Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Type: Article
Published: 2020-10-27
Page range: 151–207
Abstract views: 171
PDF downloaded: 4

Chorion exploration in the tribe Anthocharidini (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) and their possible importance in its systematics

Museo de Zoología (Entomología), Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, 04510, CDMX, México Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
Museo de Zoología (Entomología), Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, 04510, CDMX, México
Museo de Zoología (Entomología), Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, 04510, CDMX, México
Lepidoptera Anthocharis chorionic Euchloini Hesperocharis micropyle

Abstract

We describe and compare the morphology of the chorion in nine species belonging to five genera of the tribe Anthocharidini (Pieridae: Pierinae), from a sample of 12 females with mature eggs, the bibliographic record of oviposited eggs, and photographs of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The eggs examined come from Mexico, Spain, Brazil and Costa Rica. Its characterization was made considering the main structural features of the chorion in this tribe; it includes a distinction of structures in the apical zone and differentiation between the chorionic regions. We attached to this work sheets, diagrams, and terminology to understand and clarify the descriptions. Our results agree with the proposal of Anthocharidini as the least derived tribe of the Pierinae, considering that Hebomoia, a specialized genus, is not part of it. Tribes such as Leptosiaini, Elodinini or Nepheroniini also have more chorionic characteristics related to more derived tribes of the Pierinae.

 

References

  1. Acosta-Fernández, B. (2008) Una nueva subespecie de Euchloe belemia (Esper, [1800]) de la isla de Gran Canaria, Islas Canarias, España (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterología, 36 (142), 173–182.

    Back, W. (1984) Beschreibung der präimaginalstaiden von Euchloe tagis pechi Straudinger, 1885 (Lep., Pieridae). Atalanta, 15 (1/2), 152–164.

    Back, W. (1990) Taxonomische untersuchungen innerhalb der antengruppe um Euchloe ausonia (Hübner, 1804) (Lepidoptera, Pieridae). Atalanta, 21 (3/4), 187–206.

    Back, W. (2001) Zur Biologie von Euchloe belemia hesperidum Rothschild, 1913 (Lepidoptera, Pieridae). Atalanta, 32 (1/2), 103–106.

    Back, W., Knebelsberger, T. & Miller, M.A. (2006) The phylogenetic relationships of the species of the subgenus Elphinstonia Klots, 1930 (Lepidoptera, Pieridae). Atalanta, 37 (3/4), 469–482.

    Back, W., Knebelsberger, T. & Miller, M.A. (2008) Molekularbiologische untersuchungen und systematic der Palearktischen arten von Euchloe Hübner, [1819] (Lepidoptera, Pieridae). Entomologische Zeitschrift, 118 (4), 151–169.

    Back, W., Miller, M.A. & Opler, P.A. (2011) Genetic, phonetic, and distributional relationships of Neartic Euchloe (Pieridae, Pierinae, Anthocharidini). Journal of the Lepidopterists’s Society, 65 (1), 1–14.

    https://doi.org/10.18473/lepi.v65i1.a1

    Beccaloni, G.W., Viloria, A.L., Hall, S.K. & Robinson, G.S. (2008) Catálogo de las plantas huésped de las mariposas neotropicales. Monografías 3er Milenio, 1ª Edición. SEA, Zaragoza, 536 pp.

    Boisduval, J.B.A. (1836) Suites à Buffon. Histoire naturally des Insectes. Species général des Lépidoptères. Encyclopédique de Roret, Paris, 696 pp.

    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.9194

    Braby, M.F. (2005) Provisional checklist of genera of the Pieridae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea). Zootaxa, 832 (1), 1–16.

    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.832.1.1

    Braby, M.F., Pierce, N.E. & Vila, R. (2007) Phylogeny and historical biogeography of the subtribe Aporiina (Lepidoptera: Pieridae): implications for the origin of Australian butterflies. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 90 (3), 413–440.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00732.x

    Braby, M.F., Vila, R. & Pierce, N. (2006) Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the Pieridae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea), higher classification and biogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 147, 239–275.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096–3642.2006.00218.x

    Braby, M.F. & Nishida, K. (2007) The immature stages, larval food plants and biology of Neotropical mistletoe butterflies. I. The Hesperocharis group (Pieridae: Anthocharidini). Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society, 61 (4), 181–195.

    https://doi.org/10.1080/00222931003633227

    Braby, M.F. & Nishida, K. (2010) The immature stages, larval food plants and biology of Neotropical mistletoe butterflies (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). II. The Catasticta group (Pierini: Aporiina). Journal of Natural History, 44 (29–30), 1831–1928.

    https://doi.org/10.1080/00222931003633227

    Bravo Velásquez, C.M. (2018) Aspectos ecológicos y biológicos de la mariposa endémica Mathania nov. sp. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) en los alrededores de Arequipa, 2014–2017. Tesis de grado, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Perú, 68 pp.

