Abstract
Partial life histories for eight Afro–tropical Coeliadinae are described and illustrated: Pyrrhochalcia iphis (Drury) (Côte d’Ivoire), Pyrrhiades lucagus (Cramer) (Ghana), P. anchises anchises (Gerstaecker) (Kenya), Coeliades chalybe chalybe (Westwood) (Côte d’Ivoire), C. forestan forestan (Stoll) (Kenya), C. pisistratus (Fabricius) (Kenya), C. sejuncta (Mabille & Vuillot) (Kenya), C. kenya Evans stat. rev. (Kenya). Descriptions of a further six species or subspecies are provided from the literature: P. anchises jucunda (Butler) (Oman), P. aeschylus (Plötz) (Republic of Guinea), P. pansa (Hewitson) (Réunion), C. bixana Evans (Democratic Republic of the Congo), C. libeon (Druce) (Democratic Republic of the Congo), C. keithloa (Wallengren) (South Africa), C. lorenzo Evans stat. rev. (South Africa). Unpublished photographs provided by T.C.E. Congdon illustrate early stages of C. sp. probably fervida (Butler) and C. rama Evans (Madagascar). Notes based on museum material are presented for C. ramanatek (Boisduval). Generalisations are made for the subfamily in Africa and the implications for generic groupings in the subfamily are considered. All except C. libeon are known4 · Zootaxa 2547 © 2010 Magnolia Pressto feed on at least one species of Malpighiaceae, while C. libeon feeds on at species of at least two other families of Malpigiales. A new type of leaf shelter, the four–cut shelter, is introduced, characteristic of African Coeliadinae.References
Ackery, P.R., Smith, C.R. & Vane-Wright, R.I. (1995) Carcasson’s African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, Australia, 803 pp.
Aurivillius, C. (1925) Hesperiidae. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.) The Macrolepidoptera of the World. Vol. 13. The African Rhopalocera. Alfred Kernan Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany, pp. 505–588, plates 75–80.
BBC (2009) Average conditions. Nairobi. Kenya. Available from http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT000300 (accessed 8 July 2009)
Beentje, H. (1994) Kenya Trees Shrubs and Lianas. National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, 722 pp.
Bennett, F.D. (1960) Parasites of Ancylostomia stercorea (Zeller) (Pyralidae, Lepidoptera), a pod borer attacking pigeon pea in Trinidad. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 50, 737–757.
Blundell, M. (1987) Collins Guide to the Wild Flowers of East Africa. Collins, London, 464 pp.
Brower, A.V.Z. (2006) Problems with DNA barcodes for species delimitation: ‘ten species’ of Astraptes fulgerator reassessed (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Systematics and Biodiversity, 4, 127–132.
Burns, J.M., Janzen, D.H., Hajibabaei, M., Hallwachs, W. & Hebert, P.D.N. (2007) DNA barcodes of closely related (but morphologically and ecologically distinct) species of skipper butterflies (Hesperiidae) can differ by only one to three nucleotides. Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society, 61, 138–153.
Burns, J.M., Janzen, D.H., Hajibabaei, M., Hallwachs, W. & Hebert, P.D.N. (2008) DNA barcodes and cryptic species of skipper butterflies in the genus Perichares in Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105, 6350–6355.
Carcasson, R.H. (1981) Collins Handguide to the Butterflies of Africa. Collins, London, 109 pp.
Chiba, H. (2009) A revision of the subfamily Coeliadinae (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Bulletin of the Kitayushu Museum of Natural History, Series A (Natural History), 7, 1–102.
Cock, M.J.W. (1991) The skipper butterflies (Hesperiidae) of Trinidad. Part 7, genera group E (first section). Living World, Journal of the Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists' Club, 1990–1991, 46–56.
Cock, M.J.W. (2001) Notes on butterflies seen or collected on a short visit to Nevis, W.I., including the life history of Epargyreus zestos Geyer (Hesperiidae). Living World, Journal of the Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists' Club, 2001, 27–36.
Cock, M.J.W. (2005) The Skipper Butterflies (Hesperiidae) of Trinidad. Part 13, Hesperiinae, Genera group K. Living World, Journal of the Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists' Club, 2005, 23–47.
Cock, M.J.W. (2008) Observations on the biology of Pyrrhopyge amyclas amyclas (Cramer) and Myrsoria barcastus alta Evans (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) in Trinidad, West Indies. Living World, Journal of the Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists' Club, 2008, 43–48.
Cock, M.J.W. (2010a) The biology of Pyrrhiades anchises jucunda (Butler) in northern Oman (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae, Coeliadinae). Tribulus, 18, 37–41.
