Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Type: Monograph
Published: 2019-07-12
Page range: 1–108
Abstract views: 397
PDF downloaded: 467

Coastal fish diversity of the Socotra Archipelago, Yemen

Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature (SMF), Section Ichthyology & Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Biogeography – Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Goethe University Frankfurt am Main (GU), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature (SMF), Section Ichthyology & Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Biogeography – Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Kyoto University, Field Science Education and Research Center (FSERC), Educational Unit for Studies on Connectivity of Hills, Humans and Oceans (CoHHO), Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan.
Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature (SMF), Section Ichthyology & Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Biogeography – Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Environmental Protection Authority, Socotra Branch, Hadibo, Yemen. Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature (SMF), Section Ichthyology & Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Biogeography – Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Hadhramout University, Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Marine Biology, Mukalla, Yemen. Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature (SMF), Section Ichthyology & Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Biogeography – Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature (SMF), Section Ichthyology & Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Biogeography – Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Pisces Coastal fish assemblages species inventory richness modelling diversity distribution Socotra Archipelago

Abstract

The Socotra Archipelago, located in the eastern Gulf of Aden, has a unique marine environment which combines tropical and ‘pseudo-temperate’ elements. Studies on the fish biogeography of the archipelago, partially framed in regional studies, have substantially outpaced critical elementary research on the archipelago’s fish diversity. The present study seeks to close this gap and identifies the Socotra Archipelago as a major hotspot of coastal fish diversity in the Indian Ocean.

       The archipelago supports unique coastal fish assemblages which are predominantly composed of coral-associated (“reef”) species, in spite of the limited biogenic reef frameworks. A Preliminary Checklist comprises 682 species with confirmed records and a “Working List” includes an additional 51 records, totalling 733 faunal records in 108 families. The family Labridae is the most speciose, followed by Gobiidae, Pomacentridae, Serranidae and Chaetodontidae. The species richness of the archipelago is the highest when compared to adjacent Arabian ecoregions. The richness of the Acanthuridae, Chaetodontidae, Labridae, Pomacentridae and Pseudochromidae stand out as particularily high, and the richness of several families is as high as or higher than in the entire Red Sea. The total archipelagic richness is extrapolated at up to 875 species based on incidence-based richness models and expert opinion. Inshore fish inventories, covering 497 species, found between 14 and 132 species per site (x̄ = 66). Site diversity decreased across the archipelago from west to east and from north to south. Total fish diversity was highest around Socotra Island, followed by Abd al-Kuri & Kal Farun and Darsa & Samha. Occurrence frequencies were very unevenly distributed and dominated by Pomacentrus caeruleus and Thalassoma lunare, whilst many species were infrequent. The fish assemblages are dominated by species from the Indo-West Pacific and the north-western Indian Ocean. The assemblages are rich in rare species and hybrids, and include a low number of endemics (4–5), and a high number of species with far-reaching and Western Indian Ocean ranges.

 

References

  1. Ahti, P.A., Coleman, R.R., DiBattista, J.D., Berumen, M.L., Rocha, L.A. & Bowen, B.W. (2016) Phylogeography of Indo-Pacific reef fishes: sister wrasses Coris gaimard and C. cuvieri in the Red Sea, Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean. Journal of Biogeography, 43, 1103–1115.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12712

    Aideed, M.S. (2013) Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Fish Biomass Productivity at Socotra Island and The Impact of Small-Scale Fisheries on Fish Community Structure. A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Marine Biology, 168 pp.

    Al-Baharna, W.S. (1986) Fishes of Bahrain. Ministry of Commerce and Agriculture, Bahrain, 294 pp.

    Ali, M.K.H., Belluscio, A., Ventura, D. & Ardizzone, G. (2016) Feeding ecology of some fish species occurring in artisanal fishery of Socotra Island (Yemen). Coral Reefs of Arabia. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 105, 613–628.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.01.051

    Allen, G.R. (1991) Damselfishes of the world. Mergus Publishers, Melle, 271 pp.

    Allen, G.R. & Erdmann, M.V. (2012) Reef fishes of the East Indies, Volumes IIII. Tropical Reef Research, Perth Australia, 1260 pp.

    Allen, G.R. & Randall, J.E. (1980) A review of damselfishes (Teleostei: Pomacentridae) of the Red Sea. Israel Journal of Zoology, 29 (1/3), 1–98.

    Allen, G.R. & Steene, R.C. (1994) Riff-Führer. Tiere und Pflanzen im Indopazifik. Hemmen, Wiesbaden, 378 pp.

    Alonso, C., Warnecke, F., Amann, R. & Pernthaler, J. (2007) High local and global diversity of Flavobacteria in marine plankton. Environmental Microbiology, 9 (5), 1253–1266.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01244.x

    Anonymous (2001) Fish collection database of the National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution).

    https://doi.org/10.3354/meps217081

    Angel, A. & Ojeda, F.P. (2001) Structure and trophic organization of subtidal fish assemblages on the northern Chilean coast: the effect of habitat complexity. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 217, 81–91.

    Apel, M. (2000) Subtidal rapid assessment and selection of survey sites. In: Apel, M. & Hariri, K.I. (Eds.), Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity of Socotra Archipelago. Marine Habitat, Biodiversity and Fisheries Surveys and Management. Progress Report of Phase III. Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Frankfurt a.M, pp. 9–12.

    Baars, M.A., Schaalk, P.H. & Veldhuis, M.J.W. (1998) Seasonal fluctuations in plankton biomass and productivity in the ecosystems of the Somali Current, Gulf of Aden, and southern Red Sea. In: Sherman, K., Okemwa, E.N. & Ntiba, M.J. (Eds.), Large Marine Ecosystems of the Indian Ocean: Assessment, Sustainability and Management. Part II: Pelagic Ecosystems. Blackwell Science, Oxford, pp. 143–174.

    Bartlett, M.S. (1937) Properties of sufficiency and statistical tests. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A - Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 160, 268–282.

    Beck, J. & Schwanghart, W. (2010) Comparing measures of species diversity from incomplete inventories: an update. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 1 (1), 38–44.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210X.2009.00003.x

    Bender, M.G., Leprieur, F., Mouillot, D., Kulbicki, M., Parravicini, V., Pie, M.R., Barneche, D.R., Oliveira-Santos, L.G.R. & Floeter, S.R. (2017) Isolation drives taxonomic and functional nestedness in tropical reef fish faunas. Ecography, 40, 425–435.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.02293

    Birse, A.C.R., Bott, W.F., Morrison, J. & Samuel, M.A. (1997) The Mesozoic and Early Tertiary tectonic evolution of the Socotra area, eastern Gulf of Aden, Yemen. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 14 (6), 675–684.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-8172(96)00043-8

    Bodil, B., Ambrose, W., JR, Bergmann, M., Clough, L., Gebruk, A., Hasemann, C., Iken, K., Klages, M., MacDonald, I., Renaud, P., Schewe, I., Soltwedel, T. & Włodarska-Kowalczuk, M. (2011) Diversity of the arctic deep-sea benthos. Marine Biodiversity, 41 (1), 87–107.

    https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-010-0078-4

    Bogorodsky, S.V., Alpermann, T.J. & Mal, A.O. (2016) Redescription of Cheilinus quinquecinctus Rüppell, 1835 (Pisces: Perciformes, Labridae), a valid endemic Red Sea wrasse. Zootaxa, 4158 (4), 451–472.

