Abstract
A taxonomic review of the cosmopolitan genus Filellum was performed considering morphology, morphometry and cnidome. Species for which we had access to materials were redescribed and morphologically characterized based on optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The materials examined belong to museum collections, including type specimens. All records found in the literature were checked. Our analyses confirmed the validity of 10 out of the 18 nominal species referred to the genus, and established four others (F. adnatum, F. bouvieri, F. contortum and F. plicatum) as species inquirenda. A new species, Filellum bouvetensis sp. nov., is described. The species Reticularia annulata Watson, 1973, type species of the genus Corystolona Watson, 2002, has its type specimen referred to the genus Filellum, composing Filellum annulatum (Watson, 1973). We provide a key for the identification of the valid species of the genus Filellum.
References
Agassiz, A. (1865) North American Acalephae. Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy, at Harvard College, 2, 1–234.
Agassiz, L. (1862) Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of America. Little Brown and Company, Boston, 380 pp.
Allman, G.J. (1888) Report on the Hydroida dredged by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–76. Part II. The Tubularinae, Corymorphinae, Campanularinae, Sertularinae, and Thalamphora. Report on the scientific results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–76, 23, 1–90.
Altuna Prados, A. (1994) Estudio faunistico, ecologico y biogeografico de los cnidarios bentonicos de la costa vasca. PhD thesis. Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, 769 pp.
Antsulevich, A.E. (1987) Gidroidy shel’fa Kuril'skykh ostrovov (Hydroids from the shelf waters of Kurile Islands). Zoologicheskii Institut, Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Leningrad, 165 pp.
Antsulevich, A.E. & Vervoort, W. (1993) Some little-known species of hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Lafoeidae) and description of Papilionella pterophora gen. nov., spec. nov. (Sertulariidae). Zoologische Mededelingen, 67, 431–443.
Arndt, E.A. (1964) Die neue Brehm-Bücherei. Ziemsen-Verlag, Tiere der Ostsee, Lutherstadt Wittenberg, 197 pp.
Bedot, M. (1901) Matériaux pour server à l’histoire des hydroïdes. 1re période. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 9, 379–515.
Bedot, M. (1910) Matériaux pour servir à l’histoire des hydroïdes. 3me période. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 18, 189–490.
Berezina, N.A. (1948) Opredelitel’ fauny I flory severnykh morei SSSR. Sovetskaya Nauka, Otryad Leptolina, Moscow, 19 pp.
Billard, A. (1906) Mission des pêcheries de la côte occidentale d’Afrique. III. Hydroïdes. Actes de la Société Linnéenne de Bordeaux, 61, 173–180.
Briggs, E.A. (1938) Hydroida. Scientific Report of Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1911–1914, 9, 1–46.
Broch, H. (1909) Hydroiduntersuchungen. II. Zur Kenntnis der Gattungen Bonneviella und Lictorella. Nyt Magasin for Naturvidenskaberne, 47, 195–206.
Broch, H. (1913) Hydroida from the “Michael Sars” North Atlantic Deep-Sea Expedition 1910. Report on the Scientific Results of the Michael Sars North Atlantic Deep-Sea Expedition 1910, 3, 1–18.
Broch, H. (1918) Hydroida. The Danish Ingolf-Expedition, 5, 1–206.
Broch, H. (1928a) Tierwelt der Nord- und Ostee. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Becker & Erler, Leipizig, 100 pp.
Broch, H. (1928b) Die Tierwelt Deutschland und der angrenzenden Meeresteile nach ihren Merkmalen und nach ihrer Lebensweise. Verlag von Gustav Fischer, Jena, 66 pp.
Broch, H. (1933) Zur Kenntnis der adriatischen Hydroidenfauna von Split. Arten und Variationen. Skrifer utgitt av det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo, I. Matematisk-Naturvidenskapelig Klasse, 4, 1–115.
Bulliard, J.B.F. (1791) Histoire des champignons de la France. Leblanc, Paris, 83, 1–368.
Calder, D.R. (1991) Shallow-water hydroids of Bermuda: The Thecatae, exclusive of Plumularioidea. Royal Ontario Museum, Life Sciences Contributions, 154, 1–140.
Castric-Fey, A. (1973) Hydraires et Bryozoaires infralittoraux du plateau continental Sud-armoricain. I. Plateau de Rochebonne et Ile d’Yeu. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 14, 205–216.
Clark, S.F. (1876) Report on the hydroids collected on the coast of Alaska and the Aleutian islands by W.H. Dall, U.S. Coast Survey and party from 1871 to 1874 inclusive. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1876, 209–235.