    Brower, A.V.Z. (2009) Tree of Life Web Project, Anthocharidini Tutt 1984. Version 03 June 2009. Under construction. Tennessee. Aviailable from: http://tolweb.org/Anthocharidini/76415 (accessed 16 April 2020)

    Butler, A.G. (1870) A revision of the genera of the subfamily Pierinae. Cistula Entomologica, 1 (3), 33–58.

    Cao, Y., Hao, J.S., Sun, X.Y., Zheng, B. & Yang, Q. (2016) Molecular phylogenetic and dating analysis of pierid butterfly species using complete mitochondrial genomes. Genetics and Molecular Research, 15 (4), 1–16.

    https://doi.org/10.4238/gmr15049196

    Castro-Gerardino, D.J. & Llorente-Bousquets, J. (2017) Comparative exploration of antennae in Pseudopontia, and antennal clubs of the tribes Leptideini and Dismorphiini (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Zootaxa, 4347 (3), 401–445.

    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4347.3.1

    Church, S.H., Donoughe, S., de Medeiros, B.A.S. & Extravour, C.G. (2019) Insect egg size and shape evolve with ecology but not developmental rate. Nature, 571, 58–62.

    https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1302-4

    Colaboradores de Wikipedia (2018) Pierinae (en línea), Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre. Available from: https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierinae (accessed 6 June 2019)

    Collaborators of Wikipedia (2018) Hebomoia glaucippe (online), Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebomoia_glaucippe#/media/File:Hebomoea_glaucippe_egg_sec.jpg (accessed 10 June 2019)

    Courtney, S.P. (1982) Notes on the biology of Zegris eupheme (Pieridae). Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society, 36 (2), 132–135.

    Courtney, S.P. (1986) Oviposition by the mistletoe-feeding pierid butterfly Mathania leucothea (Mol.) in Chile. The Journal of Research of the Lepidoptera, 24, 264–270.

    Dickson, C.G.C. & Kroon, D.K. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington’s Butterflies of Southern Africa. 1st Edition. Ad. Donker, Johannesburgo, 800 pp.

    Ding, C. & Zhang, Y. (2016) Phylogenetic relations of Pieridae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) in China based on seven gene fragments. Entomological Science, 20 (1), 15–23.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/ens.12214

    Dixey, F.A. (1894) On the phylogeny of the Pierinae, as illustrated by their wing-markings and geographical distribution. Part II. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 249–334.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1894.tb02082.x

    Dolinskaya, I.V. (2019) The use of egg characters for the classification of Notodontidae (Lepidoptera), with keys to the common Paleartic genera and species. Zootaxa, 4604 (2), 201–241.

    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4604.2.1

    Döring, E.K.H. (1955) Zur Morphologie der Schmetterlingseier. Akademie-Verlag, Berlín, 154 pp., 61 pls.

    Doubleday, E. (1846–1850) The genera of diurnal Lepidoptera: Their generic characters, notice of their habits and transformations, and a catalogue of species of each genus. Vol. I. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, London, 250 pp., 81 pls.

    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.14057

    Ehrlich, P.R. (1958) The comparative morphology, phylogeny and higher classification of the butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea). The University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 39 (8), 305–370.

    Espeland, M., Breinholt, J., Willmott, K.R., Warren, A.D., Vila, R., Toussaint, E.F.A., Maunsell, S.C., Aduse-Poku, K., Talavera, G., Easwood, R., Jarzyna, M.A., Guralnik, R., Lohmman, D.J., Pierce, N.E. & Kawahara, A.Y. (2018) A comprehensive and dated phylogenomic analysis of butterflies. Current Biology, 28 (5), 770–778.e5.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.061

    Farfán, J., Lamas, G. & Cerdeña, C. (2020) A new species of Mathania Oberthür, 1890 from Peru (Lepidoptera, Pieridae). Zootaxa, 4758 (3), 589–595.

