Abstract
This paper describes 12 species of ctenostomes from the marine waters of the Korean Peninsula, including five new species—Alcyonidium bullitum n. sp., Alcyonidium pulposum n. sp., Alcyonidium busanensis n. sp., Immergentia cheongpodensis n. sp. and Penetrantia taeanata n. sp., the latter two constituting shell-borers that ramify within dead mollusk shells. Three previously described species are also newly added to the Korean fauna—Amathia acervata Lamouroux, 1824, Amathia medullaris Mawatari, 1972 and Walkeria prorepens Kubanin, 1992. The nomenclature of known species is updated and a revised checklist of all Korean Ctenostomata is included. New biological information is provided based on observation and microphotography of living and preserved colonies, SEM images of dry material and resin casts of ctenostome borings in mollusk shells.
References
Allman, G.J. (1856) A Monograph of the Freshwater Polyzoa, including all the known species, both British and foreign. London, The Ray Society, viii + 119 pp., 11 pls.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.9143
Blainville, H.M.D. de (1834) Manuel d’Actinologie ou de Zoophytology. Paris, F.G. Levrault, 644 pp.
Bock, P.E. & Gordon, D.P. (2013) Phylum Bryozoa Ehrenberg, 1831. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.), Animal Biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa, 3703 (1), 67–74.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.14
Busk, G. (1852) An account of the Polyzoa, and sertularian Zoophytes, collected in the voyage of the Rattlesnake, on the coasts of Australia and the Louisiade Archipelago, &c. In: MacGillivray, J. (Ed.), Narrative of the Voyage of H.M.S. Rattlesnake, commanded by the late Captain Owen Stanley... 1846–1850; Including Discoveries and Surveys in New Guinea, the Louisiade Archipelago, etc., to which is added the Account of Mr E.B. Kennedy's Expedition for the Exploration of the Cape York Peninsula (including Mr W. Carron's Narrative). London, T.W. Boone, pp. 343–402, pl. 1.
Busk, G. (1886) Report on the Polyzoa collected by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–76. Part II.—The Cyclostomata, Ctenostomata, and Pedicellinea. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger, Zoology, 17 [50], i-viii, 1–47, 10 pls.
Cadman, P.S. & Ryland, J.S. (1996) Redescription of Alcyonidium mytili Dalyell, 1848 (Bryozoa, Ctenostomatida). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 1196, 437–450.
Dalyell, J.G. (1848) Rare and Remarkable Animals of Scotland, Represented from Living Subjects: with practical observations on their nature. Vol. 2. London, J. Van Voorst, iv + 322 pp., 56 pls.
De Blauwe, H. (2009) Mosdiertjes van de Zuidelijke bocht van de Noordzee: Determinatiewerk voor België en Nederland. Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee (VLIZ), Oostende, Belgium, 445 pp.
Deshayes, G.P. & Milne Edwards, H. (1836) Deuxième Édition. Revue et augmentée de notes présentant les faits nouveaux dont la science s’est enrichie jusqu’a ce jour. In: Lamarck, J.B.P.A. de (Ed.), Histoire naturelle des Animaux sans Vertèbres … precede d’une introduction offrant la détermination des caractères essentiels de l’animal, sa distinction du végétal et des autres corps naturels, enfin, l’exposition des principes fondamentaux de la zoologie. Tome Deuxième. Histoire des Polypes. Paris, J.B. Baillère, 684 pp.
Ehrenberg, C.G. (1831) Symbolae Physicae. Animalia Evertebrata exclusis Insectis. Berolini, Officina Academica, 128 pp., 10 pls.
Fleming, J. (1823) Observations on the Sertularia cuscuta of Ellis; with a figure. Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society, 4, 485–491, pl. 15.
Fleming, J. (1828) A History of British Animals, exhibiting their descriptive characters and systematical arrangement of the genera and species of quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, fishes, Mollusca, and Radiata of the United Kingdom. Edinburgh, Bradfute & Bell, xxiii + 565 pp.
Gordon, D.P. (1984) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Bryozoa: Gymnolaemata from the Kermadec Ridge. New Zealand. Oceanographic Institute Memoirs, 91, 1–198.
