Abstract
Transversotrema licinum Manter, 1970 was described from two species of fishes from Moreton Bay, Queensland, and sub-sequently reported from 13 further species from six families in the Indo–West Pacific region. This study records specimensmorphologically similar to T. licinum from 48 fish species from 11 families. A combined analysis of the second internaltranscribed spacer region (ITS2) of ribosomal DNA and morphological data revealed a complex of at least 15 species andfrom these data ten new species of Transversotrema Witenberg, 1944 are described here. T. licinum sensu stricto is char-acterised in terms of morphology, distinct genotype, wide host distribution (Kyphosidae, Lutjanidae, Monodactylidae,Mugilidae, Pomacentridae and Sparidae) and, at present, is known only in Moreton Bay. The following new species areproposed: T. atkinsoni n. sp. from nemipterids from Heron Island (southern GBR) and Ningaloo Reef (Western Australia);T. borboleta n. sp. from chaetodontids and lutjanines (Lutjanidae) from Lizard Island and Heron Island; T. cardinalis n.sp. from lutjanines and a haemulid from Lizard Island; T. carmenae n. sp. from nemipterids from Lizard Island; T. dam-sella n. sp. from pomacentrids, a labrid and a mugilid from Lizard Island; T. espanola n. sp. from lutjanines from Heronand Lizard Islands; T. fusilieri n. sp. from caesionines (Lutjanidae) from Lizard Island; T. manteri n. sp. from caesioninesfrom Lizard Island and Ningaloo Reef; T. nova n. sp. from a nemipterid from New Caledonia; and T. witenbergi n. sp.from caesionines from Heron Island. Transversotrema borboleta n. sp. is itself probably a complex of at least three closelyrelated species but these are not yet sufficiently well delineated to allow separate descriptions. Four putative species re-ferred to as Species A–D recognised from molecular analysis have not been described because of insufficient data. Mostspecies are evidently strongly restricted to families or subfamilies of fishes. Only T. licinum appears to be genuinely eu-ryxenic. Transversotrema borboleta infects chaetodontids and lutjanids but the nature of the distribution may be an indi-cation that it represents a species complex. Most of the species appear to have restricted ranges, being absent from susceptible host species at some localities.References
Anderson, G. & Barker, S. (1998) Inference of phylogeny and taxonomy within the Didymozoidae (Digenea) from the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) of ribosomal DNA. Systematic Parasitology, 41, 87–94.
Blair, D., Agatsuma, T., Watanobe, T., Okamoto, M. & Ito, A. (1997) Geographical genetic structure within the human lung fluke, Paragonimus westermani, detected from DNA sequences. Parasitology, 115, 411–417.
Blair, D., Campos, A., Cummings, M.P. & Laclette, J.P. (1996) Evolutionary biology of parasitic platyhelminths: The role of molecular phylogenetics. Parasitology Today, 12, 66–71.
Blasco-Costa, I., Balbuena, J.A., Raga, J.A., Kostadinova, A. & Olson, P.D. (2009) Molecules and morphology reveal cryptic variation among digeneans infecting sympatric mullets in the Mediterranean. Parasitology, 137, 287–302.
Bowles, J. & McManus, D.P. (1993) Rapid discrimination of Echinococcus species and strains using a polymerase chain reaction-based RFLP method. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 57, 231–240.
Bray, R.A. (1990) Hemiuridae (Digenea) from marine fishes of the southern Indian Ocean: Dinurinae, Elytrophallinae, Glomericirrinae and Plerurinae. Systematic Parasitology, 17, 183–217.
Bray, R.A. (1991) Hemiuridae (Digenea) from marine fishes of the southern Indian Ocean: Genus Lecithochirium Luhe, 1901 (Lecithochiriinae). Systematic Parasitology, 18, 193–219.
Bray, R.A., Cribb, T.H. & Barker, S.C. (1993) Hemiuridae (Digenea) from marine fishes f the Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia. Systematic Parasitology, 25, 37–62.
Chambers, C.B. & Cribb, T.H. (2006) Phylogeny, evolution and biogeography of the Quadrifoliovariinae Yamaguti, 1965 (Digenea: Lecithasteridae). Systematic Parasitology, 63, 61–82.
Cribb, T.H. (1988) Life cycle and biology of Prototransversotrema steeri Angel, 1969 (Digenea: Transversotrematidae). Australian Journal of Zoology, 36, 111–129.
Cribb, T.H. (2002) Superfamily Transversotrematidae Witenberg, 1944. In: Gibson, D.I., Jones, A. & Bray, R.A. (Eds.) Keys to the Trematoda. CAB International, Wallingford, pp. 469–473.