    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.3.11

    Geiger, H.J. (1982) Enzyme electrophoretic studies of the genetic relationships of Pierid butterflies (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) I. European taxa. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, 19 (4), 181–195.

    Giannopoulos, N.G., Michalopoulos, I., Papandreou, N.C., Malatras, A., Iconomidou, V.A. & Hamodrakas, S.J. (2013) LepChorionDB, a database of Lepidopterian chorion proteins and a set of tools useful for the identification of chorion proteins in Lepidopteran proteomes. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 43 (2), 189–196.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2012.12.001

    Gogoi, M.J., Smetacek, P., Goswami, R. & Das, K. (2008) Flutters, Understanding and saving butterflies: Great Orange Tip—Hebomoia glaucippe Linnaeus, 1758 (Egg). Online. Available from: http://www.flutters.org/home/photogallery/index.php?level=picture&id=899 (accessed 10 June 2019)

    Grote, A.R. (1897) An attempt to classify the Holartic Lepidoptera by means of the specialization of the wings. Part. I. The day butterflies. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 3 (4), 151–160.

    Grote, A.R. (1898) Specializations of the lepidopterous wing: The Pieri-Nymphalidae. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 37 (157), 17–44.

    Grote, A.R. (1900) The descent of the pierids. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 39 (161), 4–67.

    Henriksen, H.J. & Kreutzer, I.B. (Eds.) (1982) The butterflies of Scandinavia in nature. Skandinavisk Bogforlag, Odense, 102 pp.

    Hernández-Mejía, B.C., Flores-Gallardo, A. & Llorente-Bousquets, J. (2013) Comparación morfológica del corion de especies de los géneros Pieriballia, Itaballia y Perrhybris (Lepidoptera: Pieridae: Pierinae), y sus implicaciones filogenéticas. Southwestern Entomologist, 38 (2), 275–292.

    https://doi.org/10.3958/059.038.0211

    Hernández-Mejía, B.C., Flores-Gallardo, A. & Llorente-Bousquets, J. (2014a) Morfología del corion en especies de los géneros Ascia y Ganyra y su comparación con otros géneros próximos de Pierinae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Southwestern Entomologist, 39 (1), 119–134.

    https://doi.org/10.3958/059.039.0112

    Hernández-Mejía, B.C., Flores-Gallardo, A. & Llorente-Bousquets, J. (2014b) Morfología del corion en la subfamilia Coliadinae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Southwestern Entomologist, 39 (4), 853–886.

    https://doi.org/10.3958/059.039.0416

    Hernández-Mejía, C., Flores-Gallardo, A. & Llorente-Bousquets J. (2015) Morfología del corion en Leptophobia (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) e importancia taxonómica. Southwestern Entomologist, 40 (2), 351–368.

    https://doi.org/10.3958/059.040.0210

    Hernández-Roldán, J.L., Munguira, M.L., Wagner, W. & Vila, R. (2012) Comparative analysis and taxonomic use of the morphology of immature stages and natural history traits in European species of Pyrgus Hübner (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae, Pyrginae). Zootaxa, 3470 (1), 1–71. [monograph]

    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3470.1.1

    Hinton, H.E. (1981) Biology of Insect Eggs. Vol. I–III. Pergamon, Oxford, 1125 pp.

    Howe, W.H. (1975) The butterflies of North America. Doubleday & Company, Garden City, New York, 633 pp.

    Hübner, J. (1816–1826) Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge [sic]. Published by the author, Augsburg, 72 pp.

    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.48607

    Igarashi, S. & Fukuda, H. (2000) The life histories of Asian butterflies Vol. 2. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 711 pp., 425 color pls.

    Igarashi, S. & Harada, M. (2015) Sequel to “The life histories of Asian butterflies Vols. 1 & 2. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 352pp., 210 color pls.