    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4158.4.1

    Bogorodsky, S.V., Iwatsuki, Y., Amir, S.A., Mal, A.O. & Alpermann, T. J. (2017) Morphological and molecular divergence between Crenidens crenidens (Forsskål, 1775) and C. indicus Day, 1873 (Perciformes: Sparidae) and notes on a Red Sea endemic lineage of C. crenidens. Marine Biodiversity, 47 (4), 1273–1285.

    Bogorodsky, S.V., Randall, J.E. & Krupp, F. (in press), The Coastal Fishes of the Red Sea. Fauna of Arabia 26.

    Bouchet, P., Lozouet, P., Meastrati, P. & Heros, V. (2002) Assessing the magnitude of species richness in tropical marine environments: exceptionally high numbers of molluscs at a New Caledonia site. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 75 (4), 421–436.

    https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00052.x

    Bray, J.R. & Curtis, J.T. (1957) An ordination of the upland forest communities of southern Wisconsin. Ecological Monographs, 27, 325–349.

    https://doi.org/10.2307/1942268

    Bridge, T., Fabricius, K., Bongaerts, P., Wallace, C., Muir, P., Done, T. & Webster, J. (2012) Diversity of Scleractinia and Octocorallia in the mesophotic zone of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Coral Reefs, 31 (1), 179–189.

    https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-011-0828-1

    Briggs, J.C. (1974) Marine Zoogeography. McGraw-Hill, New York, USA, 475 pp.

    Briggs, J.C. (1995) Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy: Global Biogeography. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 452 pp.

    Briggs, J.C. & Bowen, B.W. (2012) A realignment of marine biogeographic provinces with particular reference to fish distributions. Journal of Biogeography, 39 (1), 12–30.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02613.x

    Briggs, J.C. & Bowen, B.W. (2013) Marine shelf habitat: biogeography and evolution. Journal of Biogeography, 40 (6), 1023–1035.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12082

    Brokovich, E., Einbinder, S., Shashar, N., Kiflawi, M. & Kark, S. (2008) Descending to the twilight-zone: changes in coral reef fish assemblages along a depth gradient down to 65 m. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 371, 253–262.

    https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07591

    Brose, U. & Martinez, N.D. (2004) Estimating the richness of species with variable mobility. Oikos, 105 (2), 292–300.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12884.x

    Brose, U., Martinez, N.D. & Williams, R.J. (2003) Estimating Species Richness: Sensitivity to Sample Coverage and Insensitivity to Spatial Patterns. Ecology, 84 (9), 2364–2377.

    https://doi.org/10.1890/02-0558

    Burnham, K.P. & Overton, W.S. (1978) Estimation of the Size of a Closed Population when Capture Probabilities vary Among Animals. Biometrika, 65 (3), 625–633.

    https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/65.3.625

    Burnham, K.P. & Overton, W.S. (1979) Robust Estimation of Population Size When Capture Probabilities Vary Among Animals. Ecology, 60 (5), 927–936.

    https://doi.org/10.2307/1936861

    Burt, J.A., Feary, D.A., Bauman, A.G., Usseglio, P., Cavalcante, G.H. & Sale, P.F. (2011) Biogeographic patterns of reef fish community structure in the northeastern Arabian Peninsula. ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil, 68 (9), 1875–1883.

    https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsr129

    Buxton, C. (1993) Life-history changes in exploited reef fishes on the east coast of South Africa. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 36 (1), 47–63.

    https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00005979

    Buxton, C.D. & Smale, M.J. (1989) Abundance and Distribution Patterns of Three Temperate Marine Reef Fish (Teleostei: Sparidae) in Exploited and Unexploited Areas Off the Southern Cape Coast. Journal of Applied Ecology, 26 (2), 441–451.

    https://doi.org/10.2307/2404072

    Carr, M.R., Carter, R.G., Addy, J., Bruno, R., Pritchard, R., Budge, M., Green, C., Bramley, J. & Clarke, K.R. (1994) PRIMER 4.0. (Plymouth Routines in Multivariate Ecological Research). Plymouth Marine Laboratory, U.K.

    Castro, C.B., Segal, B. & Pires, D.O. (2005) Distribution and Diversity of Coral Communities in the Abrolhos Reef Complex, Brazil. Chapter 1. In: Dutra, G.F., Allen, G.R., Werner, T. & McKenna, S.A. (Eds.), A rapid marine biodiversity assessment of the Abrolhos Bank, Bahia, Brazil, Washington D.C., USA, pp. 19–39.

    Chao, A. (1984) Nonparametric Estimation of the Number of Classes in a Population. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics, 11 (4), 265–270.

    Chao, A. (1987) Estimating the population size for capture-recapture data with unequal catchability. Biometrics, 43, 783–791.

    https://doi.org/10.2307/2531532

    Chao, A. (2005) Species richness estimation. In: Balakrishnan, N., Read, C.B. & Vidakovic, B. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences. Wiley, New York, USA, pp. 7909–7916.

    Chao, A., Hwang, W.-H., Chen, Y.-C. & Kuo, C.-Y. (2000) Estimating the number of shared species in two communities. Statistica Sinica, 10, 227–246.

    Chazdon, R.L., Colwell, R.K., Denslow, J.S. & Guariguata, M.R. (1998) Statistical methods for estimating species richness of woody regeneration in primary and secondary rain forests of NE Costa Rica. In: Dallmeier, F. & Comiskey, J.A. (Eds.), Forest biodiversity research, monitoring and modeling: Conceptual background and Old World case studies. Parthenon Publishing, Paris, pp. 285–309.

    Cheung, C. & DeVantier, L. (2006) Socotra. A Natural History of the Islands and Their People. Odyssey Books & Guides, Hong Kong, 393 pp.

    Clarke, K.R. & Gorley, R.N. (2006) PRIMER v6: User Manual/Tutorial. (Plymouth Routines In Multivariate Ecological Research). PRIMER-E Ltd, Plymouth, U.K., 192 pp.

    Clarke, K.R. & Green, R.H. (1988) Statistical design and analysis for a 'biological effects' study. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 46, 213–226.

    https://doi.org/10.3354/meps046213

    Clarke, K.R. & Warwick, R.M. (2001) Change in Marine Communities: An Approach to Statistical Analysis and Interpretation. 2nd Edition, Plymouth, U.K., 172 pp.

    Clifford, D.H.T. & Stephenson, W. (1975) An introduction to numerical classification. Academic Press, New York, 244 pp.

    Coleman, R.R., Eble, J.A., DiBattista, J.D., Rocha, L.A., Randall, J.E., Berumen, M.L. & Bowen, B.W. (2016) Regal phylogeography: Range-wide survey of the marine angelfish Pygoplites diacanthus reveals evolutionary partitions between the Red Sea, Indian Ocean, and Pacific Ocean. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 100, 243–253.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.04.005

    Colton, M.A. & Swearer, S.E. (2010) A comparison of two survey methods: differences between underwater visual census and baited remote underwater video. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 400, 19–36.

    https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08377

    Colwell, R.K. & Coddington, J.A. (1994) Estimating Terrestrial Biodiversity through Extrapolation. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, 345 (1311), 101–118.