Clarke, S.F. (1879) Report on the Hydroida collected during the Exploration of the Gulf Stream and Gulf of Mexico by Alexander Agassiz, 1877-78. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy at Harvard College, in Cambridge, 5, 239–252.
Cornelius, P.F.S. (1975) A revision of the species of Lafoeidae and Haleciidae (Coelenterata: Hydroida) recorded from Britain and nearby seas. The Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 28, 373–426.
Cornelius, P.F.S. (1982) Hydroids and medusae of the family Campanulariidae recorded from the eastern North Atlantic, with a world synopsis of genera. The Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 42, 37–148.
Cornelius, P.F.S. 1995. North-west European thecate hydroids and their medusae. Part 1. The Linnean Society of London and The Estuarine and Coastal Sciences Association, Shrewsbury, 346 pp.
Cornelius, P.F.S. & Calder, D. (1986) Filellum serpens (Hassall, 1848) (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa): proposed conservation of both generic and specific names. A.N.(S.)2508. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 43, 335–341.
Couch, R.Q. (1844) A Cornish fauna; being a compendium of the natural history of the county. Part III containing the zoophytes and calcareous corallines. Royal Institution of Cornwall, Truro, 162 pp.
Cuvier, G.L.C.F.D. (1798) Tableau élémentaire de l’histoire naturelle des animaux. Baudouin, Paris, 710 pp.
da Cunha, A.X. (1950) Nova contribuição para o estudo dos hidropólipos das costas de Portugal (Coleção do Museu Bocage). Arquivos do Museu Bocage, 21, 121–144.
Dalyell, J.G. (1847) Rare and remarkable animals of Scotland, represented from living subjects: with practical observations on their nature. John Van Voorst, London, 270 pp.
Dons, C. (1910) Zoologiske notiser I. Bermerkninger om forveksling av Folliculina med Filellum. Tromsö Museums Aarshefter, 31–32, 189–194.
El Beshbeeshy, M. (1991) Systematische, morphologische und zoogeographische unter-suchungen an den Thekaten Hydroiden des Patagonoschen schelfs. PhD Dissertation. Hamburg University, Hamburg, 390 pp.
Fey, A. (1970) Peuplements sessiles de l’archipel de Glénan. 1. Inventaire: hydraires. Vie et Milieu, 20, 387–413.
Fleming, J. (1820) Observations on the natural history of the Sertularia gelatinosa of Pallas. Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, 2, 82–89.
Fraser, C.M. (1912) Some hydroids of Beaufort, North Carolina. Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, 30, 337–387.
Fraser, C.M. (1925) Some new and previously unreported hydroids, mainly from the Californian coast. University of California Publications in Zoology, 28, 167–172.
Fraser, C.M. (1944) Hydroids of the Atlantic coast of North America. The University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 447 pp.
Füller, H. (1970) Exkursionsfauna von Deutschland-Wirbellose I. Ed. 4. Volk & Wissen Volkseigener Verlag, Berlin, 33 pp.
Gaertner, J. (1774) Spicilega zoologica quibus novae imprimus et obscurae animalium species. August Lange, Berolini, 41 pp.
García Corrales, P., Buencuerpo Arcas, V. & Peinado de Diego, M.V. (1979) Contribucion al conocimiento de los hidrozoos de las costas españolas. Parte II: “Lafoeidae”, “Campanulinidae”, y “Syntheciidae”. Boletín del Instituto Español de Oceanografía, 5, 5–39.
Gray, J.E. (1848) List of the specimens of British animals in the collection of the British Museum. Part I. Centroniae or radiated animals. British Museum, London, 173 pp.
Hartlaub, C. (1904) Hydroiden. Résultats du Voyage du S.Y. Belgica. Zoologie, 7, 1–19.
Hassall, A.H. (1848) Definitions of three new British zoophytes. Zoologist, 6, 2223.
Hassall, A.H. & Coppin, J. (1852) Descriptions of three species of marine zoophytes. Transactions of the Microscopical Society of London, 3, 160–163.
Hastings, A.B. (1943) Polyzoa (Bryozoa). I. Scrupocellariidae, Epistomiidae, Farciminariidae, Bicellariellidae, Aeteidae, Scrupariidae. Discovery Reports, 22, 301–510.
Hincks, T. (1855) Notes on British zoophytes, with descriptions of new species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 2nd series, 15, 127–130.
Hincks, T. (1856) Note on Reticularia immersa and Halia praetenuis. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 2nd series, 18, 469–471.
