Abstract
Tamarixia schina Zuparko sp. nov. and T. dahlsteni Zuparko sp. nov. are described. Both species have become established in California following their introductions from Chile and Australia, respectively, for control of invasive psyllids. Tamarixia schina is known from Calophya schini (Hemiptera: Calophyidae) on Schinus molle (Anacardiaceae) and T. dahlsteni from Trioza eugeniae (Hemiptera: Triozidae) on Syzygium paniculatum (Myrtaceae). The use of Tamarixia in biological control is discussed, and an annotated list of world species including distribution, hosts, and host plants, is provided. Tetrastichus atamiensis Ashmead is transferred to Tamarixia as Tamarixia atamiensis (Ashmead) comb. n.References
Ashmead, W.H. (1904) Descriptions of new Hymenoptera from Japan. – II. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 12, 146–165.
Augier, L., Gastaminza, G., Lizondo, M., Argañaraz, M. & Willink, E. (2006) Presencia de Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) en el Noroeste Argentino (NOA). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 65 (3–4), 67–68.
Bouček, Z. (1988a) Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 832 pp.
Bouček, Z. (1988b) Tamarixia leucaenae sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) parasitic on the leucaena psyllid Heteropsylla cubana Crawford (Hemiptera) in Trinidad. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 78, 545–547.
Burckhardt, D. (1988) Jumping plant lice (Homoptera: Psylloidea) of the temperate neotropical region. Part 3: Calophyidae and Trioxidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 92, 115–191.
Burckhardt, D. (2005) Biology, ecology, and evolution of gall-inducing psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea). In: Raman, A., Schaefer, C.W. & Withers, T.M. (Eds), Biology, Ecology, and Evolution of Gall-Inducing Arthropods. Science Publishers, Inc., Enfield, New Hampshire, USA,. pp. 143–157.
Burckhardt, D. & Basset, Y. (2000) The jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera, Psylloidea) associated with Schinus (Anacardiaceae): systematics, biogeography and host plant relationships. Journal of Natural History, 34, 57–155.
Burchkardt, D. & Lauterer, P. (1997) A taxonomic reassessment of the triozid genus Bactricera (Hemiptera: Psylloidea). Journal of Natural History, 31, 99–153.
Burks, B.D. (1943) The North American parasitic wasps of the genus Tetrastichus —a contribution to biological control of insect pests. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 93, 505–608.
Cáceres, S. & Aguirre, M.R.A. (2005) Presencia de Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), parasitoide del psílido asiático Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) en cultivos cítricos de Corrientes. Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 64, 348–349.
Chazeau, J. (1987) Le psylle du faux-mimosa en Asie dui Sud-Est et dans le Pacifique: etude du probleme et perspectives de lutte (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit—Heteropsylla cubana Crawford). Revue d’Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire de Nouvelle Caledonie, 9, 23–27.
Dahlsten, D.L., Kent, D.M., Rowney, D.L., Copper, W.A., Young, T.E. & Tassan, R.L. (1995) Parasitoid shows potential for biocontrol of Eugenia psyllid. California Agriculture, 49, 36–40.
da Silva, P.G. (1994) Studies in biological control of the peppertree psyllid, Calophya rubra (Blanchard) in the San Francisco Bay area. Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Berkeley.
Day, R.K. (1999) Integrated Control of Leucaena Psyllid. Final Technical Report of Project R6524, Funded by DFID. NR International, Chatham, Kent, UK.
Day, R.K., Hill, M.G., Murphy, S.T. & Nyambo, B. (1995) Candidate agents for biological control of leucaena psyllid in Africa. In: Ciesla, W.M. and Nshubemuki, L. (Eds), Leucaena Psyllid: A Threat to Agroforestry in Africa, FAO, Rome, pp 169–189.
Domenichini, G. (1966[1965]) I Tetrastichini (Hymenoptera Eulophidae) paleartici e di loro aspiti. Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e Bachicoltura, (2) 6, 61–204.
Domenichini, G. (1967) Contributo all conoscenza biologica e tassonomica dei Tetrastichini paleartici (Hymenoptera Eulophidae) con particolare riguardo ai materiali dell’Istituto di Entomologia dell’Università diTorino. Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e Bachicoltura, (2) 8, 75–110.