    Colwell, R.K., Chao, A., Gotelli, N.J., Lin, S.-Y., Mao, C.X., Chazdon, R.L. & Longino, J.T. (2012) Models and estimators linking individual-based and sample-based rarefaction, extrapolation and comparison of assemblages. Journal of Plant Ecology, 5 (1), 3–21.

    https://doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtr044

    Colwell, R.K., Mao, C.X. & Chang, J. (2004) Interpolating, extrapolating, and comparing incidence-based species accumulation curves. Ecology. Ecology, 85 (10), 2717–2727.

    https://doi.org/10.1890/03-0557

    Cowman, P.F., Parravicini, V., Kulbicki, M. & Floeter, S.R. (2017) The biogeography of tropical reef fishes. Endemism and provinciality through time. Biological Reviews, 92, 2112–2130.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12323

    Craig, M.T. (2008) The goldrim surgeonfish (Acanthurus nigricans; Acanthuridae) from Diego Garcia, Chagos Archipelago: first record from the central Indian Ocean. Zootaxa, 1850, 65–68.

    Craig, M.T. & Randall, J.E. (2008) Two new species of the Indo-Pacific clingfish genus Discotrema (Gobiesocidae). Copeia, 2008 (1), 68–74.

    https://doi.org/10.1643/CI-07-025

    Debelius, H. (1996) Fischführer Indischer Ozean. IKAN, Frankfurt a.M., 321 pp.

    Debelius, H. (1998) Red Sea Reef Guide. IKAN, Frankfurt a.M., 321 pp.

    Debelius, H. (1999) Indian Ocean Reef Guide. IKAN, Frankfurt a.M., 320 pp.

    Debelius, H. & Kuiter, R.H. (2001) Surgeonfishes, rabbitfishes, and their relatives. A comprehensive guide to Acanthuroidei. TMC Pub., Chorleywood, UK, 208 pp.

    Debelius, H., Tanaka, H. & Kuiter, R.H. (2003) Angelfishes. A comprehensive guide to Pomacanthidae. TMC Pub., Chorleywood, UK, 208 pp.

    DeVantier, L., De'ath, G., Klaus, R., Al-Moghrabi, S., Abdulaziz, M., Reinicke, G.B. & Cheung, C. (2004) Reef-building corals and coral communities of the Socotra Archipelago, a zoogeographic 'crossroads' in the Arabian Sea. Fauna of Arabia, 20, 117–168.

    DiBattista, J.D., Berumen, M.L., Gaither, M.R., Rocha, L.A., Eble, J.A., Choat, J.H., Craig, M.T., Skillings, D.J. & Bowen, B.W. (2013) After continents divide: comparative phylogeography of reef fishes from the Red Sea and Indian Ocean. Journal of Biogeography, 40 (6), 1170–1181.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12068

    DiBattista, J.D., Gaither, M.R., Hobbs, J.-P.A., Saenz-Agudelo, P., Piatek, M.J., Bowen, B.W., Rocha, L.A., Howard Choat, J., McIlwain, J.H., Priest, M.A., Sinclair-Taylor, T.H. & Berumen, M.L. (2017) Comparative phylogeography of reef fishes from the Gulf of Aden to the Arabian Sea reveals two cryptic lineages. Coral Reefs, 36, 625–638.

    https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-017-1548-y

    DiBattista, J.D., Howard Choat, J., Gaither, M.R., Hobbs, J.-P.A., Lozano-Cortés, D.F., Myers, R.F., Paulay, G., Rocha, L.A., Toonen, R.J., Westneat, M.W. & Berumen, M.L. (2016a) On the origin of endemic species in the Red Sea. Journal of Biogeography, 43, 13–30.

    DiBattista, J.D., Roberts, M.B., Bouwmeester, J., Bowen, B.W., Coker, D.J., Lozano-Cortés, D.F., Howard Choat, J., Gaither, M.R., Hobbs, J.-P.A., Khalil, M.T., Kochzius, M., Myers, R.F., Paulay, G., Robitzch, V.S.N., Saenz-Agudelo, P., Salas, E., Sinclair-Taylor, T.H., Toonen, R.J., Westneat, M.W., Williams, S.T. & Berumen, M.L. (2016(b)) A review of contemporary patterns of endemism for shallow water reef fauna in the Red Sea. Journal of Biogeography, 43, 423–439.

    DiBattista, J.D., Rocha, L.A., Hobbs, J.-P.A., He, S., Priest, M.A., Sinclair-Taylor, T.H., Bowen, B.W. & Berumen, M.L. (2015a) When biogeographical provinces collide: hybridization of reef fishes at the crossroads of marine biogeographical provinces in the Arabian Sea. Journal of Biogeography, 42 (9), 1601–1604.

    DiBattista, J.D., Waldrop, E., Rocha, L.A., Craig, M.T., Berumen, M.L. & Bowen, B.W. (2015b) Blinded by the bright: a lack of congruence between colour morphs, phylogeography and taxonomy for a cosmopolitan Indo-Pacific butterflyfish, Chaetodon auriga. Journal of Biogeography, 42, 1919–1929.

    Doe, B. (1992) Socotra Island of Tranquility. Immel Publishing, London, U.K., 237 pp.

    Dor, M. (1984) Checklist of the fishes of the Red Sea. CLOFRES, Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem, 437 pp.

    Edwards, A.J. & Head S.M. (1987) Key Environments: Red Sea. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 440 pp.

    Ekman, S. (1953) Zoogeography of the sea. Sidgwick & Jackson, London, U.K, 417 pp.

    Ellingsen, K.E. (2001) Biodiversity of a continental shelf soft-sediment macrobenthos community. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 218, 1–15.

    https://doi.org/10.3354/meps218001

    English, S., Wilkinson, C. & Baker, V. (Eds.) (1997) Survey Manual for Tropical Marine Resources. 2nd Edition. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia, ix + 390 pp.

    Fauth, J.E., Bernardo, J., Camara, M., Resetaris, W.J., van Buskirk, J. & McCollin, S.A. (1996) Simplifying the jargon of community ecology: a conceptual approach. American Naturalist, 147, 282–286.

    https://doi.org/10.1086/285850

    Fernandez-Silva, I., Randall, J.E., Coleman, R.R., DiBattista, J.D., Rocha, L.A., Reimer, J.D., Meyer, C.G. & Bowen, B.W. (2015) Yellow tails in the Red Sea: phylogeography of the Indo-Pacific goatfish Mulloidichthys flavolineatus reveals isolation in peripheral provinces and cryptic evolutionary lineages. Journal of Biogeography, 42, 2402–2413.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12598

    Fernandez-Silva, I., Randall, J.E., Golani, D. & Bogorodsky, S.V. (2016) Mulloidichthys flavolineatus flavicaudus Fernandez-Silva & Randall (Perciformes, Mullidae), a new subspecies of goatfish from the Red Sea and Arabian Sea. ZooKeys, 605, 131–157.

    https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.605.8060

    Fischer, J., Schott, F. & Stramma, L. (1996) Currents and transports of the Great Whirl-Socotra Gyre system during the summer monsoon, August 1993. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101 (C2), 3573–3587.

    https://doi.org/10.1029/95JC03617

    Fleitmann, D., Burns, S.J., Mangini, A., Mudelsee, M., Kramers, J., Villa, I., Neff, U., Al-Subbary, A.A., Buettner, A., Hippler, D. & Matter, A. (2007) Holocene ITCZ and Indian monsoon dynamics recorded in stalagmites from Oman and Yemen (Socotra). Quaternary Science Reviews, 26 (1‑2), 170–188.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.04.012

    Fleitmann, D., Matter, A., Burns, S.J., Al-Subbary, A. & Al-Aowah, A. (2004) Geology and Quaternary climate history of Socotra. Fauna of Arabia, 20, 27–32.