Hincks, T. (1868) A history of the British hydroid zoophytes. John van Voorst, London, 338 pp.
Hirohito, EoJ. (1995) The hydroids of Sagami Bay II. Biological Laboratory Imperial Household, Tokyo, 250 pp.
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1988) Opinion 1485. Filellum serpens (Hassall, 1848) (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa): proposed conservation of both generic and specific names. Bulletin of the Zoological Nomenclature, 45, 155–156.
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth Edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, 306 pp.
Jullien, J. (1880) Description d'une espèce nouvelle du genre Filellum. Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France, 5, 290–292.
Kramp, P.L. (1913) Hydroids collected by the “Tjalfe” expedition to the west coast of Greenland in 1908 and 1909. Videnskablige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i København, 66, 1–36.
Lamouroux, J.V.F. (1821) Exposition méthodique des genres de l'ordre des polypiers, avec leur description et celle des principales espèces, figurés dans 84 planches; les 63 premières appartenant à l’histoire naturelle des zoophytes d’Ellis et Solander. Agasse, Paris, 115 pp.
Lamouroux, J.V.F., Bory de Saint-Vincent, J.B.G.M. & Deslongchamps, E. (1824) Histoire naturelle des zoophytes ou animaux rayonnés, faisant suite à l’Histoire naturelle des Vers, de Brugière. In: Didirot, D. & d'Alembert, J.L.R. (Eds), Encyclopédie méthodique. Panckoucke, Paris, pp. 1–819.
Leloup, E. (1933) Contribution à la connaissance des hydropolypes de la côte des Pays-Bas. Bulletin du Musée Royal d’Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 9, 1–30.
Leloup, E. (1935) Hydraires calyptoblastiques des Indes Occidentales. (Zoologische Ergebnisse einer Reise nach Bonaire, Curaçao und Aruba im Jahre 1930, Nº13). Bulletin du Musée Royal d’Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 2, 1–73.
Leloup, E. (1938) Quelques hydropolypes de la baie de Sagami, Japon. Bulletin du Musée Royal d’Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 14, 1–22.
Leloup, E. (1947) Les coelentérés de la faune Belge. Leur bibliographie et leurs distribuition. Bulletin du Musée Royal d’Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 107, 1–73.
Levinsen, G.M.R. (1893) Meduser, ctenophorer og hydroider fra Grønlands vestkyst, tilligemed bemaerkninger om hydroidernes systematik. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, 5, 143–212, 215–220.
Levinsen, G.M.R. (1913) Systematic studies on the Sertulariidae. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, 64, 249–323.
Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I, editio decima, reformata, Holmiae, Laurentii Salvii, 823 pp.
MacGillivray, J. (1842) Catalogue of the marine zoophytes of the neighbourhood of Aberdeen. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 9, 462–469.
Mariscal, R.N. (1974) Nematocysts. In: Muscatine, L. & Lenhoff, H.M. (Eds), Coelenterate biology: reviews and new perspectives. Academic Press, New York, pp. 129–178.
Marques, A.C., Altuna, A., Peña Cantero, A.L. & Migotto, A.E. (2004) Redescription of Bedotella armata from Biscay Bay, northern Spain, the type species of Bedotella Stechow, 1913 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Lafoeidae), with comments on its taxonomic position. Hydrobiologia, 530–531, 223–230.
Marques, A.C., Peña Cantero, A.L. & Migotto, A.E. (2005a) Revision of the genus Cryptolarella Stechow, 1913 (Lafoeidae, Leptothecata, Hydrozoa). Journal of Natural History, 39, 709–722.
Marques, A.C., Peña Cantero, A.L. & Migotto, A.E. (2005b) Redescription and systematic status of the Antarctic genus Abietinella Levinsen, 1913 (Lafoeidae, Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). Journal of Natural History, 39, 1443–1455.
Marques, A.C., Peña Cantero, A.L. & Migotto, A.E. (2006a) An overview of the phylogeny of the families Lafoeidae and Hebellidae (Hydrozoa: Leptothecata): their composition and classification. Invertebrate Systematics, 20, 43–58.
Marques, A.C., Peña Cantero, A.L. & Migotto, A.E. (2006b) Revision of Halisiphonia Allman, 1888 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Hebellidae), with comments on its taxonomic position. Journal of Natural History, 40, 1047–1062.
Mathisen, O. (1928) Hydroids from northern Norway, with a list of unreported specimens in the Tromsö Museum. Tromsö Museums Aarshefter, 49, 1–40.
McCoy, F. (1844) A synopsis of the characters of the Carboniferous limestone fossils of Ireland. Sir R.J. Griffith, Dublin, 207 pp.