    Kaminski, L.A., Barbosa, E.P. & Freitas, A.V.L. (2012) Immature stages of the Neotropical mistletoe butterfly Cunizza hirlanda planasia Fruhstorfer (Pieridae: Anthocharidini). Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society, 66 (3), 143–146.

    https://doi.org/10.18473/lepi.v66i3.a4

    Kaminski, L.A., Tavares, M., Ferro, V.G. & Moreira, G.R.P. (2002) Morfologia externa dos estágios imaturos de heliconíneos neotropicais. III. Heliconius erato phyllis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Heliconiinae). Revistra Brasileira de Zoologia, 19 (4), 993–993.

    https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752002000400003

    Klots, A.B. (1930) A generic revisión of the Euchloini (Lepidoptera, Pieridae). Bulletin of then Brooklyn Entomological Society, 25, 80–95.

    Klots, A.B. (1931–1933) A generic classification of the Pieridae (Lepidoptera) together with a study of the male genitalia. Entomologica Americana, 12, 139–242.

    Korshunov, Y.P. (2002) Bulavousye cheshchekrylye severnoj Azii [Butterflies of North Asia]. KMK Press, Moscow, 425 pp. [in Russian]

    Lamas, G. (Ed.) (2004) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea. Vol. 5A Part 4A. In: Heppner, J.B. (Ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 439.

    Le Crom, J.F., Llorente Bousquets, J., Constantino, L.M. & Salazar, J.A. (Eds.) (2004) Mariposas de Colombia. Tomo 2. Pieridae. CARLEC, Ltda, Bogotá, 133 pp.

    Llorente-Bousquets, J.E. & Castro-Gerardino, J. (2007) Estudios en sistemática de Dismorphiini (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) I. Morfología de huevos y su importancia taxonómica. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Físicas y Exactas, 31 (118), 145–164.

    Llorente-Bousquets, J.E. & Castro-Gerardino, J. (2008) Morfología del corion en Dismorphiini (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). In: Llorente-Bousquets, J. & Lanteri, A. (Eds.), Contribuciones Taxonómicas en Órdenes de Insectos Hiperdiversos. Las Prensas de Ciencias, UNAM, México City, pp. 72–90.

    Llorente-Bousquets, J., Nieves-Uribe, S., Flores-Gallardo, A., Hernández-Mejía, B.C. & Castro-Gerardino, J. (2018) Chorionic sculpture in the Dismorphiinae subfamily (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Zootaxa, 4429 (2), 201–246.

    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4429.2.1

    Lourido, G., Silva, N.N. & Motta, C. (2007) Parámetros biológicos e injúrias de Macrosoma tipulata Hübner (Lepidoptera: Hedylidae), em cupuaçuezeiro [Theobroma grandiflorum (Wild ex Spreng Schum)] no Amazonas. Neotropical Entomology, 36 (1), 102–106.

    https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2007000100012

    Lukhtanov, V.A. (1991) Evolution of the karyotype and system of higher taxa of the Pieridae (Lepidoptera) of the world. Entomologicheskoye Obozreniye, 70 (3), 619–664. [in Russian]

    Lukhtanov, V.A. (1992) s.n. In: Karyotype evolution and systematics of higher taxa of Pieridae (Lepidoptera) of the world. Scripta Technica, Inc., Washington, DC, pp. 57–82. [translate of the Russian]

    Man, I.K., Xinlong, W., Min, J.K., Heon, C.H., Neung-Ho, A., Ki-Gyoung, K., Yeon, S.H. & Iksoo, K. (2010) Phylogenetic relationships of the butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) inferred from COI, 16S rRNA, and EF-1α sequences. Molecules and Cells, 30, 409–435.

    https://doi.org/10.1007/s10059-010-0141-9

    Margaritis, L.H. & Mazzini, M. (1998) Structure of the egg. In: Harrison, F.W. & Locke, M. (Eds.), Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates. Vol. 11b. Insecta. Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. 995–1037.

    Micronaut (2005–2018) Great Orange Tip Butterfly Egg (online). Available from: https://www.micronaut.ch/shop/great-orange-tip-butterfly-egg/ (accessed 10 June 2019)

    Morrone, J.J. (2018) Evolutionary biogeography of the Andean region. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Ranton, Florida, 250 pp.

    https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429486081

    Munguira, M.L., Martín, J., García-Barros, E., Shahbazian, G. & Cancela, J.P. (2015) Morphology and morphometry of Lycaenid eggs (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Zootaxa, 3937 (2), 201–247.