    Foggo, A., Attrill, M.J., Frost, M.T. & Rowden, A.A. (2003) Estimating marine species richness: an evaluation of six extrapolative techniques. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 248, 15–26.

    https://doi.org/10.3354/meps248015

    Fratantoni, D.M., Bower, A.S., Johns, W.E. & Peters, H. (2006/09/30) Somali Current rings in the eastern Gulf of Aden. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111 (C9), C09039.

    Fricke, R. (1999) Fishes of the Mascarene Islands (Réunion, Mauritius, Rodriguez), an annotated checklist, with descriptions of new species, viii + 759 pp.

    Fricke, R., Mulochau, T., Durville, P., Chabanet, P., Tessier, E. & Letourneur, Y. (2009) Annotated checklist of the fish species (Pisces) of La Réunion, including a Red List of threatened and declining species. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde A, Neue Serie, 2, 1–168.

    Fricke, R., Mahafina, J., Behivoke, F., Jaonalison, H., Léopold, M. & Ponton, D. (2018) Annotated checklist of the fishes of Madagascar, southwestern Indian Ocean, with 158 new records. FishTaxa, 3, 1–432.

    Friedmann, J.H. (2001) Greedy function approximation: a gradient boosting machine. The Annals of Statistics, 29, 1189–1232.

    https://doi.org/10.1214/aos/1013203450

    Gaboriau, T., Leprieur, F., Mouillot, D. & Hubert, N. (2017) Influence of the geography of speciation on current patterns of coral reef fish biodiversity across the Indo-Pacific. Ecography, 41 (8), 1295–1306.

    Gadanho, M., Almeida, J. & Sampaio, J. (2003) Assessment of yeast diversity in a marine environment in the south of Portugal by microsatellite-primed PCR. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 84 (3), 217–227.

    https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026038213195

    Gaither, M.R. & Randall, J.E. (2013) Reclassification of the Indo-Pacific Hawkfish Cirrhitus pinnulatus (Forster). Zootaxa, 3599 (2), 189–196.

    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3599.2.5

    Gaither, M.R., Toonen, R.J., Robertson, D.R., Planes, S. & Bowen, B.W. (2010) Genetic evaluation of marine biogeographical barriers: perspectives from two widespread Indo-Pacific snappers (Lutjanus kasmira and Lutjanus fulvus). Journal of Biogeography, 37 (1), 133–147.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02188.x

    Gaston, K.J. & He, F.L. (2011) Species occurrence and occupancy. In: Magurran, A.E. & McGill, B.J. (Eds.), Biological Diversity: Frontiers in Measurement and Assessment. Oxford University Press, pp. 141–151.

    Gill, A.C. & Zajonz, U. (2003) Halidesmus socotraensis new species and Haliophis guttatus (Forsskal), new records of congrogadine fishes from the Socotra Archipelago (Perciformes: Pseudochromidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 116 (1), 52–60.

    Gill, A.C. & Zajonz, U. (2011) Pseudochromine and pseudoplesiopine dottyback fishes from the Socotra Archipelago, Indian Ocean, with descriptions of two new species of Pseudochromis Rüppell (Perciformes: Pseudochromidae). Zootaxa, 3106, 1–23.

    Gladstone, W. (2007) Requirements for marine protected areas to conserve the biodiversity of rocky reef fishes. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 17 (1), 71–87.

    https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.759

    Golani, D. & Bogorodsky S.V. (2010) The Fishes of the Red Sea—Reappraisal and Updated Checklist. Zootaxa, 2463, 1–135.

    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2463.1.1

    Golani, D. & Fricke, R. (2018) Checklist of the Red Sea fishes with delineation of the Gulf of Suez, Gulf of Aqaba, endemism and Lessepsian migrants. Zootaxa, 4509 (1), 1–215.

    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4509.1.1

    Golikov, A.N. (1982) Principles of Establishing Zoogeographical Regions and Unifying Terms in Marine Biogeography. In: Kusakin, O.G. (Ed.). Morskaya biogeographia: predmet, metod, printsipy raionirovaniya (Marine biogeography: The subject, methods and principles of establishing zoogeographic regions). Nauka, Moscow, pp. 94–99.

    Golikov, A.N., Dolgolenko, M.A., Maximovich, N.V. & Scarlato, O.A. (1990) Theoretical approaches to marine biogeography. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 63, 289–301.

    https://doi.org/10.3354/meps063289

    Gomon, M. (2006) A revision of the labrid fish genus Bodianus with descriptions of eight new species. Records of the Australian Museum, Supplement 30, 1–133.

    https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0812-7387.30.2006.1460

    Goren, M. & Dor, M. (1994) An updated checklist of the fishes of the Red Sea. CLOFRES II, 120 pp.

    Gotelli, N.J. & Colwell, R.K. (2001) Quantifying biodiversity: procedures and pitfalls in the measurement and comparison of species richness. Ecology Letters, 4 (4), 379–391.

    https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2001.00230.x

    Gotelli, N.J. & Colwell, R.K. (2011) Estimating species richness. In: Magurran, A.E. & McGill, B.J. (Eds.), Biological Diversity: Frontiers in Measurement and Assessment. Oxford University Press, pp. 39–54.

    Gray, J.E. (2001) Marine diversity: the paradigms in patterns of species richness examined. Scientia Marina, 65 (Suppl. 2), 41–56.

    https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2001.65s241

    Gray, J.S. (2000) The measurement of marine species diversity, with an application to the benthic fauna of the Norwegian continental shelf. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 250 (1‑2), 1–22.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0981(00)00178-7

    Hammerschlag, N., Barley, S.C., Irschick, D.J., Meeuwig, J.J., Nelson, E.R. & Meekan, M.G. (2018) Predator declines and morphological changes in prey. Evidence from coral reefs depleted of sharks. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 586, 127–139.

    https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12426

    Hariri, K.I. & Schotah, J. (1999) Review of fisheries legislation in Yemen. In: Krupp, F. & Hariri, K.I. (Eds.), Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity of Socotra Archipelago. Marine Habitat, Biodiversity and Fisheries Surveys and Management. Report of Phase I. Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Frankfurt a.M. pp. 141–160.

    Hariri, K.I. & Yusif, M.D. (1999) Fishing communities and status of the fisheries sector in the Socotra Archipelago. In: Krupp, F. & Hariri, K.I. (Eds.), Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity of Socotra Archipelago. Marine Habitat, Biodiversity and Fisheries Surveys and Management. Report of Phase I. Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Frankfurt a.M. pp. 161–179.

    Hariri, K.I., Nichols, P., Krupp, F., Mishrighi, S., Barrania, A., Ali, A.F. & Kedidi, S.M. (2002) Status of Living Marine Resources in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden and Their Management. Strategic Action Programme for the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. PERSGA Technical Series, 4.

    Harrison, T.D. (2005) Ichthyofauna of South African estuaries in relation to the zoogeography of the region. Smithiana Bulletin, 6, 1–27.

    Harrison, T.D. & Whitfield, A.K. (1995) Fish community structure in three temporarily open/closed estuaries on the Natal coast. Ichthyological Bulletin Smithsonian Institute of Ichthyology, 64, 1–80.

