Abstract
The endemic southeastern Asiatic Pristaulacus comptipennis species group is revised and illustrated. Twenty species are recognized: P. asiaticus Turrisi & Smith, sp. nov. (China), P. boninensis Konishi (Japan), P. comptipennis Enderlein (Japan, China, Taiwan, Laos), P. corellianus Turrisi & Smith, sp. nov. (Laos), P. dilleri Turrisi & Smith, sp. nov. (Laos), P. emarginaticeps Turner (Vietnam), P. excisus Turner (Vietnam), P. gusenleitneri Turrisi & Smith, sp. nov. (Thailand), P. insularis Konishi (Japan, South Korea), P. jenningsi Turrisi & Smith, sp. nov. (Laos), P. konishii Turrisi & Smith, sp. nov. (Thailand), P. lagrecai Turrisi & Smith, sp. nov. (Vietnam), P. nobilei Turrisi & Smith, sp. nov. (China), P. porcatus Sun & Sheng (China), P. sharkeyi Turrisi & Smith, sp. nov. (Thailand), P. thailandensis Turrisi & Smith, sp. nov. (Thailand), P. vietnamensis Turrisi & Smith, sp. nov. (Vietnam, Thailand), P. vilhelmseni Turrisi & Smith, sp. nov. (Laos), P. vivaldianus Turrisi & Smith, sp. nov. (Laos), P. watanabei Turrisi & Smith, sp. nov. (Thailand). Phylogenetic analyses are based on a previous set of 79 morphological characters. Of this data set, 28 informative including five newly added characters were analysed using TNT under different schemes (equal and implied weighting). All analyses support two large clades, the first with five species, and a more derived and diverse one containing 15 species. Other minor clades are identified and discussed. A key for identification of the species is provided.References
Barriga, J.-E.T. (1990) Parásitos y depredadores de larvas de Cerambycidae y Buprestidae (Coleoptera) de Chile. Revista Chilena de Entomologia, 18, 57–59.
Benoit, L.P.G. (1984) Aulacidae, famille nouvelle pour la faune de l’Afrique tropicale (Hymenoptera). Revue de Zoologie Africaine, 98, 799–803.
Bremer, K. (1994) Branch support and tree stability. Cladistics, 10, 295–304.
Crosskey, R.W. (1951) The morphology, taxonomy, and biology of the British Evanioidea (Hymenoptera). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society London, 102, 247–301.
Deyrup, M.A. (1984) A maple wood wasp, Xiphydria maculata, and its insect enemies (Hymenoptera: Xiphydriidae). The Great Lakes Entomologist, 17, 17–28.
Enderlein, G. (1912) H. Sauter’s Formosa-Ausbeute. Braconidae, Proctotrupidae und Evaniidae (Hym.). Entomologische Mitteilungen, 1, 257–267.
Enderlein, G. (1913) Die Evaniidenfauna von Formosa. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 42, 318–327.
Evenhuis, N.L. & Samuelson, G.A. (2004) Abbreviations for Insect and Spider Collections of the World. http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/codens/codens-inst.html (accessed 15 July 2008).
Gauld, I.D. & Bolton, B. (1996) The Hymenoptera. British Museum (Natural History), Oxford University Press, Oxford, 332 pp.
Gauld, I.D. & Hanson, B. (1995) The evaniomorph parasitoid families. In: Hanson, P.E. & Gauld, I.D. (Eds.), The Hymenoptera of Costa Rica. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 185–208.
Goloboff, P.A., Farris, J.S. & Nixon, K.C. (2003) TNT (Tree Analysis Using New Technology), Version 1. Published by the authors: Tucumán, Argentina.
Hadley, A. (2008) Combine ZM. www.hadleyweb.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/ (accessed 12 December 2008).
Harris, R.A. (1979) A glossary of surface sculpturing. Occasional Papers in Entomology, 28, 1–31.
He, J.-H., Chen, X.-X. & Ma, Y. (2002) Two new species of Aulacidae from Zhejiang Province, China. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 27, 149–152.