    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3937.2.1

    Nie, L., Wang, Y., Huang, D., Tau, R., Su, C., Hao, J. & Zhu, C. (2018) Mitochondrial genomes of four pierid butterfly species (Lepidoptera; Pieridae) with assessments about Pieridae phylogeny upon multiple mitogenomic datasets. Zoological Systematics, 43 (4), 387–409.

    https://doi.org/10.11865/zs.201834

    Nieves-Uribe, S., Flores-Gallardo, A., Hernández-Mejía, B.C. & Llorente-Bousquets, J. (2015) Exploración morfológica del corion en Biblidinae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): aspectos filogenéticos y clasificatorios. Southwestern Entomologist, 40 (3), 589–648.

    https://doi.org/10.3958/059.040.0318

    Nieves-Uribe, S., Castro-Gerardino, J., Flores-Gallardo, A. & Llorente-Bousquets, J. (2016a) Corion en los géneros Anteos y Rhabdodryas: su significado e implicaciones. Southwestern Entomologist, 41 (2), 485–504.

    https://doi.org/10.3958/059.041.0218

    Nieves-Uribe, S., Castro-Gerardino, J., Flores-Gallardo, A. & Llorente-Bousquets, J. (2016b) Microrretícula coriónica en los géneros Nathalis Boisduval y Kricogonia Reakirt: implicaciones taxonómicas y tendencias evolutivas. Southwestern Entomologist, 41 (3), 716–733.

    https://doi.org/10.3958/059.041.0314

    Nieves-Uribe, S., Castro-Gerardino, J. Flores-Gallardo, A. & Llorente-Bousquets, J. (2016c) Estudio del corion de tres especies del género Colias Fabricius, 1807 y Zerene cesonia cesonia (Stoll, 1790). Southwestern Entomologist, 41 (4), 1121–1141.

    https://doi.org/10.3958/059.041.0411

    Nieves-Uribe, S., Flores-Gallardo, A. & Llorente-Bousquets, J. (2016d) Morfología coriónica de once especies de Biblidinae de México y Colombia: un examen de predicciones. Southwestern Entomologist, 41 (2), 505–532.

    https://doi.org/10.3958/059.041.0219

    Nieves-Uribe, S., Flores-Gallardo, A. & Llorente-Bousquets, J. (2017a) Corion de Ectima thecla thecla (Fabricius, 1796) y su comparación con el género Hamadryas. Southwestern Entomologist, 42 (3), 851–864.

    https://doi.org/10.3958/059.042.0324

    Nieves-Uribe, S., Flores-Gallardo, A. & Llorente-Bousquets, J. (2017b) Corion de Orophila cardases campaspe (Hewitson, 1869) y caracterización coriónica de la subtribu Callicorina. Southwestern Entomologist, 42 (3), 865–878.

    https://doi.org/10.3958/059.042.0325

    Nieves-Uribe, S. Flores-Gallardo, A. & Llorente-Bousquets, J. (2018a) Corion de Leucidia brephos (Hübner, [1809]), comparaciones con otros géneros de Coliadinae y tendencias reticulares. Southwestern Entomologist, 43 (1), 239–255.

    https://doi.org/10.3958/059.043.0115

    Nieves-Uribe, S., Flores-Gallardo, A. & Llorente-Bousquets, J. (2018b) Estructura exocoriónica en tres especies de Colias Fabricius, 1807 (Lepidoptera: Pieridae, Coliadinae). Southwestern Entomologist, 43 (2), 485–503.

    https://doi.org/10.3958/059.043.0220

    Nieves-Uribe, S., Flores-Gallardo, A., Llorente-Bousquets, J., Luis-Martínez, A. & Pozo, C. (2019) Use of exochorion characters for the systematics of Hamadryas Hübner and Ectima Doubleday (Nymphalidae: Biblidinae: Ageroniini). Zootaxa, 4619 (1), 77–108.

    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4619.1.3

    Oliver, C. (1926) Notas entomológicas. Revista chilena de Historia natural, 30, 198-201. Opler, P.A. (1967) New host plant records for Anthocharis (Pieridae). Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society, 21 (3), 212.

    Peña, L.E. & Ugarte, A.J. (1996) Las mariposas de Chile. Editorial Universitaria, Santiago, 360 pp.

    Peterson, A. (1948) Larvae of insects. An introduction to Neartic species. Part I. Lepidoptera and plant infesting Hymenoptera. 3th Edition. Published by the author, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 315 pp.