Gordon, D.P. (1986) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Bryozoa: Gymnolaemata (Ctenostomata and Cheilostomata Anasca) from the western South Island continental shelf and slope. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoirs, 95, 1–121.
Gordon, D.P., Taylor, P.D. & Bigey, F.P. (2009) Phylum Bryozoa. In: Gordon, D.P. (Ed.), New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Volume One. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. Christchurch, Canterbury University Press, pp. 271–297.
Gosse, P.H. (1855) Notes on some new or little-known animals. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 16(2), 27–36, pls 3, 4.
Grischenko, A.V., Seo, J.E. & Min, B.S. (2010) Flustrellidra armata (Bryozoa: Ctenostomatida)—a new species from the southern shoreline of Korea. Zootaxa, 2684, 25–35.
Chimenz Gusso, C., d'Hondt, J.-L., Nicoletti, L. & Galluzzo Cuscani, G. (1998) Finding of Arachnoidea (Arachnoidella) protecta (Harmer, 1915) (Bryozoa Ctenostomatida, Arachnidiidae) in the Mediterranean Sea. Italian Journal of Zoology, 65, 235–238.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11250009809386751
Harmer, S.F. (1915) The Polyzoa of the Siboga Expedition. Part 1. Entoprocta, Ctenostomata and Cyclostomata. Siboga-Expeditie, 28a, i-vi, 1–180, pls 1–12.
Hayward, P.H. (1985) Ctenostome bryozoans. Synopses of the British Fauna, n. s., 33, 1–169.
Heller, C. (1867) Die Bryozoen des adriatischen Meeres. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 17, 77–136.
Hincks, T. (1851) Notes on British zoophytes, with descriptions of some new species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 8 (2), 353–362.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03745486109494986
Hincks, T. (1877) On British Polyzoa.—Part II. Classification. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 20(4), 520–532.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222937708682275
Hincks, T. (1880) A History of the British Marine Polyzoa. London, John Van Voorst, cxli + 601 pp., 83 pls.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.3978
Hirose, M. (2017) Diversity of freshwater and marine bryozoans in Japan. In: Motokawa M. & Kajihara H. (Eds) Species Diversity of Animals in Japan. Diversity and Commonality in Animals. Springer, Tokyo, pp. 629–649.
Hirose, M. & Mawatari, S.F. (2011) Freshwater Bryozoa of Lake Biwa, Japan. Species Diversity, 16, 1–37.
Hondt, J.-L. d’ (1979) Révision des Bryozoaires de Lesueur et Péron conservés dans les collections du Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Bulletin Trimestriel de la Société Géologique de Normandie et des Amis du Muséum du Havre, 66, 9–24.
Hondt, J.-L. d’ (1983) Tabular keys for identification of the Recent ctenostomatous Bryozoa. Memoires de l’Institut Océanographique, Monaco, 14, 1–134.
Hondt, J.-L. d’ (1991) The Bryozoa of the Lamouroux Collection. In: Bigey, F.P. (Ed.), Bryozoaires Actuels et Fossiles: Bryozoa Living and Fossil. Bulletin de la Société des Sciences Naturelles de l’Ouest de la France, Mémoire HS, 1, 161–168.
Hondt, J.-L. d’ (2005) Les premiers bryozoologues et la connaissance des bryozoaires de Rondelet à Linneus. Denisia 16, zugleich Kataloge der OÖ, Landesmseen Neue Serie, 28, 329–350.
Hondt, J.-L. d’ & Mawatari, S.F. (1986) Les Alcyonidium (Bryozoa, Ctenostomida) des côtes du Japon. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 8A, 457–469.
Hondt, J.-L. d’ & Mawatari, S.F. (1987) Description de deux nouvelles espèces d'Arachnoidea (Bryozoa, Ctenostomatida) provenant de la campagne océanographique KAIKO I (Japon). Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 28, 373–380.
Hondt, J-L d’ & Schopf, T.J.M. (1988) Bryozoaires des grandes profondeurs recueillis lors 1961 à 1968. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 6, 907–973.
Hudson, W.H. (1778) Flora Anglica, exhibens plantas per regnum Angli sponte crescents, distributas secundum systema sexuale: cum differentiis specierum, synonymis auctorum, nominibus incolarum, solo locorum, tempore florendi, officinalibus pharmacopaeorum. London, J. Nourse & C. Moran, xxxviii + 690 pp.