Cock, M.J.W. (2010b) Observations on the biology of Pelopidas thrax (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae) in the Hajar Mountains, Oman. Tribulus, 18, 42–49.
Davis, P.M.H. & Barnes, M.J.C. (1991) The butterflies of Mauritius. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, 30, 145–161.
DeFoliart, G.R. (1999) Insects as food: why the western attitude is important. Annual Review of Entomology, 44, 21–50.
Dethier, V.G. (1942) Abdominal glands of Hesperiinae. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 50, 203–207, plate XIV.
Dickson, C.G.C. & Kroon, D.M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington’s Butterflies of Southern Africa. A.D. Donker, Johannesburg, South Africa, 670 pp.
Duarte, M., Robbins, R.K. & Mielke, O.H.H. (2005) Immature stages of Calycopis caulonia (Hewitson, 1877) (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Theclinae, Eumaeini), with notes on rearing detritivorous hairstreaks on artificial diet. Zoo-taxa, 1063, 1–31.
Evans, W.H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp., 30 plates.
Evans, W.H. (1947) Revisional notes on African Hesperiidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 11, 13, 641–648.
Frempong, E. & Buahin, G.K.A. (1978) Studies on the insect pests of egg plant, Solanum melongena L., in Ghana. Bulletin de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire, Serie A, 39 (1977), 627–641.
Fleury, P. de (1926) Études sur la faune lépidopterologique de la Guinée française. Annales de la Societé entomologique de France, 95, 131–155.
Fontaine, M. (1988) Premiers états et observations sur quelques Hesperidae du Zaïre. Lambillionea, 88, 30–32.
Forsyth, J. (1966) Agricultural Insects of Ghana. Ghana Universities Press, Accra, Ghana, 163 pp
Gerstaecker, A. (1871) Beitrag zur insektenfauna von Zanzibar. (Fortsetzung). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 1871(1), 345–363.
Gifford, D. (1965) A list of the Butterflies of Malawi. The Society of Malawi (Historical and Scientific), Blantyre, Malawi, 151pp.
Greeney, H.F. (2009) A revised classification scheme for larval hesperiid shelters, with comments on shelter diversity in the Pyrginae. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 41 (2002), 53–59.
Greeney, H.F. & Jones, M.T. (2003) Shelter building in the Hesperiidae: A classification scheme for larval shelters. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, 37 (1998), 27–36.
Guillermet, C. (2009) Entomofaune de La Réunion. Listes interactives révisées des Lépidoptères de La Réunion. Available from http://heterocera.ifrance.com/ernesti.htm. (accessed 25 August 2009).
Hajibabaei, M., Janzen, D.H., Burns, J.M., Hallwachs, W. & Hebert, P.D.N. (2006) DNA barcodes distinguish species of tropical Lepidoptera. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 968–971.
Hebert, P.D.N., Penton, E.H., Burns, J.M., Janzen, D.H. & Hallwachs, W. (2004) Ten species in one: DNA barcoding reveals cryptic species in the neotropical skipper butterfly Astraptes fulgerator. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 14812–14817.
Henning, G.A., Henning, S.F., Joannou, J.G. & Woodhall, S.E. (1997) Living Butterflies of Southern Africa. Biology, Ecology and Conservation. Volume I Hesperiidae, Papilionidae and Pieridae of South Africa. Umdaus Press, Hatfield, South Africa, 395 pp.
Holloway, J.D., Cock, M.J.W. & Desmier de Chenon, R. (1987) Systematic account of the South–east Asian pest Limacodidae. In: Cock, M.J.W., Godfray, H.C.J. & Holloway, J.D. (Eds) Slug and Nettle Caterpillars. The Biology, Taxonomy and Control of the Limacodidae of Economic Importance on Palms in South–east Asia. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 15–117.
Janzen, D.H. & Hallwachs, W. (2009) Dynamic database for an inventory of the macrocaterpillar fauna, and its food plants and parasitoids, of Area de Conservacion Guanacaste (ACG), northwestern Costa Rica. Available from http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu (accessed 8 July 2009).
Janzen, D.H., Hajibabaei, M., Burns, J.M., Hallwachs, W., Remigio, E. & Hebert, P.D.N. (2005) Wedding biodiversity inventory of a large and complex Lepidoptera fauna with DNA barcoding. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Series B, Biological Sciences, 360 (1462), 1835–1845.
Kielland, J. (1990) Butterflies of Tanzania. Hill House, Melbourne, Australia, 363 pp.
Larsen, T.B. (1983) Insects of Saudi Arabia. Lepidoptera; Rhopalocera (a monograph of the butterflies of the Arabian Peninsula). Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 5, 333–475.