Cribb, T.H., Anderson, G.R., Adlard, R.D. & Bray, R.A. (1998) A DNA-based demonstration of a three-host life-cycle for the Bivesiculidae (Platyhelminthes: Digenea). International Journal for Parasitology, 28, 1791–1795.
Cribb, T.H. & Bray, R.A. (2010) Gut-wash, body soak, blender and heat fixation approaches to the effective collection, fixation and preservation of trematodes of fishes. Systematic Parasitology, 76, 1–7.
Cribb, T.H., Bray, R.A. & Barker, S.C. (1992) A review of the family Transversotrematidae (Trematoda: Digenea) with the description of a new genus, Crusziella. Invertebrate Taxonomy, 6, 909–935.
Cribb, T.H., Bray, R.A., Barker, S.C., Adlard, R.D. & Anderson, G. (1994) Ecology and diversity of digenean trematodes of reef and inshore fishes of Queensland. International Journal for Parasitology, 24, 851–860.
Cutmore, S.C., Bennett, M.B. & Cribb, T.H. (2010) Staphylorchis cymatodes (Gorgoderidae: Anaporrhutinae) from carcharhiniform, orectolobiform and myliobatiform elasmobranchs of Australasia: low host specificity, wide distribution and morphological plasticity. Parasitology International, 59, 579–586.
Downie, A.J., Bray, R.A., Jones, B.E.H. & Cribb, T.H. (2011) Taxonomy, host-specificity and biogeography of Symmetrovesicula Yamaguti, 1938 (Digenea: Fellodistomidae) from chaetodontids (Teleostei: Perciformes) in the tropical Indo-west Pacific region. Systematic Parasitology, 78, 1–18.
Galazzo, D.E., Dayanandan, S., Marcogliese, D.J. & McLaughlin, J.D. (2002) Molecular systematics of some North American species of Diplostomum (Digenea) based on rDNA-sequence data and comparisons with European congeners. Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne De Zoologie, 80, 2207–2217.
Grutter, A.S. (1994) Spatial and temporal variations of the ectoparasites of 7 reef fish species from Lizard Island and Heron Island, Australia. Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 115, 21–30.
Hall, K.A. & Cribb, T.H. (2004) Ptychogyliauchen, a new genus of Gyliauchenidae (Platyhelminthes: Digenea) from siganid fishes of the Indo-West Pacific. Invertebrate Systematics, 18, 607–625.
Hall, K.A. & Cribb, T.H. (2008) Revision of Flagellotrema Ozaki, 1936 (Digenea, Gyliauchenidae Fukui, 1929), including the description of two species from acanthuroid fishes from the Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia. Zootaxa, 1–35.
Hayward, C.J. (1997) Helminth ectoparasites of sillaginid fishes (Perciformes: Percoidei) have low species richness. Folia Parasitologica, 44, 173–187.
Hunter, J.A. & Cribb, T.H. (2010) Transversotrematidae (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda) are rich and abundant on Indo-Pacific fishes. Zootaxa, 2652, 25–38.
Hunter, J.A., Ingram, E., Bray, R.A., Adlard, R.D. & Cribb, T.H. (2010) A cryptic complex of Transversotrema species (Digenea: Transversotrematidae) on labroid, haemulid and lethrinid fishes in the Indo–West Pacific Region, including the description of three new species. Zootaxa, 2442, 17–32.
Jousson, O. & Bartoli, P. (2001) Molecules, morphology and morphometrics of Cainocreadium labracis and Cainocreadium dentecis n. sp. (Digenea: Opecoelidae) parasitic in marine fishes. International Journal for Parasitology, 31, 706–714.
Keller, A., T., S., Schultz, J., Müller, T., Dandekar, T. & Wolf, M. (2009) 5.8S-28S rRNA interactions and HMM-based ITS2 annotation. Gene, 430, 50–57.
Lo, C.M., Morgan, J.A.T., Galzin, R. & Cribb, T.H. (2001) Identical digeneans in coral reef fishes from French Polynesia and the Great Barrier Reef (Australia) demonstrated by morphology and molecules. International Journal for Parasitology, 31, 1573–1578.
Locke, S.A., McLaughlin, J.D., Dayanandan, S. & Marcogliese, D.J. (2010) Diversity and specificity in Diplostomum spp. metacercariae in freshwater fishes revealed by cytochrome c oxidase I and internal transcribed spacer sequences. International Journal for Parasitology, 40, 333–343.
Manter, H.W., (1970) A new species of Transversotrema (Trematoda: Digenea) from marine fishes of Australia. Journal of Parasitology, 56, 486–489.