Jebram, D. (1973) Stolonen-Entwicklung und Systematik bei den Bryozoa Ctenostomata. Zeitschrift für zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, 11(1), 1–48.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0469.1973.tb00131.x
Jelly, E.C. (1889) A Synonymic Catalogue of Recent Marine Bryozoa. London, Dulau & Co., xv + 322 pp.
Johnston, G. (1838) A History of the British Zoophytes. Edinburgh, W.H. Lizars, 341 pp.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.4834
Johnston, G. (1847) A History of the British Zoophytes. 2nd edn. London, John Van Voorst, xvi + 488 pp., 74 pls.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.19627
Jung, K.J., Wöss, E., Chae, H.S. & Seo, J.E. (2017) Gymnolaemate bryozoans in fresh and brackish water of South Korea: occurrence, taxonomical remarks and zoogeographical implications. Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity, 33, 37–44.
Kent, W.S. (1870) On a new polyzoon, “Victorella pavida” from the Victoria Docks. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, n. s., 10, 34–39.
Kubanin, A. (1992) New bryozoan species (Gymnolaemata, Ctenostomata) from the Japan Sea. Zoologcheskii Zhurnal, 71, 19–31. [In Russian]
Lamarck, J.B.P.A. de (Ed.), Histoire naturelle des Animaux sans Vertèbres … precede d’une introduction offrant la détermination des caractères essentiels de l’animal, sa distinction du végétal et des autres corps naturels, enfin, l’exposition des principes fondamentaux de la zoologie. Tome Deuxième. Histoire des Polypes. Paris, J.B. Baillère, 684 pp.
Lamouroux, J.V.F. (1812) Extrait d’un mémoire sur la classification des Polypiers coralligènes non entièrement pierreux. Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences, par la Société Philomathique de Paris, 3, 181–188.
Lamouroux, J.V.F. (1813) Essai sur les genres de la famille des Thalassiophytes non articulées. Annales du Musée National d'Histoire Naturelle, 20, 267–293.
Lamouroux, J.V.F. (1824) Amathie. Encyclopédie d’Histoire Naturelle des Zoophytes ou Animaux rayonnés, 95, 42–45.
Leidy, J. (1855) Contributions towards a knowledge of the marine invertebrate fauna of the coasts of Rhode Island and New Jersey. Journal of the Academy of Natural Science Philadelphia, 3(2), 135–152.
Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 10th Edn. Holmiae, Laurentii Salvii, 824 pp.
Liu, X., Yin & Ma, J. (2001) Biology of Marine-Fouling Bryozoans in the Coastal Waters of China. Science Press, Beijing, 860 pp., 82 pls.
Livingstone, A.A. (1927) Studies on Australian Bryozoa. No. 5. A check list of the marine Bryozoa of Queensland. Records of the Australian Museum, 16, 50–69.
Marcus, E. (1938) Bryozoários marinhos brasileiros 2. Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras da Universidade São Paulo, Zoologia, 2, 1–196, 29 pls.
Mawatari, S. (1948) Bryozoan fauna of Matsushima Bay, northern Honshu, Japan (Preliminary Report). Proceedings of the Biogeographical Society of Japan, 2, 1–5.
Mawatari, S. (1952) Bryozoa of Kii Peninsula. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 2, 261–288.
Mawatari, S. (1962) Bryozoa of the eastern shore of Noto Peninsula. Annual Report of the Noto Marine Laboratory of the Faculty of Science, University of Kanazawa, 3, 5–10.
Mawatari, S.F. (1953) Studies on Japanese ctenostomatous Bryozoa, I. On some species of Carnosa. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 3, 213–220, pls 10–12.
Mawatari, S.F. (1971) Three species of Flustrellidra (Bryozoa, Ctenostomata) from Hokkaido. Journal of the Faculty of Science of Hokkaido University, Series 6, Zoology, 18, 227–234.
Mawatari, S.F. (1972) A new species of the genus Bowerbankia (Bryozoa, Ctenostomata) from Hokkaido. Journal of the Faculty of Science of Hokkaido University, Series 6, Zoology, 18, 300–304.