    Hawkins, J.P. & Roberts, C.M. (2004) Effects of Artisanal Fishing on Caribbean Coral Reefs. Efectos de la Pesca Artesanal sobre Arrecifes de Coral en el Caribe. Conservation Biology, 18, 215–226.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00328.x

    Hayden, B.P., Ray, G.C. & Dolan, R. (1984) Classification of coastal and marine environments. Environmental Conservation, 11 (3), 199–207.

    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892900014211

    Head, S.M. (1987) Introduction. In: Edwards, A.J. & Head S.M. (Eds.), Key Environments: Red Sea. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 1–21.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-028873-4.50006-2

    Heemstra, E., Heemstra, P., Smale, M., Hooper, T. & Pelicier, D. (2004) Preliminary checklist of coastal fishes from the Mauritian island of Rodrigues. Journal of Natural History, 38 (23), 3315–3350.

    https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930410001695088

    Heemstra, P.C., Heemstra, E., Ebert, D.A., Holleman, W. & Randall, J.E. (in prep.) Coastal Fishes of the Western Indian Ocean, SAIAB, Grahamstown, South Africa.

    Hodge, J.R. & Bellwood, D.R. (2016) The geography of speciation in coral reef fishes: the relative importance of biogeographical barriers in separating sister-species. Journal of Biogeography, 43 (7), 1324–1335.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12729

    Hoggart, D.D., Abeyasekera, S., Arthur, R.I., Beddington, J.R., Burn, R.W. & et al. (2006) Stock assessment for fishery management—A framework guide to the stock assessment tools of the Fisheries Science Management Programme (FMSP). FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No., No. 487.

    Hortal, J., Borges, P.A.V. & Gaspar, C. (2006) Evaluating the performance of species richness estimators: sensitivity to sample grain size. Journal of Animal Ecology, 75 (1), 274–287.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01048.x

    IFAD (2010) Fisheries Investment Project, Republic of Yemen. Project final design report, 92 pp.

    Iwatsuki, Y. & Heemstra, P.C. (2011) A review of the Acanthopagrus bifasciatus species complex (Pisces: Sparidae) from the Indian Ocean, with redescriptions of A. bifasciatus (Forsskål 1775) and A. catenula (Lacepède 1801). Zootaxa, 3025, 38–50.

    Iwatsuki, Y., Al-Mamry, J.M. & Heemstra, P.C. (2016) Validity of a blue stripe snapper, Lutjanus octolineatus (Cuvier 1828) and a related species, L. bengalensis (Bloch 1790) with a new species (Pisces; Lutjanidae) from the Arabian Sea. Zootaxa, 4098 (3), 511–528.

    Iwatsuki, Y., Bogorodsky, S.V., Tanaka, F., Mal, A.O. & Ali, A. (2015) Range extension of Gerres infasciatus (Perciformes: Gerreidae) from the Red Sea and the Arabian Gulf, with distributional implications for the G. filamentosus complex. Cybium, 39 (2), 155–160.

    Iwatsuki, Y., Kimura, S. & Yoshino, T. (1999) Redescriptions of Gerres baconensis (Evermann & Seale, 1907), G. equulus Temminck & Schlegel, 1844 and G. oyena (Forsskal, 1775), included in the "G. oyena complex", with notes on other related species (Perciformes: Gerreidae). Ichthyological Research, 46 (4), 377–395.

    Jennings, S. & Lock, J.M. (1996) 8 - Population and ecosystem effects of reef fishing. In: Polunin, N.V.C. & Roberts, C.M. (Eds.), Reef Fisheries. Fish and Fisheries Series, Vol 20. Chapman & Hall, pp. 193–218.

    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8779-2_8

    Jennings, S. & Polunin, N.V.C. (1997) Impacts of predator depletion by fishing on the biomass and diversity of non-target reef fish communities. Coral Reefs, 16 (2), 71–82.

    https://doi.org/10.1007/s003380050061

    Jennings, S., Grandcourt, E.M. & Polunin, N.V.C. (1995) The effects of fishing on the diversity, biomass and trophic structure of Seychelles' reef fish communities. Coral Reefs, 14 (4), 225–235.

    https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00334346

    Jennings, S., Reynolds, J.D. & Polunin, N.V.C. (1999) Predicting the Vulnerability of Tropical Reef Fishes to Exploitation with Phylogenies and Life Histories. Conservation Biology, 13 (6), 1466–1475.

    https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98324.x

    Karmovskaya, E.S. (1991) The new species of conger eels (Congridae) from the western Indian Ocean. [In Russian. English translation in Journal of Ichthyology]. Voprosy Ikhtiology, 31 (6), 891 897.

    Kawauchi, J., Weigmann, S. & Nakaya, K. (2014) Apristurus breviventralis, a new species of deep-water catshark (Chondrichthyes: Carcharhiniformes: Scyliorhinidae) from the Gulf of Aden. Zootaxa, 3381, 1–16.

    Kelleher, G., Bleakley, C. & Wells, S. (Eds.) (1995) A Global Representative System of Marine Protected Areas, Washington D.C., IV + 147 + 7 pp.

    Kemp, J.M. (1998) Zoogeography of the coral reef fishes of the Socotra Archipelago. Journal of Biogeography, 25 (5), 919–933.

    https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.1998.00249.x

    Kemp, J.M. (2000a) Hybridisation of the marine angelfishes Pomacanthus maculosus and P. semicirculatus in the Gulf of Aden. Fauna of Arabia, 18, 357–367.

    Kemp, J.M. (2000b) Zoogeography of the coral reef fishes of the north-eastern Gulf of Aden, with eight new records of coral reef fishes from Arabia. Fauna of Arabia, 18, 293–321.

    Kemp, J.M. & Benzoni, F. (2000) A preliminary study of coral communities in the northern Gulf of Aden. Fauna of Arabia, 18, 67–86.

    Khalaf, M.A. & Kochzius, M. (2002) Community structure and biogeography of shore fishes in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Erratum also added. Helgoland Marine Research, 55, 252–284.

    https://doi.org/10.1007/s10152-001-0090-y

    Klaus, R. & Turner, J.R. (2004) The marine biotopes of the Socotra Archipelago. Fauna of Arabia, 20, 45–115.

    Klaus, R., Turner, J.R. & West, F. (2002) The marine biotopes of the Socotra Island Group. In: Apel, M., Hariri, K.I. & Krupp, F. (Eds.), Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity of Socotra Archipelago. Marine Habitat, Biodiversity and Fisheries Surveys and Management. Final Report of Phase III. Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Frankfurt a.M. pp. 11–167.

    Klausewitz, W. (1958) Im Reiche der Korallenfische. III. Aquarien- und Terrarien-Zeitschrift, 301–304.

    Klausewitz, W. (1972) The Zoogeographical and Paleogeographical problem of the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea according to the Ichthyofauna of the Littoral. Journal of the marine biological association of India, 14 (2), 697–706.

    Klausewitz, W. (1978) Zoogeography of the littoral fishes of the Indian Ocean, based on the distribution of the Chaetodontidae and Pomacanthidae. Senckenbergiana Biologica, 59 (1‑2), 25–39.

    Klausewitz, W. (1989) Evolutionary history and zoogeography of the Red Sea ichthyofauna. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 10, 310–337.

