Abstract
Based on 16 specimens from the Southwestern Atlantic coast (Argentina and Brazil) we reinterpret the taxonomic position of Tessera gemmaria Goy, 1979, a stauromedusa considered as incertae sedis for a long time. Using external morphology, histological preparations and molecular data (16S and COI) we conclude that T. gemmaria is an early stage of a cerinula, the long-lived planktonic larval stage of the Ceriantharia (Anthozoa).References
Bayha, K. & Dawson, M.N. (2010) New family of allomorphic jellyfishes, Drymonematidae (Scyphozoa, Discomedusae), emphasizes evolution in the functional morphology and trophic ecology of gelatinous zooplankton. Biological Bulletin, 219(3), 249–267.
Berntson, E.A., Bayer, F.M., McArthur, A.G. & France, S.C. (2001) Phylogenetic relationships within the Octocorallia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) based on nuclear 18S rRNA sequences. Marine Biology, 138, 235–246.
Benzoni, F., Stefani, F., Pichon, M. & Galli, P. (2010) The name game: morpho-molecular species boundaries in the genus Psammocora (Cnidaria, Scleractinia). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 160, 421–456.
Bridge, D., Cunningham, C.W., DeSalle, R. & Buss, L.W. (1995) Class-level relationships in the phylum Cnidaria: molecular and morphological evidence. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 12(4), 679–689.
Brugler, M.R. & France, S.C. (2007) The complete mitochondrial genome of the black coral Chrysopathes formosa (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Antipatharia) supports classification of antipatharians within the subclass Hexacorallia. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 42(3), 776–788.
Calderon, I., Garrabou, J. & Aurelle, D. (2006) Evaluation of the utility of COI and ITS markers as tools for population genetic studies of temperate gorgonians. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 336(2), 184–197.
Carlgren, O. (1912) Ceriantharia. The Danish Ingolf-Expedition, 1, 1–78.
Carlgren, O. (1924) Die Larven der Ceriantharien, Zoantharien und Actiniarien der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Deutsche Tiefsee-Expedition 1898–1899, 19, 341–476.
Chen, S.H., Su, S.Y., Lo, C.Z., Chen, K.H., Huang, T.J., Kuo, B.H. & Chung-Yen, L. (2009) PALM: A paralleled and integrated framework for phylogenetic inference with automatic likelihood model selectors. PLoS ONE, 4(12), 1–6.
Collins, A.G., Bentlage, B., Gillan, W., Lynn, T.H., Morandini, A.C. & Marques, A.C. (2011) Naming the Bonaire banded box jelly, Tamoya ohboya, n. sp. (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida: Tamoyidae). Zootaxa, 2753, 53–68.
Collins, A.G., Bentlage, B., Lindner, A., Lindsay, D., Haddock, S.H.D., Jarms, G., Norenburg, J.L., Jankowski, T. & Cartwright, P. (2008) Phylogenetics of Trachylina (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) with new insights on the evolution of some problematical taxa. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 88, 1673–1685.
Collins, A.G., Schuchert, P., Marques, A.C., Jankowski, T., Medina, M. & Schierwater, B. (2006) Medusozoan phylogeny and character evolution clarified by new large and small subunit rDNA data and an assessment of the utility of phylogenetic mixture models. Systematic Biology, 55, 97–115.
Cunningham, C.W. & Buss, L.W. (1993) Molecular evidence for multiple episodes of paedomorphosis in the family Hydractiniidae. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 21(1), 57–69.
Daly, M., Brugler, M.R., Cartwright, P., Collins, A.G., Dawson, M.N., Fautin, D.G., France, S.C., McFadden, C.S., Opresko, D.M., Rodriguez, E., Romano, S.L. & Stake, J.L. (2007) The phylum Cnidaria: A review of phylogenetic patterns and diversity 300 years after Linnaeus. Zootaxa, 1668, 127–182.
Daly, M., Chaudhuri, A., Gusmão, L.C. & Rodriguez, E. (2008) Phylogenetic relationships among sea anemones (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria). Molecular Phylogenetics Evolution, 48, 292–301.
Daly, M., Fautin, D.G. & Cappola, V.A. (2003) Systematics of the Hexacorallia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 139, 419–437.
Daly, M., Lipscomb, D.L. & Allard, M.W. (2002) A simple test: evaluating explanations for the relative simplicity of the Edwardsiidae. Evolution, 56, 502–510.
France, S.C., Rosel, P.E., Agenbroad, J.E., Mullineaux, L.S. & Kocher, T.D. (1996) DNA sequence variation of mitochondrial large-subunit rRNA provides support for a two-subclass organization of the Anthozoa (Cnidaria). Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology, 5(1), 15–28.