McNamara, M.K.A. & Cribb, T.H. (2011) Taxonomy, host specification and dietary implications of Hurleytrematoides (Digenea: Monorchiidae) from chaetodontid fishes on the Great Barrier Reef. Parasitology International, 60, 255–269.
Miller, T.L., Adlard, R.D., Bray, R.A., Justine, J.L. & Cribb, T.H. (2010) Cryptic species of Euryakaina (Digenea: Cryptogonimidae) from sympatric species of lutjanids in the Indo-West Pacific Systematic Parasitology, 77, 185–204.
Miller, T.L., Bray, R.A. & Cribb, T.H. (2011) Taxonomic approaches to and interpretation of host specificity of trematodes of fishes: lessons from the Great Barrier Reef. Parasitology 138, 1710–1722.
Miller, T.L. & Cribb, T.H. (2007a) Coevolution of Retrovarium n. gen. (Digenea: Cryptogonimidae) in Lutjanidae and Haemulidae (Perciformes) in the Indo-West Pacific. International Journal for Parasitology, 37, 1023–1045.
Miller, T.L. & Cribb, T.H. (2007b) Phylogenetic relationships of some common Indo-Pacific snappers (Perciformes: Lutjanidae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences, with comments on the taxonomic position of the Caesioninae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 44, 450–460.
Miller, T.L. & Cribb, T.H. (2007c) Two new cryptogonimid genera (Digenea: Cryptogonimidae) from Lutjanus bohar (Perciformes: Lutjanidae): analyses of ribosomal DNA reveals wide geographic distribution and presence of cryptic species. Acta Parasitologica, 52, 104–113.
Miller, T.L., Downie, A.J. & Cribb, T.H. (2009) Morphological disparity despite genetic similarity; new species of Lobosorchis Miller & Cribb, 2005 (Digenea: Cryptogonimidae) from the Great Barrier Reef and the Maldives. Zootaxa, 1922, 37–52.
Nolan, M.J. & Cribb, T.H. (2005) The use and implications of ribosomal DNA sequencing for the discrimination of digenean species. Advances in Parasitology, 60, 101–163.
Nolan, M.J. & Cribb, T.H. (2006a) Cardicola Short, 1953 and Braya n. gen. (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) from five families of tropical Indo-Pacific fishes. Zootaxa, 1218, 1–80.
Nolan, M.J. & Cribb, T.H. (2006b) An exceptionally rich complex of Sanguinicolidae von Graff, 1907 (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda) from Siganidae, Labridae and Mullidae (Teleostei: Perciformes) from the Indo-West Pacific Region. Zootaxa, 1265, 1–80.
Rambaut, A. (1996) Se-Al: Sequence Alignment Editor, version 2.0a9.
Rigby, M.C., Holmes, J.C., Cribb, T.H. & Morand, S. (1997) Patterns of species diversity in the gastrointestinal helminths of a coral reef fish, Epinephelus merra (Serranidae), from French Polynesia and the south Pacific Ocean. Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne De Zoologie, 75, 1818–1827.
Roubal, F.R. (1998) Observations on the seasonal occurrence of two species of transversotrematid Digenea parasitising the sparid fish Acanthopagrus australis in Moreton Bay, eastern Australia. Folia Parasitologica 45, 205–210.
Rozsa, L., Reiczigel, J. & Majoros, G. (2000) Quantifying parasites in samples of hosts. Journal of Parasitology, 86, 228–232.
Schultz, J., Müller, T., Achtziger, M., Seibel, P.N., Dandekar, T. & Wolf, M. (2006) The internal transcribed spacer 2 database - a web server for (not only) low level phylogenetic analysis. Nucleic Acids Research, 34, W704–707.
Sey, O., Nahhas, F.M., Uch, S. & Vang, C. (2003) Digenetic trematodes from marine fishes off the coast of Kuwait, Arabian Gulf: Fellodistomidae and some smaller families, new host and geographic records. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 49, 179–200.
Shen, J. (1990) Digenetic Trematodes of Marine Fishes from Hainan Island. Science Publications, Beijing, 228 pp.
Swofford, D.L. (1998) PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis using Parsimony (*and other methods) version 4.0b9. Sinauer Associates, Massachusetts
Tamura, K., Dudley, J., Nei, M. & Kumar, S. (2007) MEGA4: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 24, 1596–1599.
Thompson, J.D., Gibson, T.J., Plewniak, F., Jeanmougin, F. & Higgins, D.G. (1997) The CLUSTAL_X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Research, 25, 4876–4882.
Witenberg, G. (1944) Transversotrema haasi, a new fish trematode. Journal of Parasitology, 30, 179–180.