Millard, N.A.H. (1957) The Hydrozoa of False Bay, South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 43, 173–243.
Millard, N.A.H. (1964) The Hydrozoa of the south and west coasts of South Africa. Part II. The Lafoeidae, Syntheciidae and Sertulariidae. Annals of the South African Museum, 48, 1–56.
Millard, N.A.H. (1975) Monograph on the Hydroida of Southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 68, 1–513.
Millard, N.A.H. (1978) The geographical distribution of Southern African hydroids. Annals of the South African Museum, 74, 159–200.
Modeer, A. (1793) Inledning till kunskapen om maskkräken i allmänhet; 6 Classen. Växtliknande Maskkräk, Phytozoa. Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Nya Handlingar, 14, 243–260.
Naumov, D.V. (1960) Gidroidi i gidromedusy morskikh, solonovatovodnykh i presnovodnykh basseinov SSSR. Opredeleteli pro faune SSSR, 70, 1–626.
Naumov, D.V. (1969) Hydroids and Hydromedusae of the USSR. Israel Program for Scientific Translation, Jerusalem, 660 pp.
Norman, A.M. (1875) Submarine-cable fauna. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4th series, 15, 169–176.
Nutting, C.C. (1901) Papers from the Harriman Alaska Expedition. XXI. The hydroids. Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 3, 157–216.
Nutting, C.C. (1905) Hydroids of the Hawaiian Islands collected by the steamer Albatross in 1902. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, 23, 931–959.
Peña Cantero, A.L. (2008) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Spanish Antarctic expedition Bentart 95. Polar Biology, 31, 451–464.
Peña Cantero, A.L. (2010) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Peter I Island (Southern Ocean, Antarctica). Polar Biology, 33, 761–773.
Peña Cantero, A.L. & García Carrascosa, A.M. (1995) Hidrozoos bentónicos de la Campaña Antártida 8611. Publicaciones Especiales del Instituto Español de Oceanografía, 19, 1–148.
Peña Cantero, A.L., García Carrascosa, A.M. & Vervoort, W. (1998) On the species of Filellum Hincks, 1868 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) with the description of a new species. Journal of Natural History, 32, 297–315.
Peña Cantero, A.L. & García Carrascosa, AM. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alborán Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 337, 3–180.
Peña Cantero, A.L. & Gili, J.M. (2006) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from off Bouvet Island (Antarctic Ocean). Polar Biology, 29, 764–771.
Peña Cantero, A.L., Marques, A.C. & Migotto, A.E. (2004a) Redescription of Acryptolaria normani Nutting, 1927 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Lafoeidae), junior synonym of Zygophylax tizardensis Kirkpatrick, 1890 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Lafoeidae). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 52, 1–6.
Peña Cantero, A.L., Svoboda, A. & Vervoort, W. (2004b) Antarctic hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of the families Campanulinidae, Lafoeidae and Campanulariidae from recent Antarctic expeditions with R.V. Polarstern, with the description of a new species. Journal of Natural History, 38, 2269–2303.
Peña Cantero, A.L., Marques, A.C. & Migotto, A.E. (2007) Revision of the genus Acryptolaria Norman, 1875 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Lafoeidae). Journal of Natural History, 41, 229–291.
Quelch, J.J. (1885) On some deep-sea and shallow water Hydrozoa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 16, 1–20.
Ralph, P.M. (1958) New Zealand thecate hydroids. Part II. Families Lafoeidae, Lineolariidae, Haleciidae and Syntheciidae. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 85, 301–356.
Ramil, F. & Vervoort, W. (1992) Report on the collected by the ‘BALGIM’ expedition in and around the Strait of Gibraltar. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 277, 1–262.
Rees, W.J. & Thursfield, S. (1965) The hydroid collections of James Ritchie. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 69, 34–220.
Remane, A. (1933) Verteilung und Organization der benthonischen Mikrofauna der Kieler Bucht. Wissenschaftliches Meeresuntersuchungen, Abteil Kiel, 21, 161–221.
Risso, A. (1826) Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l’Europe méridionale et particulièrement de celles des environs de Nice et des Alpes maritimes. Levrault, Paris, 439 pp.
Ritchie, J. (1911) Hydrozoa (hydroid zoophytes and Stylasterina) of the 'Thetis' expedition. Memoirs of the Australian Museum, 4, 807–869.
Schuchert, P. (2001) Hydroids of Greenland and Iceland (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Meddelelser om Grønland. Bioscience, 53, 1–184.
