Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Type: Article
Published: 2016-08-02
Page range: 1–35
Abstract views: 188
PDF downloaded: 1

Porphyrocrinus daniellalevyae n. sp. (Echinodermata: Crinoidea), a sea lily from the tropical western Atlantic with a unique crown pattern

Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University, 8000 North Ocean Drive, Dania Beach, FL 33004
Echinodermata Porphyrocrinus stalked Crinoidea sea lily unique morphology Bahamas

Abstract

Porphyrocrinus daniellalevyae, new species, is described from irregular, hard-substrate, deep island slope habitats in the tropical western Atlantic Ocean (northwestern Bahamas and, probably, Honduras). It represents the first record of the genus from the western Atlantic, and is the first crinoid, living or fossil, known to gradually increase its number of rays with increasing size and, ostensibly, growth. The four known specimens have 8, 12, 14 and 15 radial ossicles, which give rise to undivided arms. The method of augmentation is unknown, although the possibility of autotomy of one and regrowth of two in its place is discussed. Augmentation of radial number may also account for the absence of an aboral nerve ring associated with the radial ring, unlike the arrangement in almost all living crinoids in which the nervous system has been examined. Ligamentary articulations (trifascial synarthries) exhibit fulcral ridge-and groove architecture between arm ossicle pairs that remains to be described for other members of the genus. The species also exhibits a filamentous arm tip lacking pinnules that has only been described for one other species of Porphyrocrinus.

 

References

  1. Améziane, N. (1997) Echinodermata Crinoidea: Les Pentacrines récoltées lors de la campagne KARUBAR en Indonésie. In: Crosnier, A. & Bouchet, P. (Eds.), Résultats des Campagnes Musorstom 16. Mémoires Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, 172, 627–667.

    Améziane, N. (2007) Echinodermata of New Caledonia. In: Payri, C.E. & Richer de Forges, B. (Eds.), Compendium of marine species of New Caledonia. Doc. Sci. Tech. 117, 2nd edition, IRD Nouméa, pp. 337–347.

    Améziane, N. & Roux, M. (2001) The seamount crinoid fauna off southern Tasmania (preliminary results). In: Barker, M. (Ed.), Echinoderms 2000, Proceedings of the 10th International Conference, Dunedin, 31 January–4 February 2000. Balkema, Rotterdam, p. 131.

    Bohn, J.M. & Heinzeller, T. (1999) Morphology of the bourgueticrinid and isocrinid aboral nervous system and its possible phylogenetic implications (Echinodermata, Crinoidea). Acta Zoologica, 80 (3), 241–249.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1463-6395.1999.00022.x

    Bourseau, J.-P. & Roux, M. (1989) Echinodermes: Crinoïdes Pentacrinidae (MUSORSTOM 2 & CORINDON 2). In: Forest, J. (Ed.), Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM, vol 4. Mémoires Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, (A), 143, 113–201.

    Bourseau, J.P., Améziane-Cominardi, N., Avocat, R. & Roux, M. (1991) Echinodermata : Les Crinoïdes pédonculés de Nouvelle-Calédonie. In: Crosnier, A. (Ed.), Résultats des Campagnes Musorstom 8. Mémoires Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, (A) 151, 229–333.

    Bowden, D.A., Schiaparelli, S., Clark, M.R. & Rickard, G.J. (2011) A lost world? Archaic crinoid-dominated assemblages on an Antarctic seamount. Deep-Sea Research II, 58,119–127.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.09.006

    Breimer, A. (1978) General morphology, recent crinoids. In: Moore, R.C. & Teichert, C. (Eds.), Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, Part T, Echinodermata 2, Crinoidea 1. Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, pp. T9–T59.

    Buhl-Mortensen, L. (2009) Sjøgriser og blå sjøpølser mellom sjøliljer på 2700 m dyp. Havforskningsinstituttet (Institute of Marine Research). Avaliable from: http://www.imr.no/nyhetsarkiv/2009/oktober/sjogriser_og_bla_sjopolser_mellom_sjol
    iljer_pa_2700_m_dyp/nb-no (Accessed 1 Aug. 2016)

    Cairns, S.D. (1979) The deep-water Scleractinia of the Caribbean Sea and adjacent waters. Studies on the fauna of Curaçao and other Caribbean Islands, no. 180, 1–341.

    Carpenter, P.H. (1879) Preliminary report upon the Comatulae of the Challenger Expedition. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 28, 383–395.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1878.0144

    Carpenter, P.H. (1884) Report on the Crinoidea collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger, during the years 1873–1876. Part I. The Stalked Crinoids. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–76, Zoology, 11 (32), xii + 442, 62 pls.