Giangrande, A., Geraci, S. & Belmonte, G. (1994) Life-cycle and life-history diversity in marine invertebrates and the implications in community dynamics. Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review, 32, 305–333.
Goy, J. (1979) Campagne de la Calypso au large des côtes atlantiques de l’Amérique du Sud (1961–1962) - 35. Méduses. Resultats scientifiques des campagnes de la Calypso, 11, 263–296.
Grohmann, P.A., Magalhães, M.P. & Hirano, Y.M. (1999) First record of the order Stauromedusae (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa) from the tropical southwestern Atlantic, with a review of the distribution of Stauromedusae in the southern hemisphere. Species Diversity, 4, 381–388.
Gusmão, L.C. & Daly, M. (2010) Evolution of sea anemones (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Hormathiidae) symbiotic with hermit crabs. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 56(3), 868–877.
Haeckel, E. (1880) Das System der Medusen. I, 2: System der Acraspeden. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 672 pp.
Haeckel, E. (1882) Report on deep-sea Medusae, dredged by HMS Challenger during the years 1873-76. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger (Zoology), 4(XII), 1–154.
Hannerz, L. (1956) Larval development of the polychaete families Spionidae Sars, Disomidae Mesnil, and Poecilochatidae n. fam. in the Gullmar Fjord, (Sweden). Zoologiska Bidrag från Uppsala, 31, 1–204.
Hebert, P.D.N., Cywinska, A., Ball, S.L. & deWaard, J.R. (2003) Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proceedings of Royal Society of London B, 270, 313–322.
Huang, D., Meier, R., Todd, P.A. & Chou, L.M. (2008) Slow mitochondrial COI evolution at the base of the metazoan tree and its implication for barcoding. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 66, 167–174.
Hyman, L.H. (1940) The Invertebrates: Protozoa through Ctenophora. McGraw-Hill, New York, 726 pp.
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 4th edition (ICZN). International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, 289 pp.
Kahn, A.S., Matsumoto, G.I., Hirano, Y.M. & Collins, A.G. (2010) Haliclystus californiensis, a ‘new’ species of stauromedusa (Cnidaria: Staurozoa) from the northeast Pacific, with a key to the species of Haliclystus. Zootaxa, 2518, 49–59.
Krumbach, T. (1925) Scyphozoa. In: Kükenthal, W. & Krumbach, T. (Eds.), Handbuch der Zoologie. Vol. 1. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 522–686.
Leclère, L., Schuchert, P., Cruaud, C., Couloux, A. & Manuel, M. (2009) Molecular phylogenetics of Thecata (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) reveals long-term maintenance of life history traits despite high frequency of recent character changes. Systematic Biology, 58(5), 509–526.
Leloup, E. (1960) Larves de Cérianthaires de Monaco et de Villefranche-sur-Mer. Bulletin de l'Institut Oceanographique (Monaco), 57, 1–19.
Leloup, E. (1964) Larves de Cérianthaires. Discovery Reports, 33, 251–307.
Mariscal, R.N., Conklin, E.J. & Bigger, C.H. (1977) The ptychocyst, a major new category of cnida used in tube construction by a cerianthid anemone. Biological Bulletin, 152, 392–405.
Marques, A.C. & Collins, A.G. (2004) Cladistic analysis of Medusozoa and cnidarian evolution. Invertebrate Biology, 123(1), 23–42.
Marques, A.C., Morandini, A.C. & Migotto, A.E. (2003) Synopsis of knowledge on Cnidaria Medusozoa from Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 3(2), 1–18.
Mayer, A.G. (1910) The medusae of the world III - The Scyphomedusae. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D.C., 236 pp.
McMurrich, J.P. (1910) Actiniaria of the Siboga expedition, Part I. Ceriantharia. Siboga-Expeditie Monographes, 10, 1–48.
Mianzan, H.W. & Cornelius, P.F.S. (1999) Cubomedusae and Scyphomedusae. In: Boltovskoy, D. (Ed.), South Atlantic Zooplankton. Vol. 1. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 513–559.
Migotto, A.E., Marques, A.C., Morandini, A.C. & Silveira, F.L. (2002) Checklist of the Cnidaria Medusozoa of Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 2(1), 1–31.
Miller, K., Williams, A., Rowden, A., Knowles, C. & Dunshea, G. (2010) Conflicting estimates of connectivity among deep-sea coral populations. Marine Ecology, 31(1), 144–157.
Mills, C.E., Marques, A.C., Migotto, A.E., Calder, D.R. & Hand, C. (2007) Cnidaria. In: Carlton, J.T. (Ed.), Light and Smith's Manual: Intertidal Invertebrates of the Central California Coast. Fourth Edition. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 118–188.
Mills, C.E. & Larson, R.J. (2007) Scyphozoa: Scyphomedusae, Stauromedusae, and Cubomedusae. In: Carlton, J.T. (Ed.), Light and Smith's Manual: Intertidal Invertebrates of the Central California Coast. Fourth Edition. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 168–173.
