Abstract
Scanning electron microscopy documentation of all preimaginal stages of the lauxaniid species Minettia longipennis (Fabricius) is presented for the first time. Images of the following morphological structures of all larval instars are provided: pseudocephalon, antenna, maxillary palpus, facial mask, cirri, mouth hooks, ambulatory lobes, anterior and posterior spiracles. Illustrations of the cephalopharyngeal skeleton for all three instars in lateral, ventral and dorsal views are provided. All instars are clearly separable by morphological features. The first instar has unique modification of the facial mask and structure of the cephalopharyngeal skeleton. Second and third instars are similar in overall form and differ in details in structure of the mouthooks and anterior spiracles, and by the number of pharyngeal ridges.
References
Chu-Wang, I. & Axtell, R. (1972) Fine structure of the ventral organ of the house fly larva, Musca domestica L. Zeitschrift für Zellforschung, 130, 489–495.
Dowding, V.M. (1967) The function and ecological significance of the pharyngeal ridges occurring in the larva of some cyclorraphous Diptera. Parasitology, 57, 371–388.
Gaimari, S.D. & Silva, V.C. (2010) Lauxaniidae (Lauxaniid flies). In: Brown, B.V., A. Borkent, J.M. Cumming, D.M. Wood, N.E. Woodley & M.A. Zumbado (Eds.), Manual of Central American Diptera. Vol. 2. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, pp. 971–995.
Grodowitz, M.J., Broce, A.B. & Kramer, K.J. (1987) Morphology and Biochemical Composition of Mineralised Granules from the Malpighian Tubules of Musca autumnalis De Geer larvae (Diptera, Muscidae). Insect Biochemistry, 17 (2), 335–345.
Hennig, W. (1952) Die Larvenformen der Dipteren. 3. Teil. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, 628 pp.
Keilin, D. (1915) Recherches sur les larves de Diptères Cyclorhaphes. Bulletin scientifique de la France et de la Belgique, 49, 15–198.
Krueger, R.A., Broce, A.B., Hopkins, T.L. & Kramer, K.J. (1988) Calcium transport from Malpighian tubules to puparial cuticle of Musca autumnalis. Jornal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology, 158 (4), 413–419.
Merz, B. (2003) The Lauxaniidae (Diptera) described by C. F. Fallén with description of a misidentified species of Homoneura van der Wulp. Insect Systematics & Evolution, 34, 345–360.
Meijere, J.H.C. de (1909) Zur kenntnis der Metamorphose der Lauxaniidae. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Insektenbiologie, 5, 152–155.
Miller, R.M. (1977a) Ecology of Lauxaniidae (Diptera: Acalyptratae) I. Old and new rearing records with biological notes and discussion. Annals of the Natal Museum, 23(1), 215–238.
Miller, R.M. (1977b) Taxonomy and biology of the Nearctic species of Homoneura (Diptera: Lauxaniidae) I. Subgenera Mallochomyza and Tarsohomoneura. Iowa State Journal of Resarch, 52 (2), 141–176.
Miller, R.M. (1977c) Taxonomy and biology of the Nearctic species of Homoneura (Diptera: Lauxaniidae) II. Subgenus Homoneura. Iowa State Journal of Resarch, 52 (2), 177–252
Miller, R.M. & Foote, B.A. (1975) Biology and immature stages of eight species of Lauxaniidae (Diptera). I. Biological observations. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 77(3), 308–328.
Miller, R.M. & Foote, B.A. (1976) Biology and immature stages of eight species of Lauxaniidae (Diptera). II. Descriptions of immature stages and discussion of larval feeding habits and morphology. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 78(1), 16–37.
Nielsen, B.O. & Nielsen, L.B. (2007) Soil Diptera of a beech stand and an arable field: A comparison of Dipteran emergence in neighbouring sites. Pedobiologia, 51, 33–43.
Pape, T. (2001) Phylogeny of Oestridae (Insecta: Diptera). Systematic Entomology, 26, 133–171.
Papp, L. (1979) 57 abrával. Korhádéklegyek-Pajzstetűlegyek. Lauxaniiade-Chamaemyiidae. Fauna Hungariae, 136, 1–59.
Roseland, C.R., Grodowitz, M.J., Kramer, K.J., Hopkins, T.H. & Broce, A.B. (1985) Stabilization of mineralised and sclerotized puparial cuticle of muscid flies. Insect Biochemistry, 15(4), 521–528.
Saskawa, M. & Ikeuchi, S. (1982) A revision of the Japanese species of Homoneura (Homoneura) (Diptera, Lauxaniidae) Part 1. Kontyû, Tokyo, 50(3), 477–499.
Sasakawa, M. & Ikeuchi, S. (1983) A revision of the Japanese species of Homoneura (Homoneura) (Diptera, Lauxaniidae) Part 2. Kontyû, Tokyo, 51 (2), 289–297.
Shatalkin, A.I. (2000) Opredelitel palearkticheskych much semejstva Lauxaniidae (Diptera). Zoologicheskie Issledovania, 5, 1–102.
Steyskal, G.C. (1971) The species related to Minettia obscura (Loew), with one new species and one new synonym (Diptera, Lauxaniidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 73 (1), 17–22.
Stuckenberg, B.R. (1971) A review of the Old World genera Lauxaniidae (Diptera). Annals of the Natal Museum, 20(3), 499–610.
Szpila, K. & Pape, T. (2007) Rediscovery, redescription and reclassification of Beludzhia phylloteliptera (Diptera: Sarcophagidae: Miltogramminae). Europaean Journal of Entomology, 104, 119–137.
Szpila, K. & Pape, T. (2008) Morphology of the first instar of the house fly Musca domestica (Diptera, Muscidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 45(4), 594–599.
Szpila, K., Pape, T. & Rusinek, A. (2008) Morphology of the first instar of Calliphora vicina, Phormia regina, and Lucilia illustris (Diptera, Calliphoridae). Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 22, 16–25.
Teskey, H.J. (1981a) Key to families-Larvae. In: McAlpine J.F., Peterson B.V., Shewell G.E., Teskey H.J., Vockeroth J.R. & Wood D.M. (Eds.). Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 2. Biosystematics Research Centre, Ottawa, pp. 125–147.
Teskey, H.J. (1981b) Morphology and Terminology-Larvae. In: McAlpine J.F., Peterson B.V., Shewell G.E., Teskey H.J., Vockeroth J.R. & Wood D.M. (Eds.). Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 2. Biosystematics Research Centre, Ottawa, pp. 65–88.
Wessing, A., Zierold, K. & Hevert, F. (1992) Two types of concretions in Drosophila Malpighian tubules as revealed by X-ray microanalysis: A study of urine formation. Journal of Insect Physiology, 38(7), 543–554.
Wessing, A. & Zierold, K. (1999) The formation of type-I concretions in Drosophila Malpighian tubules by electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. Journal of Insect Physiology, 45(1), 39–44.