    Carpenter, P.H. (1884b) On a new crinoid from the Southern Sea. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 174, 919–933, pl. 71.

    Carpenter, P.H. (1888) Report on the Crinoidea, Second Part—The Comatulae. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–76, Zoology, 26 (60), 400 p., 6 fig., 70 pl.

    Carpenter, P.H. & Etheridge, R. Jr. (1881) Contributions to the study of the British Paleozoic crinoids, 1, On Allagecrinus, the representative of the Carboniferous limestone series. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (series 5) 7, 281–298, pl. 15–16.

    Clark, A.H. (1907a) Two new crinoids from the North Pacific Ocean. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 32, 507–512.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.32-1543.507

    Clark, A.H. (1907b) Description of new species of recent unstalked crinoids from the coast of northeastern Asia. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 33, 127–156.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.33-1561.127

    Clark, A.H. (1908a) Notice of some crinoids in the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Harvard University. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, 51 (8), 233–248, pl. 1–2.

    Clark, A.H.. (1908b) Description of new species of crinoids, chiefly from the collections made by U.S. Fisheries steamer “Albatross” at the Hawaiian Islands in 1902; with remarks on the classification of the Comatulida. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 34, 209–239.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.34-1608.209

    Clark, A.H. (1909) Four new species of the crinoid genus Rhizocrinus. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 36 (1693), 673–676.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.36-1693.673

    Clark, A.H. (1911) On a collection of unstalked crinoids made by the United States Fisheries steamer “Albatross” in the vicinity of the Philippine Islands. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 39, 529–563.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.39-1798.529

    Clark, A.H. (1915a) A monograph of the existing crinoids, 1 (1). Bulletin of the United States National Museum, (82), vi + 406, 17 pls.

    Clark, A.H. (1915b) Die Crinoiden der Antarktis. Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903, 16. Zoologie 8,102–210, pl. 2–10.

    Clark, A.H. (1923) Crinoidea. The Danish Ingolf-Expedition, 4 (5), 1–60. Copenhagen.

    Clark, A.H. (1950) A monograph of the existing crinoids,1 (4c). Bulletin of the United States National Museum, (82), 1–383, 32 pls.

    Clark, A.H. & Clark, A.M. (1967) A monograph of the existing crinoids, 1 (5). Bulletin of the United States National Museum, (82), 1–860.

    Clark, A.M. (1970) Echinodermata Crinoidea. Marine Invertebrates of Scandinavia no. 3. Universitetsforlaget, Oslo. 55 p.

    Clark, A.M. (1973) Some new taxa of recent stalked Crinoidea. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), 25 (7), 267–288, 6 fig., pl. 1–2.

    Clark, A.M. (1982) Inter-relationships of recent stalked non-isocrinid Crinoidea. Memoirs of the Australian Museum, Sydney, 16, 121–128.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1967.16.1982.361

    Cohen, B.L., Améziane, N., Eléaume, M. & Richer de Forges, B. (2004) Crinoid phylogeny: A preliminary analysis. Marine Biology, 144, 605–617, 3 fig.

    David, J., Roux, M., Messing, C.G. & Améziane, N. (2006) Revision of the pentacrinid stalked crinoids of the genus Endoxocrinus (Echinodermata, Crinoidea), with a study of environmental control of characters and its consequences for taxonomy. Zootaxa, 1156, 1–50

    Donovan, S.K. & Pawson, D.L. (1994) Skeletal morphology and palaeontological significance of the stem of extant Phrynocrinus nudus Clark, A.H. (Echinodermata: Crinoidea). Journal of Paleontology, 68, 1336–1343, 6 fig.

    Eléaume, M., Bohn, J-M., Roux, M. & Améziane, N. (2012) Stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) collected by the R/V Polarstern and Meteor in the South Atlantic and in Antarctica. Zootaxa, 3425, 1–22.

    Eléaume, M., Hemery, L.G., Bowden, D.A., & Roux, M. (2011) A large new species of the genus Ptilocrinus (Echinodermata, Crinoidea, Hyocrinidae) from Antarctic seamounts. Polar Biology, 34 (9), 1385–1397.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-011-0993-2

    Düben, M.W. von & Koren, J. (1846) Öfversigt af Skandinaviens Echinodermer. Kungl. Svenska veteskapsakademiens handlingar för år 1844, 229–328, pls. 4–9

    Gislén, T. (1924) Echinoderm Studies. Zoologiska bidrag fran Uppsala, 9, 1–316.