Hedicke, H. (1939) Aulacidae. In: Hedicke, H. (Ed.), Hymenopterorum Catalogus, Pars 10. Dr. W. Junk, Gravenhage, pp. 1–28.
Huber, J.T. & Sharkey, M.J. (1993) Structure. In: Goulet, H. & Huber, J.T. (Eds.), Hymenoptera of the World: An Identification Guide to Families. Research Branch Agriculture Canada Publication 1894/E; Centre for Land and Biological Resurces Research, Ottawa, pp. 13–33.
Jennings, J.T. & Austin, A.D. (2004) Biology and host relationships of aulacid and gasteruptiid wasps (Hymenoptera: Evanioidea): a review. In: Rajmohana, K., Sudheer, K., Girish Kumar, P. & Santhosh, S. (Eds.), Perspectives on Biosystematics and Biodiversity, University of Calicut, Kerala, India, pp. 187–215.
Jennings, J.T. & Austin, A.D. (2006) Aulacid wasps (Hymenoptera: Aulacidae) of New Guinea, with descriptions of five new species. Zootaxa, 1365, 19–35.
Jennings, J.T., Austin, A.D. & Stevens, N.B. (2004a) The aulacid wasp fauna of Western Australia with descriptions of six new species. Records of the Western Australian Museum, 22, 115–128.
Jennings, J.T., Austin, A.D. & Stevens, N.B. (2004b) Species of the wasp genus Aulacus Jurine (Hymenoptera: Aulacidae) endemic to South Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 128, 13–21.
Jennings, J.T., Austin, A.D. & Stevens, N.B. (2004c) First record of Aulacidae (Hymenoptera: Evanioidea) from New Caledonia with descriptions of three new species of Aulacus Jurine. Australian Journal of Entomology, 43, 346–352.
Jennings, J.T. & Krogmann, L. (2009) A new species of Pristaulacus Kieffer (Hymenoptera: Aulacidae) from Baltic amber. Insects Systematics & Evolution, 40, 201–207.
Jurine, L. (1807) Nouvelle Méthode de Classer les Hyménoptères et les Diptères. Hyménoptères. Tome Premier. Genéve. 319 pp.
Kieffer, J.-J. (1900 ["1899"]) Étude sur les Évaniides. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 68, 813–820.
Kieffer, J.-J. (1912) Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidea, Evaniidae. Das Tierreich, Verlag von R. Friedländer und Sohn, Berlin, I-XIX + 431 pp.
Konishi, K. (1989) A new species of the genus Pristaulacus (Hymenoptera, Evanioidea, Aulacidae) from Japan. Japanese Journal of Entomology, 57, 337–341.
Konishi, K. (1990) A revision of the Aulacidae of Japan (Hymenoptera, Evanioidea). Japanese Journal of Entomology, 58, 637–655.
Konishi, K. (1991) New distributional and host records of Pristaulacus comptipennis (Hymenoptera, Evanioidea, Aulacidae) from Okinawa-hontô Is. Japanese Journal of Entomology, 59, 564.
Maddison, W.P. & Maddison, D.R. (2007) Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis. Version 2.01. (accessed March 2009).
Mani, M.S. (1939) Catalogue of Indian Insects. Part 24, Evaniidae. Government of India, Manager of Publication, Delhi, 14 + ii pp.
Nel, A., Waller, A. & De Ploëg, G. (2004) An aulacid wasp in the Lowermost Eocene amber from the Paris Basin (Hymenoptera: Aulacidae). Geologica Acta, 2, 67–74.
Skinner, E.R. & Thompson, G.H. (1960) The Alder woodwasp and its Insect Enemies. World Educational Films.
Smith, D.R. (1997) Aulacidae (Hymenoptera) of Sri Lanka. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 99, 60–66.
Smith, D.R. (2001) World catalog of the family Aulacidae (Hymenoptera). Contribution on Entomology, International, 4 (3), 261–319.
Smith, D.R. (2005a) Aulacidae (Hymenoptera) of Northern South America, emphasizing Colombia. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 131, 217–253.