    Knudsen, S.W. & Clements, K.D. (2016) World-wide species distributions in the family Kyphosidae (Teleostei: Perciformes). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 101, 252–266.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.04.037

    Kottelat, M. (2013) The fishes of the inland waters of southeast Asia: a catalogue and core bibliography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters, mangroves and estuaries. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement No. 27, 1–663.

    Kotthaus, A. (1967) Fische des Indischen Ozeans. "Meteor" Forschungsergebnisse, Reihe D (1), 1–88.

    Kotthaus, A. (1968) Fische des Indischen Ozeans. Ergebnisse der ichthyologischen Untersuchung während der Expedition des Foschungsschiffes "Meteor" in den Indischen Ozean, Oktober 1964 bis Mai 1965. A. Systematischer Teil. III. Ostariophysi und Apodes. "Meteor" Forschungsergebnisse, Reihe D (3), 14–56.

    Kotthaus, A. (1970a) Fische des Indischen Ozeans. Ergebnisse der ichthyologischen Untersuchung während der Expedition des Foschungsschiffes "Meteor" in den Indischen Ozean, Oktober 1964 bis Mai 1965. A. Systematischer Teil VI; Anacanthini (2), Berycomorphi, Zeomorphi. "Meteor" Forschungsergebnisse, Reihe D (5), 53–70.

    Kotthaus, A. (1970b) Fische des Indischen Ozeans. Ergebnisse der ichthyologischen Untersuchung während der Expedition des Foschungsschiffes "Meteor" in den Indischen Ozean, Oktober 1964 bis Mai 1965. A. Systematischer Teil, VII; Percomorphi (1). "Meteor" Forschungsergebnisse, Reihe D (6), 43–55.

    Kotthaus, A. (1973) Fische des Indischen Ozeans. Ergebnisse der ichthyologischen Untersuchung während der Expedition des Foschungsschiffes "Meteor" in den Indischen Ozean, Oktober 1964 bis Mai 1965. A. Systematischer Teil, X; Percomorphi (3). "Meteor" Forschungsergebnisse, Reihe D (16), 17–32.

    Kotthaus, A. (1974) Fische des Indischen Ozeans. Ergebnisse der ichthyologischen Untersuchung während der Expedition des Foschungsschiffes "Meteor" in den Indischen Ozean, Oktober 1964 bis Mai 1965. A. Systematischer Teil, XI; Percomorphi (4). "Meteor" Forschungsergebnisse, Reihe D (17), 33–54.

    Kotthaus, A. (1976) Fische des Indischen Ozeans. Ergebnisse der ichthyologischen Untersuchung während der Expedition des Foschungsschiffes "Meteor" in den Indischen Ozean, Oktober 1964 bis Mai 1965. A. Systematischer Teil, XVII; Percomorphi (7). "Meteor" Forschungsergebnisse, Reihe D (23), 45–61.

    Kotthaus, A. (1979) Fische des Indischen Ozeans. Ergebnisse der ichthyologischen Untersuchung während der Expedition des Foschungsschiffes "Meteor" in den Indischen Ozean, Oktober 1964 bis Mai 1965. A. Systematischer Teil, XXI; Diverse Ordnungen. "Meteor" Forschungsergebnisse, Reihe D (28), 6–54.

    Krupp, F. & Almarri, M. (1996) Fishes and fish assemblages of the Jubail Marine Wildlife Sanctuary. In: Krupp, F., Abuzinada, A.H. & Nader, I.A. (Eds.), A Marine Wildlife Sanctuary for the Arabian Gulf - Environmental Research and Conservation Following the 1991 Gulf War Oil Spill, pp. 339–350.

    Krupp, F. & Müller, T. (1994) The status of fish populations in the northern Arabian Gulf two years after the 1991 Gulf War oil spill. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 166, 67–75.

    Krupp, F., Apel, M. & Hariri, K.I. (2002) Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity of Socotra Archipelago. Marine Habitat, Biodiversity and Fisheries Surveys and Management. Final Overall Report Including Final Statement of Expenditures. Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Frankfurt a.M., 20 pp.

    Krupp, F., Paulus, T. & Nasr, D. (1994) Coral reef fish survey. In: Krupp, F., Türkay, M., El Hag, A.G.D. & Nasr, D. (Eds.), Comparative ecological analysis of biota and habitats in littoral and shallow sublittoral waters of the Sudanese Red Sea. Report, Volkswagen-Stiftung, pp. 63–82.

    Krupp, F., Zajonz, U. & Khamais F.N.S. (2006) Socotra's freshwater and estuarine fishes. In: Cheung, C. & DeVantier, L. (Eds.), Socotra. A Natural History of the Islands and Their People. Odyssey Books & Guides, Hong Kong, p. 136.

    Kruskal, J.B. & Wish, M. (1978) Multidimensional scaling. Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, 93 pp.

    Kuiter, R.H. (2009) Seahorses and their relatives. Aquatic Photographics, Seaford, Australia, 333 pp.

    Kuiter, R.H. & Debelius, H. (2003) Falterfische. Chaetodontidae. Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim), 208 pp.

    Kulbicki, M., Parravicini, V., Bellwood, D.R., Arias-Gonzàlez, E., Chabanet, P., Floeter, S.R., Friedlander, A., McPherson, J., Myers, R.E., Vigliola, L. & Mouillot, D. (2013) Global Biogeography of Reef Fishes: A Hierarchical Quantitative Delineation of Regions. Plos ONE, 8, e81847 EP.

    Larson, H.K., Williams, R.S. & Hammer, M.P. (2013) An annotated checklist of the fishes of the Northern Territory, Australia. Zootaxa, 3696 (1), 1–293.

    Last, P.R., Bogorodsky, S.V. & Alpermann, T.J. (2016a) Maculabatis ambigua sp. nov., a new whipray (Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae) from the western Indian Ocean. Zootaxa, 4154 (1), 66–78.

    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4154.1.4

    Last, P.R., Naylor, G.J.P. & Manjaji-Matsumoto, B.M. (2016b) A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa, 4139 (3), 345–368.

    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2

    Last, P.R., White, W.T., de Carvalho, M.R., Séret, B., Stehmann, M.F.W. & Naylor, G.J.P. (2016c) Rays of the World. CSIRO Publishing, Comstock Publishing Associates, 790 pp.

    Lavergne, E. (2012) Estuarine fish biodiversity of Socotra Island (North-Western Indian Ocean): from the community to the functioning of Terapon jarbua populations. Ph.D. thesis, 197 pp.

    https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.4768.1128

    Lavergne, E., Calvès, I., Meistertzheim, A., Charrier, G., Zajonz, U. & Laroche, J. (2014) Complex genetic structure of a euryhaline marine fish in temporarily open/closed estuaries from the wider Gulf of Aden. Marine Biology, 161 (5), 1113–1126.

    https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-014-2404-z

    Lavergne, E., Zajonz, U. & Sellin, L. (2013) Length-weight relationship and seasonal effects of the Summer Monsoon on condition factor of Terapon jarbua (Forsskål, 1775) from the wider Gulf of Aden including Socotra Island. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 29, 274–277.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2012.02018.x

    Lavergne, E., Zajonz, U., Krupp, F., Naseeb, F. & Aideed, M.S. (2016) Diversity and composition of estuarine and lagoonal fish assemblages of Socotra Island, Yemen. Journal of Fish Biology, 88, 2004–2026.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.12964

    Lee, S.M. & Chao, A. (1994) Estimating population size via sample coverage for closed capture-recapture models. Biometrics, 50, 88–97.

    https://doi.org/10.2307/2533199

    Legendre, P. (2005). Species associations: the Kendall coefficient of concordance revisited. Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics 10, 226–245.

    https://doi.org/10.1198/108571105X46642

    Legendre, P. & Gallagher, E. (2001) Ecologically meaningful transformations for ordination of species data. Oecologia, 129 (2), 271–280.

    https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420100716

    Legendre, P. & Legendre, L. (1998) Numerical ecology. 2nd edn. Developments in environmental modelling, Vol 20. Elsevier Science Publishers, 853 pp.