    Gislén, T. (1925) Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen’s Pacific Expedition. 1914–1916. XXVI. Two stalked crinoids from the Kei Islands. Videnskabelige Meddelelser frå Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i København, 79, 85–95.

    Gislén, T. (1927) Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen’s Pacific Expedition 1914–16. 37. Japanese crinoids. Videnskabelige Meddelelser frå Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i København, 83, 1–69, fig. 1–80, pl. 1–2.

    Gislén, T. (1933) Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen’s Pacific Expedition. 1914–1916. LXVII. A small collection of crinoids from St. Helena. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i København, 93, 475–483.

    Hemery, L.G., Roux, M., Améziane, N. & Eléaume, M. (2013) High-resolution crinoid phyletic inter-relationships derived from molecular data. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 54, 511–523

    Hess, H. (2011) Bourgueticrinina. In: Hess, H. & Messing, C.G.; Ausich, W.I. (coordinating author), Selden P. (Ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part T, Echinodermata 2 Revised, Crinoidea, vol. 3. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, pp. 146–158.

    Hess, H. & Messing, C.G. (2011) Ausich, W.I. (coordinating author), Selden, P. (Ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part T, Echinodermata 2 Revised, Crinoidea 3. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, pp. xxix + 261.

    Hyman, L.H. (1955) The Invertebrates: Echinodermata, the coelomate Bilateria. McGraw-Hill, New York. viii + 763 p.

    Johnsen, S., Frank, T.M., Haddock, S.H.D., Widder, E.A. & Messing, C.G. (2012) Light and vision in the deep-sea benthos: I. Bioluminescence at 500–1000 m depth in the Bahamian Islands. Journal of Experimental Biology, 215, 3335–3343.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.072009

    Lamarck, J.B.P.A. de M. de. (1816) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres, vol. 2. Published by the author. Paris. 568 p.

    Macurda, D.B. Jr. & Meyer, D.L. (1974) Feeding posture of modern stalked crinoids. Nature, 247, 394–396.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/247394a0

    Macurda, D.B. Jr. & Meyer, D.L. (1976) The morphology and life habits of the abyssal crinoid Bathycrinus aldrichianus Wyville Thomson and its paleontological implications. Journal of Paleontology, 50, 647–667, 5 fig., 5 pl.

    Macurda, D.B. Jr., Meyer, D.L. & Roux, M. (1978) The crinoid stereom. In: Moore, R.C. & Teichert, C. (Eds.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part T, Echinodermata 2 (1). Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO. pp. T217–T228.

    McClintock, J.B. & Pearse, J.S. (1987) Reproductive biology of the common antarctic crinoid Promachocrinus kerguelensis (Echinodermata: Crinoidea). Marine Biology, 96 (3), 375–383.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00412521

    McKnight, D.G. (1979) Phrynocrinus nudus A.H. Clark—a stalked crinoid new to New Zealand waters. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 13 (4), 497–499.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288330.1979.9515826

    Messing, C.G. (2007) The crinoid fauna (Echinodermata: Crinoidea) of Palau. Pacific Science, 61 (1), 91–111.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/psc.2007.0010

    Messing, C.G. (2013) A revision of the genus Atelecrinus PH Carpenter (Echinodermata: Crinoidea). Zootaxa, 3681 (1), 1–43.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3681.1.1

    Messing, C.G., Neumann, A.C. & Lang, J.C. (1990) Biozonation of deep-water lithoherms and associated hardgrounds in the northeastern Straits of Florida. Palaios, 5 (1), 15–33. Avaliable from: http://palaios.geoscienceworld.org/content/5/1/15 (Accessed 1 Aug. 2016)

    Meyer, D.L., Messing, C.G. & Macurda, D.B. Jr. (1978) Zoogeography of tropical western Atlantic Crinoidea. Bulletin of Marine Science, 28, 412–441.

    Mironov, A.N. (2008) Stalked crinoids of the family Bathycrinidae (Echinodermata) from the eastern Pacific. Invertebrate Zoology, 5 (2), 133–153.

    Mironov, A.N. & Pawson, D.L. (2010) A new genus and species of Western Atlantic sea lily in the family Septocrinidae (Echinodermata: Crinoidea: Bourgueticrinida). Zootaxa, 2449, 49–68.