Miranda, L.S., Collins, A.G. & Marques, A.C. (2010) Molecules clarify a cnidarian life cycle - the "hydrozoan'' Microhydrula limopsicola is an early life stage of the staurozoan Haliclystus antarcticus. PLoS ONE, 5(4), e10182.
Molodtsova, T.N. (2004) On the taxonomy and presumable evolutionary pathways of planktonic larvae of Ceriantharia (Anthozoa, Cnidaria). Hydrobiologia, 530/531, 261–266.
Morandini, A.C. & Silveira, F.L. (200) Sexual reproduction of Nausithoe aurea (Scyphozoa, Coronatae). Gametogenesis, egg release, embryonic development, and gastrulation. Scientia Marina, 65(2), 139–149.
Nawrocki, A.M., Schuchert, P. & Cartwright, P. (2010) Phylogenetics and evolution of Capitata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), and the systematics of Corynidae. Zoologica Scripta, 39(3), 290–304.
Ortman, B.D., Bucklin, A., Pagès, F. & Youngbluth, M. (2010) DNA Barcoding the Medusozoa using mtCOI. Deep Sea Research Part II, 57(24–26), 2148–2156.
Reimer, J.D., Hirose, M. & Wirtz, P. (2010) Zoanthids of the Cape Verde Islands and their symbionts: previously unexamined diversity in the Northeastern Atlantic. Contributions to Zoology, 79(4), 147–163.
Reimer, J.D. & Sinniger, F. (2010) Unexpected diversity in Canadian Pacific zoanthids (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia): a molecular examination and description of a new species from the waters of British Columbia. Marine Biodiversity, 40, 249–260.
Reimer, J.D., Hirose, M., Irei, Y., Obuchi, M. & Sinniger, F. (2011) The sands of time: rediscovery of the genus Neozoanthus (Cnidaria: Hexacorallia) and evolutionary aspects of sand incrustation in brachycnemic zoanthids. Marine Biology, 158, 983–993.
Reitzel, A.M., Darling, J.A., Sullivan, J.C. & Finnerty, J.R. (2008) Global population genetic structure of the starlet anemone Nematostella vectensis: multiple introductions and implications for conservation policy. Biological Invasions, 10, 1197–1213.
Rodriguez, E. & Daly, M. (2010) Phylogenetic relationships among deep-sea and chemosynthetic sea anemones: Actinoscyphiidae and Actinostolidae (Actiniaria: Mesomyaria). PLoS ONE, 5(6), E10958.
Shearer, T.L. & Coffroth, M.A. (2008) Barcoding corals: limited by interspecific divergence, not intraspecific variation. Molecular Ecology Resource, 8(2), 247–255.
Sinniger, F., Reimer, J.D. & Pawlowski, J. (2008) Potential of DNA Sequences to Identify Zoanthids (Cnidaria: Zoantharia). Zoological Science, 25, 1253–1260.
Schroth, W., Jarms, G., Streit, B. & Schierwater, B. (2002) Speciation and phylogeography in the cosmopolitan marine moon jelly, Aurelia sp. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 2, 1–10.
Stiasny, G. (1922) Ergebnisse der Nachuntersuchungen einiger Rhizostomeen-Typen Haeckel’s und Schultze’s aus der Sammlung des Zoologischen Institutes der Universität Jena. Zoologische Mededelingen, 7, 61–79.
Tamura, K., Dudleym J., Nei, M. & Kumar, S. (2007) MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 24, 1596–1599.
Thiel, M.E. (1936) Scyphomedusae: Stauromedusae. Bronns Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs, 2, 1–172.
Thompson, J.D., Higgins, D.G. & Gibson, T.J. (1994) CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleid Acids Research, 22 (22), 4673–4680.
Valentine, J.W. (2004) On the origin of phyla. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 614 pp.
van Beneden, E. (1897) Les Anthozoaires de la “Plankton-Expedition". Ergebnisse der Plankton-Expedition der Humboldt-Stiftung, 2(e), 1–222.
van Iten, H., Leme, J.M., Simões, M.G., Marques, A.C. & Collins, A.G. (2006) Reassessment of the phylogenetic position of conulariids (?Ediacaran-Triassic) within the subphylum Medusozoa (Phylum Cnidaria). Journal of Systematic Paleontology, 4, 109–118.
Won, J., Rho, B. & Song, J. (2001) A phylogenetic study of the Anthozoa (phylum Cnidaria) based on morphological and molecular characters. Coral Reefs, 20, 39–50.
Young, C. (2006) A brief history and some fundamentals. In: Young, C. (Ed.), Atlas of marine invertebrate larvae. Elsevier, San Diego, pp. 1–20.