    Leviton, A.E., Gibbs, R.H., JR., Heal, E. & Dawson, C.E. (1985) Standards in herpetology and ichthyology: Part 1. Standard symbolic codes for institutional resource collections in herpetology and ichthyology. Copeia, 802–832.

    Lieske, E. & Myers, R.F. (1994) Coral Reef Fishes. Caribbean, Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean including the Red Sea. Harper Collins Publishers, London, 400 pp.

    Lieske, E. & Myers, R.F. (2001) Coral Reef Fishes. Indo-Pacific and Caribbean. Harper Collins Publishers, London, 400 pp.

    Lieske, E. & Myers, R.F. (2004) Coral Reef Guide Red Sea. The definitive guide to over 1200 species of underwater life. Collins, London, 384 pp.

    Lou, J., Chao, A. & Chazdon, R.L. (2011) Compositional similarity and beta diversity. In: Magurran, A.E. & McGill, B.J. (Eds.), Biological Diversity: Frontiers in Measurement and Assessment. Oxford University Press, pp. 66–84.

    Ludwig, J.A. & Reynolds, J.F. (1988) Statistical Ecology. A primer on methods and computing. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, New York, USA, 337 pp.

    Ma, K.Y. & Craig, M.T. (2018) An inconvenient monophyly: an update on the taxonomy of the groupers (Epinephelidae). Copeia, 106 (3), 443–456.

    https://doi.org/10.1643/CI-18-055

    Magurran, A.E. (2004) Measuring Biological Diversity. Wiley-Blackwell, 256 pp.

    Magurran, A.E. & Henderson, P.A. (2011) Commoness and rarity. In: Magurran, A.E. & McGill, B.J. (Eds.), Biological Diversity: Frontiers in Measurement and Assessment. Oxford University Press, pp. 97–104.

    Magurran, A.E. & McGill, B.J. (Eds.) (2011) Biological Diversity: Frontiers in Measurement and Assessment. Oxford University Press, 344 pp.

    Magurran, A.E., Khachonpisitsak, S. & Ahmad, A.B. (2011) Biological diversity of fish communities: pattern and process§. Journal of Fish Biology, 79 (6), 1393–1412.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03091.x

    Manilo, L.G. & Bogorodsky, S. (2003) Taxonomic Composition, Diversity and Distribution of Coastal Fishes of the Arabian Sea. Journal of Ichthyology, 43, 75–149.

    Mao, C.X., Colwell, R.K. & Chang, J. (2005) Estimating species accumulation curves using mixtures. Biometrics, 61, 433–441.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0420.2005.00316.x

    Martin, M.R. (2014) Vulnerability of fishery-based social-ecological systems to climate change. A case study on the small-scale fishery of Soqotra Island, Yemen. Abschlussarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Master of Science (M.Sc.) in Umweltwissenschaften, 118 pp.

    McCord, C.L. & Westneat, M.W. (2016) Evolutionary patterns of shape and functional diversification in the skull and jaw musculature of triggerfishes (Teleostei: Balistidae). Journal of Morphology, 277 (6), 737–752.

    https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20531

    McGill, B.J. (2011) Species abundance distributions. In: Magurran, A.E. & McGill, B.J. (Eds.), Biological Diversity: Frontiers in Measurement and Assessment. Oxford University Press, pp. 105–122.

    Melo, A.S. (2004) A critique of the use of jackknife and related non-parametric techniques to estimate species richness. Community Ecology, 5 (2), 149–157.

    https://doi.org/10.1556/ComEc.5.2004.2.1

    Mohsen, S. (2002) A preliminary survey of the status of demersal fish species in the Socotra Archipelago. In: Apel, M., Hariri, K.I. & Krupp, F. (Eds.), Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity of Socotra Archipelago. Marine Habitat, Biodiversity and Fisheries Surveys and Management. Final Report of Phase III. Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Frankfurt a.M, pp. 399–409.

    Morcos, S.A. (1970) Physical and chemical oceanography of the Red Sea. Oceanography and Marine Biology, Annual Revue, 8, 73–202.

    Moreno, C.E. & Halffter, G. (2001) On the measure of sampling effort used in species accumulation curves. Journal of Applied Ecology, 38, 487–490.

    https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2001.00590.x

    Mouillot, D., Bortoli, J. de, Leprieur, F., Parravicini, V., Kulbicki, M. & Bellwood, D.R. (2013) The challenge of delineating biogeographical regions. Nestedness matters for Indo-Pacific coral reef fishes. Journal of Biogeography, 40, 2228–2237.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12194

    Moura, R.L. & Francini-Filho, R.B. (2005) Reef and shore fishes of the Abrolhos Region, Brazil. Chapter 2. In: Dutra, G.F., Allen, G.R., Werner, T. & McKenna, S.A. (Eds.), A rapid marine biodiversity assessment of the Abrolhos Bank, Bahia, Brazil, Washington D.C., USA, pp. 40–55.

    Myers, R.F. (1999) Micronesian Reef Fishes. A Comprehensive Guide to the Coral Reef Fishes of Micronesia. 3rd revised and expanded edition. Coral Graphics, vi + 330 pp.

    Nesis, K.N. (1982) Zoogeography of the Word Ocean: Comparison of Pelagic Zones and Regional Partitioning of the Shelf (Data on Cephalopods). In: Kusakin, O.G. (Ed.), Morskaya biogeographia: predmet, metod, printsipy raionirovaniya (Marine biogeography: The subject, methods and principles of establishing zoogeographic regions). Nauka, Moscow, pp. 114–134.

    Nichols, P.V. (2001) Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity of Socotra Archipelago. Marine Habitat, Biodiversity and Fisheries Surveys and Management. Fisheries Management Plan for the Socotra Island Group. Part I: Fisheries overview and management options. Part II: Data collection system for monitoring and assessment. Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Frankfurt a.M., 130 (I-90, II-40).

    Obura, D. (2012) The Diversity and Biogeography of Western Indian Ocean Reef-Building Corals. Plos One, 7 (9), e45013 EP.

    Ormond, R. & Edwards, A. (1987) Red Sea Fishes. In: Edwards, A.J. & Head, S.M (Eds.), Key Environments: Red Sea. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 252–287.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-028873-4.50018-9

    Palmer, M.W. (1991) Estimating Species Richness: The Second-Order Jackknife Reconsidered. Ecology, 72 (4), 1512–1513.

    https://doi.org/10.2307/1941127

    Parravicini, V., Kulbicki, M., Bellwood, D.R., Friedlander, A.M., Arias-Gonzalez, J.E., Chabanet, P., Floeter, S.R., Myers, R., Vigliola, L., D’Agata, S. & Mouillot, D. (2013) Global patterns and predictors of tropical reef fish species richness. Ecography, 36 (12), 1254–1262.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2013.00291.x

    Parravicini, V., Villéger, S., McClanahan, T.R., Arias-González, J.E., Bellwood, D.R., Belmaker, J., Chabanet, P., Floeter, S.R., Friedlander, A.M., Guilhaumnon, F., Vigliola, L., Kulbicki, M. & Mouillot, D. (2014) Global mismatch between species richness and vulnerability of reef fish assemblages. Ecology Letters, 17, 1101–1110.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12316

    Pauly, D., Christensen, V., Dalsgaard, J., Froese, R. & Torres, F. (1998) Fishing Down Marine Food Webs. Science, 279 (5352), 860–863.

