A. & Lewis, S.M. (2012) Sexual dimorphism, mating systems, and nuptial gifts in two Asian fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae). Journal of Insect Physiology, 58 (11), 1485–1492.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.09.001
Hebert, P.D.N., Cywinska, A., Ball, S.L. & DeWaard, J.R. (2003) Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 270 (1512), 313–321.
https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2218
Jeng, M.-L., Engel, M.S. & Yang, P.-S. (2011) Discovery of the female of Pyrocoelia prolongata in Taiwan (Coleoptera, Lampyridae). ZooKeys, 116, 49–57.
https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.116.1412
Jusoh, W.F.A., Hashim, N.R., Sääksjärvi, I.E., Azura, N. & Wahlberg, N. (2014) Species delineation of Malaysian mangrove fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) using DNA barcodes. The Coleopterists Bulletin, 68 (4), 703–711.
https://doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-68.4.703
Kirton, L.G. & Nada, B. (2010) Firefly ecotourism in Malaysia. In: Spalding, M., Kainuma, M. & Collins, L. (Eds.), World Atlas of Mangrove. Earthscan Ltd, New York, New York, pp. 115.
Mace, G.M. (2004) The role of taxonomy in species conservation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 359 (1444), 711–719.
https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1454
Martin, G.J., Branham, M.A., Whiting, M.F. & Bybee, S.M. (2017) Total evidence phylogeny and the evolution of adult bioluminescence in fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 107, 564–575.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.12.017
Meier, R., Shiyang, K., Vaidya, G. & Ng, P.K.L. (2006) DNA barcoding and taxonomy in diptera: A tale of high intraspecific variability and low identification success. Systematic Biology, 55 (5), 715–728.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150600969864
Mikolajewski, D.J. & Rolff, J. (2004) Benefits of morphological defence demonstrated by direct manipulation in larval dragonflies. Evolutionary Ecology Research, 6 (4), 619–626.
Motschulsky, V. de (1854) Lampyrides. Etudes Entomologiques, III, 47–62.
Nada, B. & Ballantyne, L.A. (2018) A new species of Pygoluciola Wittmer with unusual abdominal configuration, from lowland dipterocarp forest in Peninsular Malaysia (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae). Zootaxa, 4455 (2), 343–362.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4455.2.5
Picchi, M.S., Avolio, L., Azzani, L., Brombin, O. & Camerini, G. (2013) Fireflies and land use in an urban landscape: the case of Luciola italica L. (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) in the city of Turin. Journal of Insect Conservation, 17 (4), 797–805.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-013-9562-z
Ruiter, D.E., Boyle, E.E. & Zhou, X. (2013) DNA barcoding facilitates associations and diagnoses for Trichoptera larvae of the Churchill (Manitoba, Canada) area. BMC Ecology, 13 (5), 1–139.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6785-13-5
Santos, R.M., Schlindwein, M.N. & Viviani, V.R. (2016) Survey of bioluminescent Coleoptera in the Atlantic Rain Forest of Serra da Paranapiacaba in São Paulo State (Brazil). Biota Neotropica, 16 (1), e0045.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2015-0045
Takeda, M., Amano, T., Katoh, K. & Higuchi, H. (2006) The habitat requirement of the Genji-firefly Luciola cruciata (Coleoptera: Lampyridae), a representative endemic species of Japanese rural landscapes. Biodiversity and Conservation, 15 (1), 191–203.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-004-6903-y
Thancharoen, A., Ballantyne, L.A., Branham, M.A. & Jeng, M.L. (2007) Description of Luciola aquatilis sp. nov., a new aquatic firefly (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Luciolinae) from Thailand. Zootaxa, 1611, 55–62.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1611.1.4
Thomson, S.A., Pyle, R.L., Ahyong, S.T., Alonso-Zarazaga, M., Ammirati, J., Araya, J.F., Ascher, J.S., Audisio, T.L., Azevedo-Santos, V.M., Bailly, N., Baker, W.J., Balke, M., Barclay, M.V.L., Barrett, R.L., Benine, R.C., Bickerstaff, J.R.M., Bouchard, P., Bour, R., Bourgoin, T., Boyko, C.B., Breure, A.B.S.H., Brothers, D.J., Byng, J.W., Campbell, D., Ceríaco, L.M.P., Cernák, I., Cerretti, P., Chang, C.-H., Cho, S., Copus, J.M., Costello, M.J., Cseh, A., Csuzdi, C., Culham, A., Friol, R., Fritz, U., Frøslev, T., Funk, V.A., Gaimari, S.D., Garbino, G.S.T., Garraffoni, A.R.S., Zsef Geml, J., Gill, A.C., Gray, A., Grazziotin, F.G., Greenslade, P., Gutiérrez, E.E., Harvey, M.S., Hazevoet, C.J., He, K., He, X., Helgen, K.M., VanHateren, A.H., Garcia, F.H., Holstein, N., Horváth, M.K., Hovenkamp, P.H., Hwang, W.S., HyvöNen, J., Islam, M.B., Iverson, J.B., Ivie, M.A., Jaafar, Z., Jackson, M.D., Jayat, J.P., Johnson, N.F., Kaiser, H., Klitgård, B.B., Knapp, D.G., Kojima, J.-I., Krell, F.-T., Krisai-Greilhuber, I., Kullander, S., Latella, L., Lattke, J.E., Lewis, G.P., Lhano, M.G., Lujan, N.K., Luksenburg, J.A., Mariaux, J., Marinho-Filho, J., Marshall, C.J., Papp, V., Parenti, L.R., Patterson, D., Pavlinox, I.Y., Pine, R.H., Poczai, P., Prado, J., Prathapan, D., Rabeler, R.K., Randall, J.E., Rheindt, F.E., Rhodin, A.G.J., Rodríguez, S.M., Roque, F.D.O., Rowe, K.C., Ruedas, L.A., Salavar-Bravo, J., Salvador, R.B., Sangster, G., Sarmiento, C.E., Schigel, D.S., Schmidt, S., Schueler, F.W., Segers, H., Snow, N., Souza-Dias, P.G.B., Stals, R., Stenroos, S., Douglas Stone, R., Sturm, C.F., Stys, P., Teta, P., Thomas, D.C., Timm, R.M., Tindall, B.J., Todd, J.A., Triebel, D., Valdecasas, A.G., Vizzini, A., Vorontsova, M.S., De Vos, J.M., Wagner, P., Watling, L., Weakley, A., Welter-Schultes, F., Whitmore, D., Wilding, N., Will, K., Williams, J., Wilson, K., Winston, J.E., Wü Ster, W., Yanega, D., Yeates, D.K., Zaher, H., Zhang, G., Zhang, Z.-Q. & Zhou, H.-Z. (2018) Taxonomy based on science is necessary for global conservation. PLoS Biology, 16 (3), 1–12.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2005075
Viviani, V.R. (2001) Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) from Southeastern Brazil: habitats, life history, and bioluminescence. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 94 (1), 129–145.
https://doi.org/10.1603/0013-8746(2001)094[0129:FCLFSB]2.0.CO;2
Yeo, D., Puniamoorthy, J., Ngiam, R.W.J. & Meier, R. (2018) Towards holomorphology in entomology: rapid and cost-effective adult-larva matching using NGS barcodes. Systematic Entomology, 43 (4), 678–691.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-018-0276-7
Yuma, M. (2007) Effect of rainfall on the long-term population dynamics of the aquatic firefly Luciola cruciata. Entomological Science, 10 (3), 237–244.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8298.2007.00219.x