Schuchert, P. (2004) Revision of the European athecate hydroids and their medusa (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): families Oceanidae and Pachycordylidae. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 111, 315–369.
Schuchert, P. (2009) World Hydrozoa database. Available from http://www.marinespecies.org/hydrozoa (accessed 24 October 2011).
Schydlowsky, A. (1902) Materialy po faune gidroidov arkticheskikh morei. I. Gidroidy Belogo morya u beregov Solovetskikh ostrovov (Data on the hydroid fauna of the Arctic Seas I. Hydroids of the White Sea near the Coasts of the Solovetskie Islands). Trudy Obshchestva Ispytatelei Prirody pri Imperatorskom Khar’kovskom Universitete, 36, 3–268.
Scudder, S.H. (1882) Nomenclator zoologicus. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 19, 1–340.
Stechow, E. (1913a) Neue Genera der thecater Hydroiden aus der Familie der Lafoeiden und neue Species von thecaten aus Japan. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 43, 137–144.
Stechow, E. (1913b) Hydroidpolypen der japanische Ostküste. II. Teil: Campanularidae, Halecidae, Campanulinidae und Sertularidae, nebst Ergänzungen zu den Athecata und Plumularidae. Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Klasse der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 3, 1–162.
Stechow, E. (1923) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete. Zoologische Jahrbüche, 47, 29–270.
Stimpson, W. (1854) Synopsis of the marine Invertebrata of Grand Manan; or the region about the mouth of the Bay of Fundy. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, 6, 1–67.
Thomson, W. (1853) Notes on some British zoophytes. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 2nd series, 11, 442–444.
Totton, A.K. (1930) Coelenterata. Part V. Hydroida. British Antarctic (“Terra Nova”) Expedition, 1910. Natural History Report, Zoology, 5, 131–252.
Vanhöffen, E. (1910) Die Hydroiden der deutschen Südpolar-Expedition 1901-1903. Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition 1901-1903, 3, 266–340.
Vannucci, M. (1949) Hydrozoa do Brasil. Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras da Universidade de São Paulo, Zoologia, 99, 219–266.
Vannucci, M. (1955) On the newly liberated medusa of Obelia hyalina Clarke 1879. Dusenia, 6(1–2), 55–60.
Vervoort, W. (1942) Northern Hydroida in the collections of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie and the Zoological Museum at Amsterdam, with notes on their distribution. Zoologische Mededelingen, 23, 275–312.
Vervoort, W. (1946) Fauna van Nederland. Hydrozoa (CI). A. Hydropolypen. A.W. Sijthoff’s Uitgeversmaatschappij N.V., Leiden, 336 pp.
Vervoort, W. (1959) The Hydroida of the tropical west coast of Africa. Atlantide Report Scientific Results of the Danish Expedition to the coasts of tropical west Africa 1945–1946, 5, 211–235.
Vervoort, W. (1972) Hydroids from Theta, Vema and Yelcho cruises of the Lamont-Doherty geological observatory. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 120, 1–247.
Vervoort, W. (2006) Leptolida (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) collected during the CANCAP and Mauritania-II expeditions of the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, The Nederlands [Anthoathecata, various families of Leptothecata and addenda]. Zoologische Mededelingen, 80, 181–318.
Vervoort, W. & Watson, J.E. (2003) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Leptothecata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) (Thecate Hydroids). National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), 119, 1–538.
Watson, J.E. (1973) Pearson Island Expedition 1969. 9. Hydroids. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 97(3), 153–200.
Watson, J.E. (1992) Revision of the family Lineolariidae Allman, 1864 (Hydrozoa: Hydroida). Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 104, 81–87.
Watson, J.E. (2002) Corystolona, a new hydroid genus (Leptolida: Leptothecatae) from southern Australia. Memoirs of the Museum Victoria, 59, 333–336.
Watson, J.W. (2003) Deep-water hydroids (Hydrozoa: Leptolida) from Macquarie Island. Memoirs of the Museum Victoria, 60, 151–180.
Watson, J.E. (2005) Hydroids of the Archipelago of the Recherche and Esperance, Western Australia: Annotated list, redescription of species and description of new species. In: Weills, F.E., Walker, D.I. & Kendrick, G.A. (Eds), The marine flora and fauna of Esperance, Western Australia. Western Australian Museum, Perth, pp. 495–612.
Weill, R. (1934) Contribution à l’étude des cnidaires et de leur nématocystes. I. Recherches sur les nématocystes. Morphologie-Physiologie-Développement. Travaux de la Station Zoologique de Wimereux, 10, 1–347.