    Plaisance, L., Knowlton, N., Paulay, G. & Meyer, C. (2009) Reef-associated crustacean fauna: biodiversity estimates using semi-quantitative sampling and DNA barcoding. Coral Reefs, 28 (4), 977–986.

    https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-009-0543-3

    Polanco, F.A., Acero, A.P. & Betancur-R. R. (2016) No longer a circumtropical species: revision of the lizardfishes in the Trachinocephalus myops species complex, with description of a new species from the Marquesas Islands. Journal of Fish Biology, 89 (2), 1302–1323.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.13038

    Polunin, N.V.C. & Roberts, C.M. (Eds.) (1996) Reef Fisheries. Fish and Fisheries Series, Vol 20. Chapman & Hall, 495 pp.

    Porter, S.N., Branch, G.M. & Sink, K.J. (2013) Biogeographic patterns on shallow subtidal reefs in the western Indian Ocean. Marine Biology, 160 (5), 1271–1283.

    https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-013-2179-7

    Priest, M.A., DiBattista, J.D., McIlwain, J.L., Taylor, B.M., Hussey, N.E. & Berumen, M.L. (2015) A bridge too far: dispersal barriers and cryptic speciation in an Arabian Peninsula grouper (Cephalopholis hemistiktos). Journal of Biogeography, 43 (4), 820–832.

    Prieto-Davó, A., Fenical, W. & Jensen, P.R. (2008) Comparative actinomycete diversity in marine sediments. Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 52 (1), 1–11.

    https://doi.org/10.3354/ame01211

    Randall, J.E. (1983 (1992 reprint)) Red Sea reef fishes. Immel, London, 192 pp.

    Randall, J.E. (1995) Coastal fishes of Oman. Crawford House Publishing Pty Ltd, Bathurst, Australia, xvi + 439 pp.

    Randall, J.E. (2007) Reef and shore fishes of the Hawaiian Islands. Sea Grant College Program, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, xiv + 546 pp.

    Randall, J.E. (2013) Review of the Indo-Pacific labrid fish genus Hemigymnus. Journal of the Ocean Science Foundation, 6, 2–18.

    Randall, J.E. & Bogorodsky, S.V. (2016) Preliminary review of the pempherid fish genus Parapriacanthus of the western Indian Ocean, with descriptions of five new species. Journal of the Ocean Science Foundation, 20, 1–24.

    Randall, J.E. & DiBattista, J.D. (2013) A new species of damselfish (Pomacentridae) from the Indian Ocean. Aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology, 19 (1), 1–16.

    Randall, J.E. & Hoover, J.P. (1995) Scarus zufar, a new species of parrotfish from southern Oman, with comments on endemism of the area. Copeia, 18 (3), 683–688.

    https://doi.org/10.2307/1446765

    Randall, J.E. & Myers, R. (2002) Parupeneus insularis, a new central Pacific species of goatfish (Perciformes: Mullidae) of the P. trifasciatus complex. Zoological Studies, 41 (4), 431–440.

    Randall, J.E. & Stroud, G.J. (1985) On the validity of the mugiloidid fish Parapercis robinsoni Fowler. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology, 32 (1), 931–99.

    Randall, J.E. & Victor, B.C. (2015) Descriptions of thirty-four new species of the fish genus Pempheris (Perciformes: Pempheridae), with a key to the species of the western Indian Ocean. Journal of the Ocean Science Foundation, 18, 1–77.

    Randall, J.E., Bogorodsky, S.V., Alpermann, T.J., Satapoomin, U., Mooi, R.D. & Mal, A.O. (2013a) Pempheris flavicycla, a new pempherid fish from the Indian Ocean, previously identified as P. vanicolensis Cuvier. Journal of the Ocean Science Foundation, 9, 1–23.

    Randall, J.E., Bogorodsky, S.V., Krupp, F., Rose, J.-M. & Fricke, R. (2013b) Epinephelus geoffroyi (Klunzinger, 1870) (Pisces, Serranidae), a valid species of grouper endemic to the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. Zootaxa, 3641 (5), 524–532.

    Rasul, N.M.A. & Stewart, I.C.F. (Eds.) (2015) The Red Sea. The Formation, Morphology, Oceanography and Environment of a Young Ocean Basin. Springer Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, 638 pp.

    Riegl, B. (2002) Effects of the 1996 and 1998 positive sea-surface temperature anomalies on corals, coral diseases and fish in the Arabian Gulf (Dubai, UAE). Marine Biology, 140 (1), 29–40.

    Roberts, C.M. (1995) Effects of Fishing on the Ecosystem Structure of Coral Reefs. Conservation Biology, 9 (5), 988–995.

    https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.9051332.x-i1

    Roberts, C.M. & Polunin, N.V.C. (1991) Are marine reserves effective in management of reef fisheries? Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 1 (1), 65–91.

    Roberts, M.B., Jones, G.P., McCormick, M.I., Munday, P.L., Neale, S., Thorrold, S., Robitzch, V.S.N. & Berumen, M.L. (2016) Homogeneity of coral reef communities across 8 degrees of latitude in the Saudi Arabian Red Sea. Coral Reefs of Arabia. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 105, 558–565.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.11.024

    Rosen, B.R. (1971) The distribution of reef coral genera in the Indian Ocean. In: Stoddart, D.R. & Yonge, C.M. (Eds.), Regional Variation in Indian Ocean Coral Reefs. Proceedings of a Symposium, organized jointly by the Royal Society of London and the Zoological Society of London, held at the Zoological Society of London on 28 and 29 May, 1970. Academic Press, London, U.K., pp. 263–299.

    Rosenzweig, M.L., Donoghue II, J., Li, Y.M. & Yuan, C. (2011) Estimating species density. In: Magurran, A.E. & McGill, B.J. (Eds.), Biological Diversity: Frontiers in Measurement and Assessment. Oxford University Press, pp. 276–288.

    Rowlands, G.P. & Purkis, S.J. (2015) Geomorphology of Shallow Water Coral Reef Environments in the Red Sea. In: Rasul, N.M.A. & Stewart, I.C.F. (Eds.), The Red Sea. The Formation, Morphology, Oceanography and Environment of a Young Ocean Basin. Springer Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg.

    Russ, G.R. & Alcala, A. (1989) Effects of intense fishing pressure on an assemblage of coral reef fishes. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 56, 13–27.

    https://doi.org/10.3354/meps056013

    Russ, G.R. (1991) Coral Reef Fisheries: Effects and Yields. Chapter 20. In: Sale, P.F. (Ed.), The Ecology of Fishes on Coral Reefs. Academic Press, San Diego, California, pp. 601–635.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-092551-6.50025-8

    Saeed, S.S. (2000) Preliminary survey on the status of shark stocks in Socotra. In: Hariri, K.I. & Krupp, F. (Eds.), Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity of Socotra Ar