Larsen, T.B. (1984) Butterflies of Saudi Arabia and its Neighbours. Transworld Arabian Library, Riyadh & Stacey International, London, 160pp.
Larsen, T.B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 490 pp.
Larsen, T.B. (2005a) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, 595 + 270pp.
Larsen, T.B. (2005b) Coeliades libeon (Druce, 1875) – a migratory butterfly used as human food (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Entomologists’ Record and Journal of Variation, 120, 189–191.
Larsen, T. & Larsen, K. (1980) Butterflies of Oman. John Bartholomew & Son Ltd., Edinburgh, 80 pp.
Le Pelley, R.H. (1959) Agricultural Insects of East Africa. East Africa High Commission, Nairobi, Kenya, 307pp.
Lepesme, P. (1947) Les insectes des palmiers. Paul Lechevalier, Paris, 909 pp.
Lindsey, A.W., Jr. & Miller, L.D. (1965) Superfamily Hesperioidea. Family Hesperiidae. In: Fox, R.M., Lindsey, A.W., Jr., Clench, H.K. & Miller, L.D. The butterflies of Liberia. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, 19, 47–146.
Lötschert, W. & Beese, G. (1981) Collins Guide to Tropical Plants. Collins, London 256 pp.
Mayné, R. (1917) Insectes et autres animaux attaquant le cacaoyer au Congo Belge. Études de Biologie agricole : No. 3. Ministère des Colonies, Service de l'Agriculture, Royaume de Belgique, 80 pp., 5 plates.
Malaisse, F. & Lognay, G. (2003) Les chenilles comestibles d’Afrique tropicale. In: Motte-Florac, E. & Thomas, J.M.C. (Eds.) Les “insectes” dans la tradition orale – “Insects” in oral literature and traditions. Ethnoscience 11, SELAF No. 407, Peeters, Leuven, Paris & Dudley MA, pp 279–304.
Mariau, D. (2001) The fauna of oil palm and coconut: insect and mites pests and their natural enemies. CIRAD, Montpellier, 264 pp.
Mariau, D., Desmier de Chenon, R., Julia, J.F. & Philippe, R. (1981) Les ravageurs du palmier a huile et du cocotier en Afrique Occidentale. Oil palm and coconut pests in West Africa. Oleagineux, 36, 169–228.
Mariau, D. & Morin, J.P. (1974) Les ravageurs et maladies du palmier a huile et du cocotier: Chenilles defoliatrices de la famille des Hesperidae en Afrique Occidentale. (Conseils de l`I.R.H.O., 138). Oleagineux, 29, 187–188.
Migdoll, I. (1988) Ivor Migdoll's Field Guide to the Butterflies of Southern Africa. New Holland Press, London, 256 pp.
Moss, A.M. (1949) Biological notes of some Hesperiidae of Para and the Amazon. Acta Zoologica Lilloana Tucuman, 7, 27–79.
Murray, D.P. (1932) The early stages of some South African hesperiids. South African Journal of Science, 29, 584–588.
Murray, D. (1959) The genitalia and food-plants of the South African Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). Durban Museum Novitates, 5, 219–227, plates i–iii.
Neave, S.A. (1904) On a large collection of Rhopalocera from the shores of the Victoria Nyanza. Novitates Zoologicae, 11, 323–363, Plate 1.
Nixon, G.E.J. (1935) A revision of the African Telenominae (Proctotrupoidea, fam. Scelionidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 83, 73–103.
Patterson, W.H. (1922) Report of the Entomologist. Gold Coast: Report of the Agricultural Department, 1921, 27–30. (As summarized in Review of Applied Entomology, 11 (1923), 213–214.)
Paulian, R. (1963) Coeliades libeon Druce, chenille comestible du Congo. Bulletin de Recherches Scientifiques au Congo, 2, 5–6.
Pinhey, E. (1965) Butterflies of Southern Africa. Thomas Nelson & Sons (Africa) Ltd., Johannesburg, South Africa, 240 pp.
Peacock, A.D. (1913) Entomological pests and problems of southern Nigeria. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 3, 191–220, plates XXIII–XXVIII.
Pringle, E.L.L., Henning, G.A. & Ball, J.B. (Eds.) (1994) Pennington’s Butterflies of Southern Africa. Second Edition. Struik Winchester, Cape Town, South Africa, 800 pp.
Roberts, H. (1969) Forest insects of Nigeria with notes on their biology and distribution. Institute Paper No. 44. Commonwealth Forestry Institute, University of Oxford, UK, 206 pp.
Scoble, M.J. (1995) The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity. Oxford University Press, Oxford & New York, 416 pp.