Downer, J.A., Svihra, P., Molinar, R.H. Fraser, J.B. & Koehler, C.S. (1988) New psyllid pest of California pepper tree. California Agriculture, March-April, 30–32.
Downer, J.A., Koehler, C.S. & Paine, T.D. (1991) Biology and Management of the Eugenia Psyllid (Trioza eugeniae Froggatt). Journal of Environmental Horticulture, 9, 141–144.
Dreistadt, S.H., Flint, M.L. & Clark, J.K. (2004) Pests of landscape trees and shrubs: an integrated pest management guide. 2nd Edition. Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program, University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3359, 501 pp.
Étienne, J., Quilici, S., Marival, D. & Franck, A. (2001) Biological control of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in Guadeloupe by imported Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Fruits, 56, 307–315.
Geiger, C.A. & Gutierrez, A.P. (2000) Ecology of Heteropsylla cubana (Homoptera: Psyllidae): Psyllid Damage, Tree Phenology, Thermal Relations, and Parasitism in the Field. Environmental Entomology, 29, 76–86.
Gibson, G.A.P., Huber, J.T. & Woolley, J.B. (Eds) (1997) Annotated keys to the genera of Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). NRC Research Press, Ottawa, Ontario, 794 pp.
Girault, A.A. (1915) Australian Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea – IV. Supplement. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 3, 180–299.
Graham, M.W.R. de V. (1961) The genus Aprostocetus Westwood, sensu lato (Hym., Eulophidae); with notes on the synonymy of European species. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, 97, 34–64.
Graham, M.W.R. de V. (1987) A reclassification of the European Tetrastichinae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), with a revision of certain genera. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), 55, 1–392.
Graham, M.W.R. de V. (1991) A reclassification of the European Tetrastichinae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae): revision of the remaining genera. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 49, 322 pp.
Herting, B. (1972) Homoptera. A catalogue of parasites and predators of terrestrial arthropods. Section A. Host or prey/enemy. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Slough, UK, 210 pp.
Hodkinson, I.D. (1984) Co-evolution between psyllids (Homoptera: Psylloidea) and rain-forest trees: the first 120 million years. In: Chadwick, A.C & Sutton, S.L. (Eds), Tropical Rain-Forest, the Leeds Symposium. Special Publication of the Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society, Leeds, UK, pp. 187–194.
Kostjukov, V.V. (1977) Stravnitel’naya morfologiya khal’tsid podsem. Tetrastichinae I sistema roda Tetrastichus Haliday 1844 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Entomologicheskoe Obozreniye, 56, 177–194. [English translation: A comparative morphology of chalcids of the subfamily Tetrastichinae and the system of the genus Tetrastichus Haliday 1844 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Entomological Review, 56, 134–145.]
Kostjukov, V.V. (1978) Podsem 5. Tetrastichinae. In Medvedev, G.S. (Ed), Opredelitel’ Nasekomykh Evropesky Chasti SSSR, Tom III, Pereponchatokrylye, Vtoraya chast’ (Leningrad: Nauka), pp. 430–467. [English Translation: Subfamily Tetrastichinae. In: Medvedev, G.S. (Ed), Keys to the Insects of the European Part of the USSR, Vol. III. Hymenoptera, Part Two, (New Delhi: Amerind), pp.796–861 (published 1987).]
Kostjukov, V.V. (1995) 46. Family Eulophidae Subfamily Tetrastichinae. In: Lera, P.A. (Ed.), Key to the insects of Russian far east in six volumes. 4. Dal'nauka, Vladivostok, Russia, pp. 346-505. [In Russian]
Kostjukov, V.V. (1996) New species of the genus Tamarixia Mercet (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae). Buletinul Academiei de Stiinte a Republicii Moldova. Stiinte Biologice si Chimice, 4(277), 27–31. [In Russian]
Kostjukov, V.V. (2000) Nadsem. Chalcidoidea 46. Sem. Eulophidae. Opredeliteli nasekomikh dalinego vostoka Rossii. 4(4), 582–601. Dalinauka, Vladivostok Ed: Lera, P.A. [In Russian]
LaSalle, J. (1994) North American genera of Tetrastichinae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Journal of Natural History, 28, 109–236.