Smith, D.R. (2005b) Review of the Aulacidae (Hymenoptera) of Chile and adjacent Argentina. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 107, 820–834.
Smith, D.R. (2008) Aulacidae of the southwestern United States, Mexico, and Central America (Hymenoptera). Beiträge zur Entomologie, 58, 267–355.
Smith, D.R. & Tripotin, P. (in press) New records and a new species of Aulacidae (Hymenoptera) from Korea, with notes on their biology. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington.
Smith, D.R. & Vilela de Carvalho, D. (2010) Three new species of Aulacidae (Hymenoptera) from Brazil. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 112 (1), 140–148.
Sun, S.-P. & Sheng, M.-L. (2007a) Genus Pristaulacus (Hymenoptera, Aulacidae) in Henan Province, China. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 32, 216–220.
Sun, S.-P. & Sheng, M.-L. (2007b) Aulacus Jurine (Hymenoptera: Aulacidae) from China with a new species parasitizing Xiphydria popovi (Hymenoptera: Xiphydriidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 109, 121–124.
Turner, R.E. (1922) New Evaniidae and Braconidae in the British Museum. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 10, 270–281.
Turrisi, G.F. (1999) Xyelidae, Aulacidae, Heloridae e Masaridae, quattro famiglie nuove per la fauna siciliana (Insecta Hymenoptera). Bollettino della Società entomologica italiana, 131, 41–46.
Turrisi, G.F. (2004) Revisione delle specie paleartiche del genere Pristaulacus Kieffer, 1900 (Hymenoptera, Aulacidae), con considerazioni filogenetiche e note sulla biologia. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Catania, 203 pp.
Turrisi, G.F. (2005) Description of Aulacus schoenitzeri spec. nov. (Hymenoptera, Evanioidea, Aulacidae) from China. Linzer Biologische Beiträge, 37, 797–803.
Turrisi, G.F. (2006) Revision of the Afrotropical species of Pristaulacus Kieffer, 1900 (Hymenoptera: Aulacidae). Insect Systematics & Evolution, 37, 27–38.
Turrisi, G.F. (2007) Revision of the Palaearctic species of Pristaulacus Kieffer, 1900 (Hymenoptera: Aulacidae). Zootaxa, 1433, 1–76.
Turrisi, G.F. (2011) Systematic revision of the sibling species belonging to the Pristaulacus compressus group (Hymenoptera: Aulacidae). Insect Systematics & Evolution, 42, 1–27.
Turrisi, G.F. & Pilato, G. (2008) The Palaearctic species of Pristaulacus Kieffer, 1900 (Hymenoptera, Aulacidae): remarks on taxonomy, systematic, and biogeography. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für allgemeine und angewandte Entomologie, 16, 87–94.
Turrisi, G.F., Jennings, J.T. & Vilhelmsen, L. (2009) Phylogeny and generic concepts of the parasitoid wasp family Aulacidae (Hymenoptera: Evanioidea). Invertebrate Systematics, 23, 27–59.
Turrisi, G.F. & Konishi, K. (2011) Description of two new Aulacidae (Hymenoptera: Evanioidea) from Japan. Zootaxa, 2872, 35–48.
Turrisi, G.F. & Vilhelmsen, L. (2010) Into the wood and back: morphological adaptations to the wood-boring parasitoid lifestyle in adult aulacid wasps (Hymenoptera: Aulacidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 19(2), 244–258.
Turrisi, G.F. & Watanabe, K. (2011) Description of two new Asian Pristaulacus Kieffer 1900 (Hymenoptera: Aulacidae). Zootaxa, 2895, 35–46.
Vilhelmsen, L. & Turrisi, G.F. (2011) Per arborem ad astra: Morphological adaptations to exploiting the woody habitat in the early evolution of Hymenoptera. Arthropod Structure & Development, 40, 2–20.
Visitpanich, J. (1994) The parasitoid wasps of the coffee stem borer, Xylotrechus quadripes Chevrolat (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) in Northern Thailand. Japanese Journal of Entomology, 62(3), 597–606.