    Peterson, A. (1960) Photographing eggs of insects. The Florida Entomologist, 43 (1), 1–7.

    https://doi.org/10.2307/3492514

    Peterson, A. (1961) Some types of eggs deposited by moths, Heterocera– Lepidoptera. The Florida Entomologist, 44 (3), 107–114.

    https://doi.org/10.2307/3492966

    Peterson, A. (1962) Some eggs of moths among the Geometridae—Lepidoptera. The Florida Entomologist, 45 (3), 109–119.

    https://doi.org/10.2307/3492561

    Peterson, A. (1963a) Some eggs of moths among the Amatidae, Arctiidae, and Notodontidae—Lepidoptera. The Florida Entomologist, 46 (2), 169–182.

    https://doi.org/10.2307/3493627

    Peterson, A. (1963b) Egg types among moths of the Pyralidae and Phycitidae—Lepidoptera. The Florida Entomologist, 46 (Supplement), 1–14.

    https://doi.org/10.2307/3493354

    Peterson, A. (1964) Egg types among moths of the Noctuidae (Lepidoptera). The Florida Entomologist, 47 (2), 71–91.

    https://doi.org/10.2307/3493280

    Peterson, A. (1965a) Some eggs of moths among the Olethreutidae and Tortricidae (Lepidoptera). The Florida Entomologist, 48 (1), 1–8.

    https://doi.org/10.2307/3493515

    Peterson, A. (1965b) Some eggs of moths among the Sphingidae, Saturniidae, and Citheroniidae (Lepidoptera). The Florida Entomologist, 48 (4), 213–219.

    https://doi.org/10.2307/3493773

    Peterson, A. (1966) Some eggs of moths among the Liparidae, Lasiocampidae, and Lacosomidae (Lepidoptera). The Florida Entomologist, 49 (1), 35–42.

    https://doi.org/10.2307/3493314

    Peterson, A. (1967a) Some eggs of moths from several families of Microlepidoptera. The Florida Entomologist, 50 (2), 125–132.

    https://doi.org/10.2307/3493621

    Peterson, A. (1967b) Eggs of moths among the Ethmiidae, Acrolophidae and Hepialidae—Microlepidoptera. The Florida Entomologist, 50 (3), 181–183.

    https://doi.org/10.2307/3493299

    Peterson, A. (1968) Eggs of moths from additional species of Geometridae—Lepidoptera. The Florida Entomologist, 51 (2), 83–94.

    https://doi.org/10.2307/3493606

    Peterson, A. (1970) Eggs from miscellaneous species of Rhopalocera—Lepidoptera. The Florida Entomologist, 53 (2), 65–71.

    https://doi.org/10.2307/3493448

    Reuter, E.R. (1896) Über die palpen der Rhopalocera. Ein beitrag zur erkenntnis der verwandtschaftlichen beziehungen under den tagfaltern. Acta Societatis Scientarum Fennicae, 22 (1), 1–577.

    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10329

    Rezende, G.L., Vargas, H.C.M., Moussian, B. & Cohen, E. (2016) Composite eggshell matrices: chorionic layers and sub-chorionic cuticular envelopes. In: Cohen E. & Moussian, B. (Eds.), Extracellular Composite Matrices in Arthropods. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 325–366.

    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40740-1_9

    Richards, W. & Davies, R.G. (Eds.) (1977) Imms’ general textbook of entomology. Vol.I. Structure, Physiology and Development. Chapman and Hall, London, 418 pp.

    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0472-4

    Röber, J.K.M. (1908–1909) 2. Familie: Pieridae, Weisslinge. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart, pp. 57–64.

    Sariot, M.G.M. (2016) Descripción del huevo y estadios larvarios de Elphinstonia bazae (Fabiano, 1993) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa (S.E.A.), 59, 207–211.

    Saura, A., von Schoultz, B., Saura, A.O. & Brown Jr., K.S. (2013) Chromosome evolution in Neotropical butterflies. Hereditas, 150, 26–37.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.2013.00008.x

    Scoble, M.J. & Aiello, A. (1990) Moth-like butterflies (Hedylidae: Lepidoptera): a summary, with comments on the egg. Journal of Natural History, 24 (1), 159–164.

    https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939000770101

    Scott, J.A. (1985) The phylogeny of butterflies (Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea) Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, 23 (4), 241–281.