León, J.H. & Sétamou, M. (2010) Molecular evidence suggests that populations of the Asian citrus psyllid parasitoid Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) from Texas, Florida and Mexico represent a single species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 103, 100–120.
Lizondo, M.J., Gastaminza, G., Costa, V.A., Augier, L., Torres, M.L.G., Willink, E. & Parra, J.R.P. (2007) Records of Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Northwestern Argentina. Revista industrial y agrícola de Tucumán, 84, 21–22.
McFarland, C.D. & Hoy, M.A. (2001) Survival of Diaphorina citri (Homoptera: Psyllidae), and its two parasitoids, Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), under different relative humidities and temperature regimes. Florida Entomologist, 84, 27–233.
Mead, F.W. (1994) Eugenia psyllid, Trioza eugeniae Froggatt (Homoptera: Psyllidae). Entomology Circular, Florida Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, No 367,1–3.
Mercet, R.G. (1924) Eulófidos de España (1.a nota). Boletin de la Real Sociedad Española de Historia Natural, 24, 54–59.
Michaud, J.P. (2002) Biological control of Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in Florida: a preliminary report. Entomological News, 113, 216–222.
Napompeth, B. (1994) Leucaena psyllid in the Asia-Pacific Region: Implications for its management in Africa. Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (RAPA) Publication 1994/13, Bangkok, Thailand.
Narendran, T.C. (2007) Indian Chalcidoid Parasitoids of the Tetrastichinae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Occasional Paper No. 272, 1–386 + 5 plates.
Noyes, J.S. (2003) Universal Chalcidoidea Database. World Wide Web electronic publication. [available at http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/projects/chalcidoids/] [Accessed 26 Oct. 2010]
Patil, N.G., Baker, P.S. & Pollard, G.V. (1993) Life histories of Psyllaephagus yaseeni (Hym., Encyrtidae) and Tamarixia leucaenae (Hym., Eulophidae), parasitoids of the leucaena psyllid Heteropsylla cubana. Entomophaga, 38, 565–577.
Pluke, R.W.H., Qureshi, J.A. & Stansly, P.A. (2008) Citrus flushing patterms, Diaphorina citri populations and parasitism by Tamarixia radiata in Puerto Rico. Florida Entomologist, 91, 36–42.
Qureshi, J.A., Rogers, M.E., Hall, D.G. & Stansly, P.A. (2009) Incidence of invasive Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) and its introduced parasitoid Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Florida citrus. Journal of Economic Entomology, 102, 247–256.
Rao, M.R., Singh, M.P. & Day, R. (2000) Insect pest problems in tropical agroforestry systems: Contributory factors and strategies for management. Agroforestry Systems, 50, 243–277.
Santana, D.L.Q., Menezes, A.O. & Favaro, R.M. (2006) Ocorrência de Heteropsylla cubana (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) em Leucana no Paraná e Minas Gerais. Anais do XXI Congresso Brasileiro de Entomologia. [CD-Rom]
Santana, D.L.Q. & Resende, M.Q. (2008) Ocorrência de Heteropsylla cubana (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) em Leucana leucocephala (Lam.) R. de Wit. (Mimosaceae) no Bahia, Brasil. Anais do XXII Congresso Brasileiro de Entomologia. [CD-Rom]
Schauff, M.E., LaSalle, J. & Coote, L.D. (1997) Chapter 10. Eulophidae, In: Gibson, G.A.P., Huber, J.T. & Woolley, J.B. (Eds), Annotated keys to the genera of Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). NRC Research Press, Ottawa, Ontario, pp. 327–429.
Torres, M.L., Nava, D.E., Gravena, S., Costa, V.A. & Parra, J.P.R. (2006) Registro de Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) em Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) em São Paulo, Brasil. Revista de Agricultura (Piracicaba), 81, 112–117.
van den Berg, M.A. & Greenland, J. (2000) Tamarixia dryi, parasitoid of the citrus psylla, Trioza erytreae: a review. African Plant Protection, 6, 25–28.
Waterhouse, D.F. (1998) Biological Control of Insect Pests: Southeast Asian Prospects. ACIAR Monograph No 51, 548 pp + viii. Australia Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, Australia.
Young, G.R. (2003) Life history, biology, host plants and natural enemies of the lily pilly psyllid, Trioza eugeniae Froggatt (Hemiptera: Triozidae). Australian Entomologist, 30, 31–38.