Abstract
The scale insect fauna recorded on the pigmy mistletoe genus Korthalsella (Viscaceae) and New Zealand’s loranthaceous mistletoes is reviewed. Three new species from New Zealand discovered on Korthalsella species during this study are described: the adult female, 2nd-instar male and female nymphs of two pupillarial species Leucaspis albotecta sp. nov. and Leucaspis trilobata sp. nov. (Diaspididae); and the adult female, 2nd-instar male and female nymphs and 1st-instar nymph of Eriococcus korthalsellae sp. nov. (Eriococcidae). A distribution map is provided for the three new species. We report the first records of adventive (exotic) scale insects on Korthalsella species in New Zealand – Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio, Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus, soft brown scale, Saissetia coffeae (Walker), hemispherical scale, S. oleae (Olivier), black scale (Coccidae), and Aspidiotus nerii Bouché, oleander scale, Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), latania scale, H. rapax (Comstock), greedy scale (Diaspididae), while three native scale insects are also first records: Kalasiris perforata (Maskell) (Coccidae), Eriococcus pallidus Maskell (Eriococcidae) and Paracoccus glaucus (Maskell) (Pseudococcidae). Ten scale insect species are listed for New Zealand’s loranthaceous mistletoes.References
Anon. (2009) Pest watch: 20/12/2008 - 20/02/2009. Biosecurity, 90, 18–19.
Bain J. (2008) New Records. Forest Health News, 188, 2.
Baloch, g.M., irshad, m. & arif, m.I. (1975) annual report on investigations on the natural enemies of dwarf mistletoes, arceuthobium spp., and other forest weeds common to pakistan and the united states. january 1974-december 1974. pakistan station, commonwealth institute of biological control, rawalpindi, 13 pp.
Bannister, P. (1989) Nitrogen concentration and mimicry in some New Zealand mistletoes. Oecologia, 79(1), 128–132.
Brittin, G.(1915). Some new Coccidae. Transactions & Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 47, 149–156.
Brittin, G. (1937) Notes on the genus Leucaspis with descriptions of thirteen New Zealand species and redescriptions of eight foreign species. Transactions & Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 67, 281–302.
Burrows, C. (1996) Dispersal of Korthalsella seeds. Canterbury Botanical Society Journal, 31, 69–70.
Charles, J.G. & Henderson, R.C. (2002) Catalogue of the exotic armoured scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidae: Diaspididae) in New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 32(4), 587–615.
Cox, J.M. (1987) Pseudococcidae (Insecta: Hemiptera). Fauna of New Zealand, 11. 230 pp.
Crosby, T.K., Dugdale, J.S. & Watt, J.C. (1998) Area codes for recording specimen localities in the New Zealand subregion. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 25, 175–183.
de Boer, J.A. & Valentine, E.W. (1977) The identity of Leucaspis gigas (Homoptera: Diaspididae), with descriptions of four similar species in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 4, 153–164.
de Lange, P.J. (1997) Decline of New Zealand loranthaceous mistletoes – a review of non-possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) threats. In: de Lange, P.J. & Norton, D.A. (Eds), New Zealand’s loranthaceous mistletoes. Proceedings of a workshop hosted by Threatened Species Unit, Department of Conservation, Cass, 17–20 July 1995, pp. 155–163.
de Lange, P.J., Norton, D.A., Courtney, S.P., Heenan, P.B., Barkla, J.W., Cameron, E.K., Hitchmough, R. & Townsend, A.J. (2009) Threatened and uncommon plants of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 47, 61–96.
Department of Conservation (2001) Mistletoes in Wellington Conservancy: Current Status and Management Requirements. Department of Conservation, Wellington Conservancy. 46 pp.
Ferris, G.F. (1942) Atlas of Scale Insects, Series IV, 399.
Green, E.E. (1929) Some Coccidae collected by Dr J.G. Myers in New Zealand. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 19, 369–389.
Hedley-Stevens, J. (2009) Pest watch: 15/11/2008-12/12/2008. Biosecurity, 89, 26–27.