Sevastopulo, D.G. (1974) Butterflies of the Shimba Hills. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation, 86, 131–136.
Sevastopulo, D.G. (1975) Hesperiidae. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 34, 131–132. In: Sevastopulo, D.G. (1975–1978) A list of the food-plants of East African Macrolepidoptera. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 34, 84–92, 124–132, 175–184; 35, 94–100, 177–195; 36, 45–50; 37, 147–172, 202–216.
Sevastopulo, D.G. (1981) A second list of the food-plants of East African Macrolepidoptera. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 40, 48–55.
Sevastopulo, D.G. (unpublished) Rearing Records of Kenyan Hesperiidae. Library of the Natural History Museum, London.
Smee, C. (1944) Report of Entomologist, 1943. Department of Agriculture, Zomba, Nyasaland, 11 pp. (As summarised in Review of Applied Entomology, 33(1945), 85–87.)
Smith, M.A., Woodley, N.E., Janzen, D.H., Hallwachs, W. & Hebert, P.D.N. (2006) DNA barcodes reveal cryptic host-specificity within the presumed polyphagous members of a genus of parasitoid flies (Diptera: Tachinidae). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 3657–3662.
Smith, M.A., Wood, D.M., Janzen, D.H., Hallwachs, W. & Hebert, P.D.N. (2007) DNA barcodes affirm that 16 species of apparently generalist tropical parasitoid flies (Diptera, Tachinidae) are not all generalists. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 4967–4972.
Smith, M.A., Rodriguez, J.J., Whitfield, J.B., Deans, A.R., Janzen, D.H., Hallwachs, W. & Hebert, P.D.N. (2008) Extreme diversity of tropical parasitoid wasps exposed by iterative integration of natural history, DNA barcoding, morphology, and collections. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105, 12359–12364.
Smith, M.R. (1965) List of Lepidoptera on Cocoa in West Africa with notes on identification and biology of species in Ghana. Cocoa Research Institute (Ghana Academy of Science) Technical Bulletin, 9, 1–68.
SMNH (Swedish Museum of Natural History) (2010) A checklist of the Lepidoptera in the Swedish Museum of Natural History. Available from http://www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/lepidoptera.html (accessed 6 April 2009).
Sourakov, A. & Emmel, T.C. (1997) Notes on life histories of Pyrrhochalcia iphis and Pardaleodes tibullus (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). In: Sourakov, A. (Ed.) Contributions to Studies of West African Butterflies. Tropical Lepidoptera, 8(Supplement 3), 32.
Stehr, F.W. (Coordinator) (1987) Order Lepidoptera. In: Stehr, F.W. (Ed.) Immature Insects. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co., Dubuque, Iowa, USA, pp 288–596.
Stevens, P.F. (2010) Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 9, June 2008 [and more or less continuously updated since]. Available from http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/ (accessed 29 March 2010).
Trimen, R. (1889) South–African Butterflies: a Monograph of the Extra–Tropical Species. Vol. III. Papilionidae and Hesperidae. Trübner & Co., Ludgate Hill, London, 438 pp, plates 10–12.
Tropicos (2009) Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Available from www.tropicos.org (accessed 8 July 2009).
Ungemach, H. (1932) Contribution a l'étude des lépidopteres d’Abyssinie. 1re partie rhopalocères. Mémoires de la Société des Sciences Naturelles du Maroc, 32, 122 pp, 2 plates.
van Someren, V.G.L. (1939) Butterflies of the Chyulu Range. A systematic list of the species taken by the Museum Expedition to the hills. April–July 1938. Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society, 14, 130–151.
van Someren, V.G.L. (1974) List of foodplants of some East African Rhopalocera, with notes on the early stages of some Lycaenidae. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 28, 315–331.
Vuattoux, R. (1999) Les lepidopteres hesperiides de la Station de Lamto (Côte d’Ivoire). Lambillionea. 94, 562–568.
Warren, A.D., Ogawa, J.R. & Brower, A.V.Z. (2008) Phylogenetic relationships of subfamilies and circumscription of tribes in the family Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea). Cladistics, 24, 1–35.
Warren, A.D., Ogawa, J.R. & Brower, A.V.Z. (2009) Revised classification of the family Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea) based on combined molecular and morphological data. Systematic Entomology, 34, 467–523.
Williams, J.R. (1989) Butterflies of Mauritius. The author, Mauritius, 41 pp.
Williams, M.C. & Woodhall, S.E. (2006) Notes on scent marking by means of an androconial brush organ in the skipper Coeliades forestan (Stoll, [1782]) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Coeliadinae). Metamorphosis, 17, 42–45.