Migotto, A.E., Vieira, L.M. & Winston, J.E. (2011) Bryozoa. In: Amaral, A.C.Z. & Nallin, S.A.H. (Org.), Biodiversidade e Ecossistemas Bentônicos Marinhos do Litoral Norte de São Paulo, Sudeste do Brasil. Campinas, IB/UNICAMP, pp. 265–272.
Okada, Y. (1925) Alcyonidium (Paralcyonidium) vermiculare, a new subgenus and species of ctenostomatous Bryozoa. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 10, 281–284.
Okada, Y. & Mawatari, S. (1938) On the collection of Bryozoa along the coast of Wakayam-ken, the middle part of Honsyu, Japan. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 17, 445–462.
Orbigny, A.D. d’ (1851–1854) Paléontologie française. Description des Mollusques et Rayonnés fossils. Terrains crétacés, V. Bryozoaires. Paris, Victor Masson, pp. 1–188 (1851), 185 bis–472 (1852), 473–984 (1853), 985–1192 (1854), pls 600–800.
Pohowsky, R.A. (1978) The boring ctenostomate Bryozoa: taxonomy and paleobiology based on cavities in calcareous substrata. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 73, 1–192, pls 1–24.
Rho, B.J. & Kim, H.K. (1981) A study on the marine bryozoans in Korea 3. Stenolaemata and Gymnolaemata. Journal of Korean Research Institute for Better Living, 27, 57–80.
Rho, B.J. & Seo, J.E. (1986) A systematic study on the marine bryozoans in Cheju-do. Korean Journal of Zoology, 29, 31–60.
Schopf, T.J.M. 1969. Geographic and depth distribution of the Phylum Ectoprocta from 200 to 6,000 meters. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 113 (6), 464–474.
Seo, J.E. (1998) Taxonomy of the freshwater bryozoans from Korea. Korean Journal of Systematic Zoology, 14, 371–381.
Seo, J.E. (2005) Bryozoa. Illustrated Encyclopedia of Fauna and Flora of Korea, 40, 1–596. [In Korean]
Seo, J.E. (2011) Bryozoa: Phylactolaemata, Stenolaemata, Gymnolaemata: Ctenostomata, Cheilostomata: Ascophora II. — Bryozoans. Invertebrate Fauna of Korea, 29, 1–107.
Seo, J.E., Wöss, E. & Gordon, D.P. (2016) Woosuk University hosts bryozoology visits. International Bryozoology Association Bulletin, 12 (3), 9–10.
Silén, L. (1942) Carnosa and Stolonifera (Bryozoa) collected by Prof. Dr. Sixten Bock’s expedition to Japan and the Bonin Islands 1914. Arkiv för Zoologi, 34A (8), 1–33.
Silén, L. (1946) On two new groups of Bryozoa living in the shells of molluscs. Arkiv för Zoologi, 38B, 1–7.
Soule, J.D. (1950) Penetrantiidae and Immergentiidae from the Pacific (Bryozoa: Ctenostomata). Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 69, 359–367.
Soule, J.D. & Soule, D.F. (1969) Three new species of burrowing bryozoans (Ectoprocta) from the Hawaiian islands. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, 78, 1–9.
Ström, R. (1977) Brooding patterns of bryozoans. In: Woollacott, R.M. & Zimmer, R.L. (Eds), Biology of Bryozoans. New York, Academic Press, pp. 23–55.
Toriumi, M. (1941) Studies on freshwater Bryozoa of Japan. II. Freshwater Bryozoa of Tyôsen (Korea). Science Reports of the Tôhoku Imperial University, 16 (4), 413–425.
Vieira, L.M., Migotto, A.E. & Winston, J.E. (2014) Ctenostomatous Bryozoa from São Paulo, Brazil, with descriptions of twelve new species. Zootaxa, 3889 (4), 485–524.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3889.4.2
Winston, J.E. (1977) Distribution and ecology of estuarine ectoprocts: a critical review. Chesapeake Science, 34–57.
Winston, J.E. (1982) Marine bryozoans (Ectoprocta) of the Indian River area, Florida. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 173, 99–176.
Winston, J.E. & Hayward, P.J. (2012) The marine bryozoans of the Northeast coast of the United States: Maine to Virginia. Virginia Museum of Natural History Memoir, 11, i–xii, 1–180.