Henderson, R.C. (2006) Four new species and a new monotypic genus Hoheriococus (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) associated with plant galls in New Zealand. New Zealand Entomologist, 29, 37–57.
Henderson, R.C. (2007a) A new genus and species of felt scale (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) from epiphyte communities of northern rata (Metrosideros robusta Cunn.: Myrtaceae) canopy in New Zealand. New Zealand Entomologist, 30, 25–33.
Henderson, R.C. (2007b) Three new genera and six new species of felt scales (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) from mountain habitats in New Zealand. Zootaxa, 1449, 1–29.
Henderson. R.C. & Martin, N.A. (2006) Review of the gall-inducing scale insects of New Zealand (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) with a guide to field identification. New Zealand Entomologist, 29, 59–75.
Hill, G.M. & Holmes, T. (2009) An analysis of lataniae scale (Hemiberlesia lataniae) settlement behaviour on kiwifruit leaves and bark. New Zealand Plant Protection, 62, 56–62.
Hodgson, C.J. (1994) Eriochiton and a new genus of the scale insect family Eriococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 24, 171–208.
Hodgson, C.J. & Henderson, R.C. (1996) A review of the Eriochiton spinosus (Maskell) species complex (Eriococcidae: Coccoidea), including a phylogenetic analysis of its relationships. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 26, 143–204.
Hodgson, C.J. & Henderson, R.C. (2000) Coccidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Fauna of New Zealand, 41. 264 pp.
Hoy, J.M. (1954) A new species of Eriococcus Targ. (Hemiptera, Coccidae) attacking Leptospermum in New Zealand. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 82, 465–474.
Hoy, J.M. (1958) Coccids associated with rata and kamahi in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Science, 1, 179–200.
Hoy, J.M. (1962) Eriococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea) of New Zealand. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 146, Government Printer,Wellington, New Zealand. 219 pp.
Kay, M. & Smale, M.C. (1990) The potential for biological control of Buddleja davidii Franchet in New Zealand. 29–33. In: Bassett C, Whitehouse LJ, Zabkiewicz JA. Alternatives to the chemical control of weeds. Proceedings of an international conference, Rotorua, New Zealand, July 1989. Ministry of Forestry, FRI Bulletin 155, Rotorua, New Zealand.
Martin, N.A. (1999) Arthropods and molluscs associated with poroporo (Solanum aviculare and S. laciniatum): an annotated species list. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 29, 65–76.
Maskell, W.M. (1879) On some Coccidae in New Zealand. Transactions & Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 11, 187–228.
Maskell, W.M. (1884) Further notes on Coccidae in New Zealand, with descriptions of new species. Transactions & Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 16, 120–144.
Maskell, W.M. (1893) Further coccid notes: with descriptions of new species from Australia, India, Sandwich Islands, Demerara, and South Pacific. Transactions & Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 25, 201–252.
McKenna, C.E., Dobson, S.J. & Phare, J.M. (2009) The insect complex of Actinidia arguta kiwifruit. New Zealand Plant Protection, 62, 262–267.
Molvray, M., Kores, P.J. & Chase, M.W. (1999) Phylogenetic relationships within Korthalsella (Viscaceae) based on nuclear ITS and plastid trnL-F sequence data. American Journal of Botany, 86, 249–260.
Morrison, E. (2007) Pest Watch: 27/12/2006 - 09/02/2007. Biosecurity, 74, 23.
Morales, C.F. (1991) Margarodidae (Insecta: Hemiptera). Fauna of New Zealand, 21, 123 pp.
Philip, B. (2008) Pest watch: 05/05/2008-13/06/2008. Biosecurity, 85, 30–31.
Plant and Food. Invertebrate Herbivore – Host Plant Association (Plant-SyNZTM) Database (accessed August 2010). http://www.crop.cri.nz/home/plant-synz/database/databasehome.php
Walker, J. (2008) Pest Watch: 17/03/2008-02/05/2008. Biosecurity, 84, 26–27.