    Scott, J.A. (1986) The butterflies of North America: a natural history and field guide. Stanford University Press, Stanford, 583 pp.

    Scudder, S.H. (1889) The butterflies of the eastern United States and Canada: with special reference to New. England in three volumes. Published by the author, Cambridge, 1958 pp.

    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.40706

    Shapiro, A.M. (1981) The pierid red-egg syndrome. American Naturalist, 117 (3), 276–294.

    https://doi.org/10.1086/283706

    Shirôzu, T. & Hara, A. (1962) Early stages of Japanese butterflies in colour Vol. I. Hoikusha Publishing Co., Osaka, 142 pp.

    Srivastava, A.K., Iconomidou, V.A., Chryssikos, G.D., Gionis, V., Kumar, K. & Hamodrakas, S.J. (2011) Secondary structure of chorion proteins of the Lepidoptera Pericallia ricini and Ariadne merione by ATR FT-IR and micro-Raman spectroscopy. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 49 (3), 317–322.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.05.006

    Stout, T.L. (2018) A review of three species-level taxa of the Anthocharis sara complex (Lepidoptera: Pieridae: Pierinae: Anthocharidini). Insecta Mundi, 0615, 1–38.

    Suomalainen, E. (1969) Chromosome evolution in the lepidoptera. Chromosomes Today, 2, 132–138.

    Telfer, W.H. (2009) Egg formation in Lepidoptera. Journal of Insect Science, 9 (1), Art. 50, 1–21.

    https://doi.org/10.1673/031.009.5001

    Trougakos, I.P. & Margaritis, L.H. (2008) Novel morphological and physiological aspects of insect eggs. In: Hilker, M. & Meiners, T. (Eds.) Chemoecology of Insect Eggs and Egg Deposition. Blackwell Publishing Company, Berlin, pp. 3–36.

    Vane-Wright, R.I. (2003) Evidence and identity in butterfly systematics. In: Boggs, C.L., Watt, W.B. & Ehrlich, P.R. (Eds.), Butterflies, ecology, and evolution taking flight. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illionis, pp. 477–513.

    Vane-Wright, R.I., De Jong, R. & Ackery, P.R. (1996) The higher classification of butterflies (Lepidoptera): problems and prospects. Entomological Scandinavica, 27 (1), 65–101.

    https://doi.org/10.1163/187631296X00205

    Volkman, L. & Núñez Bustos, E. (2015) Aportes al conocimiento de la distribución y biología de Hesperocharis ingrasignata Breyer, 1939 (Lepidoptera: Pieridae: Pierinae), una mariposa endémica del centro de Argentina. Historia Natural, 5 (2), 95–106.

    Warren, A., Davis, K.J., Stangeland, E.M., Pelham, J.P. & Grishin, N.V. (2013) Anthocharis midea texana Gatrelle, 1998; Comments: [far NE TAMPS]; Anthocharis midea texana ovum USA: TEXAS: San Jacinto Co. Sam Houston National Forest, photo by Nick V. Grishin, 19-III-2011. Avialable from: https://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/imagehtmls/PapPie/Anthocharis_midea_tetexa_o1_TXSanJacintoCoSamHoustonNF19Mar2011Grishin_i.htm (accessed 10 June 2019)

    Wahlberg N., Rota, J., Braby, M.F., Pierce, N.E. & Wheat, C.W. (2014) Revised Systematics and higher classification of pierid butterflies (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) based on molecular data. Zoological Script, 43 (6), 641–650.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12075

    Weller, S.J., Pashley, D.P. & Martin, J.A. (1e996) Reassessment of butterfly family relationships using independent genes and morphology. Annals of Entomological Society of America, 89 (2), 184–192.

    https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/89.2.184

    Wiemers, M., Balletto, E., Dinca, V., Fric, Z.F., Lamas, G., Lukhtanov, V., Munguira, M.L., van Swaay, C.A.M., Vila, R., Vlegenthar, A., Wahlberg, N. & Verovnik, R. (2018) An updated checklist of the European butterflies (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zookeys, 811, 9–45.

    https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.811.28712

    Yata, O. (1981) Comparative morphology of the pupal forewing tracheation in some Japanese species of the family Pieridae (Lepidoptera), Kontyû, 49 (2), 245–257.