    Mironov, A.N. & Pawson, D.L. (2014) A new species of Western Atlantic sea lily in the family Bathycrinidae (Echinodermata: Crinoidea), with a discussion of relationships between crinoids with xenomorphic stalks. Zootaxa, 3873 (3), 259–274.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3873.3.5

    Moore, R.C., Lane, N.G., Strimple, H.L., Sprinkle, J. & Fay, R.O. (1978) Inadunata. In: Moore, R.C. & Teichert, C. (Eds.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part T, Echinodermata 2, Crinoidea 2. Geological Society of America, Boulder CO, and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence KS. pp. T520–T759.

    Neumann, A.C., Kofoed, J.W. & Keller, G.H. (1977) Lithoherms in the Straits of Florida. Geology, 5, 4–10. Avaliable from: http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/5/1/4.full.pdf (Accessed 1 Aug. 2016)

    Nichols, D. (1969) Echinoderms (4th ed.). Hutchinson University Library, London. 192 pp.

    NOAA Okeanos Explorer (2015) Avaliable from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bathycrinidae.jpg (Accessed 1 Aug. 2016)

    Pourtalès, L.F. de (1874) On a new species of Rhizocrinus from Barbados. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, 4 (8), 27–31, pl. 5.

    Rasmussen, H.W. (1978) Articulata. In: Moore, R.C. & Teichert, C. (Eds.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part T, Echinodermata 2, Crinoidea 3. Geological Society of America, Boulder CO, and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence KS. pp. T813–1027.

    Rouse, G.W., Jermiin, L.S., Wilson, N.G., Eeckhaut, I., Lanterbecq, D., Oji, T., Young, C.M., Browning, T., Cisternas, P., Helgen, L.E., Stuckey, M. & Messing, C.G. (2013) Fixed, free, and fixed: the fickle phylogeny of extant Crinoidea (Echinodermata) and their Permian-Triassic origin. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 66 (1), 161–81.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.09.018

    Roux, M. (1977) Les Bourgueticrinina (Crinoidea) recueillis par la "Thalassa" dans le golfe de Gascogne: anatomie comparée des pédonculés et systématique. Bulletin du Muséum national d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, série 3, 426, 325–384.

    Roux, M. (1985) Les crinoïdes pédonculés (Echinodermes) de l’Atlantique N.E.: Inventaire, écologie et biogéographie. In: Laubier, L. & Monniot, C. (Eds.), Peuplements profonds du golfe de Gascogne. Campagnes BIOGAS. Ifremer. pp. 479–489.

    Roux, M. (1987) Evolutionary ecology and biogeography of recent stalked crinoids as a model for the fossil record. In: Jangoux, M. & Lawrence, J.M. (Eds.), Echinoderm Studies 2. Balkema, Rotterdam. pp. 1–53, 34 fig.

    Roux, M., Messing, C.G. & Améziane, N. (2002) Artificial keys to the genera of living stalked crinoids (Echinodermata). Bulletin of Marine Science, 70 (3), 799–830.

    Roux, M. and Montenat, C. (1977) Sites à Crinoïdes pédonculés et bathymétrie des bassins messiniens dans les Cordillières bétiques orientales (Espagne méridionale). Bulletin de la Société géologique de France, 19 (2), 405–416.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.S7-XIX.2.405

    Sars, M. (1868) Mémoires pour servir à la connaissance des Crinoïdes vivants; I: Du Rhizocrinus lofotensis M. Sars, nouveau genre vivant des crinoïdes pédicellés, dits lis de mer; II: Du pentacrinoïde de l’Antedon Sarsii (Alecto) Düben et Koren. Brøgger & Christie. Christiania. 65 pp., 6 pl.

    Sladen, W.P. (1881) In: Duncan, P.M. & Sladen, W.P. A Memoir on the Echinodermata of the Arctic Sea to the West of Greenland. London. viii + 82 pp., 6 pls.

    Soto, L. (1985) Distributional patterns of deep-water brachyuran crabs in the Straits of Florida. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 5 (3), 480–499.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1547920

    Springer, F. (1923) On the fossil crinoid family Catillocrinidae. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collection, 76 (3), 1–41, pls. 1–5.

    Tunnicliffe, V., Roux, M., Eléaume, M. & Schornagel, D. (2015) The stalked crinoid fauna (Echinodermata) of the Molucca and Celebes Seas, Indonesia: taxonomic diversity and observations from remotely operated vehicle imagery. Marine Biodiversity, 1–24.

    Wilson, H.E. (1916) Evolution of the Basal Plates in Monocyclic Crinoidea Camerata. II. The Journal of Geology, 24 (6), 533–553.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/622384