Abstract
This paper reviews the present status of all genera of Eriococcidae (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) known from South America and provides generic diagnoses based on the adult females of all available species for each genus. Redescriptions and illustrations are provided for the adult females of Aculeococcus morrisoni Lepage, Apiococcus gregarius Hempel, Capulinia sallei Signoret, Carpochloroides viridis Cockerell, Macracanthopyga verganiana Lizer y Trelles, Pseudocapulinia lanosa Hempel and Tectococcus ovatus Hempel, which are all type species of their respective genera. In addition, modified reproductions of original illustrations are provided for the adult females of the following species as representatives or type species of South American genera: Acanthococcus aceris Signoret, Chilechiton lynnae Hodgson & Miller, Chilecoccus browni Miller & González, Coxicoccus foldi Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, Eriobalachowskya valenzualae (Balachowsky), Exallococcus laureliae Miller & González, Hempelicoccus paranaensis (Foldi & Kozár), Icelococcus nothofagi Miller & González, Intecticoccus viridis Kondo, Melzeria horni Green, Orafortis luma Hardy, Oregmopyga neglecta (Cockerell), Poliloculus stipae González, Pseudotectococcus anonae Hempel and Stibococcus cerinus Miller & González. Descriptions and illustrations are also provided of the first-instar nymphs of: Acanthococcus aceris Signoret, Aculeococcus morrisoni, Apiococcus gregarius, A. singularis Hempel (which appears to be sexually dimorphic), Capulinia sallei, Carpochloroides viridis, Chilechiton lynnae, Exallococcus laureliae, Hempelicoccus tucumanensis (González & Granara de Willink), Icelococcus lithrae Miller & González, Melzeria horni, Oregmopyga peruviana Granara de Willink & Diaz, Pseudocapulinia lanosa, Pseudotectococcus anonae and Tectococcus ovatus. In addition, illustrated descriptions of the adult males of Capulinia sallei, Carpochloroides viridis, and Tectococcus ovatus are included. The first-instar nymphs and adult males of the other genera, where they are known, are also diagnosed and discussed. Based on the molecular studies of Cook & Gullan (2004), most species currently included in Eriococcus Targioni Tozzetti known from South America are considered to belong to the genus Acanthococcus Signoret, resulting in the following new combinations: A. clapsae (González) n. comb., A. cuneifoliae (González) n. comb., A. divaricatae (González) n. comb., A. pituilensis (González) n. comb. and A. lahillei (Leonardi) n. comb. In additon, Eriococcus pumuliae González, E. santiaguensis González & Granara de Willink and E. tucumanensis González & Granara de Willink are transferred to Hempelicoccus, as H. pumuliae (González) n. comb., H. santiaguensis (González & Granara de Willink) n. comb. and H. tucumanensis n. comb. (González & Granara de Willink). The status of Opisthoscelis prosopidis Kieffer & Jorgensen, the only species from the Neotropics currently included in Opisthoscelis Schrader, is discussed, and it is concluded that this species is unlikely to belong to this genus but is currently unrecognizable. Keys are provided for the identification of the 24 genera now known from South America based on the morphology of: (i) the adult females; (ii) the first-instar nymphs; and (iii) adult males, as far as these are known. In addition, Appendix 1 lists all Eriococcidae known from South America with their current generic placement, along with a brief summary of their host plants.References
Afifi, S. (1968) Morphology and taxonomy of the adult males of the families Pseudococcidae and Eriococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea). British Museum (Natural History), 2nd Report on Economic Zoology, 13, 3–210.
Beardsley, J.W. (1971) A new genus of gall-inhabiting Eriococcidae from Singapore (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 21, 31–39.
Balachowsky, A.S. (1959) Otras cochinillas nuevas de Colombiana. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, 10, 362–366.
Beardsley, J.W. (1984) Gall-forming Coccoidea. 79–106. In: Ananthakrishnan, T.N. (Ed.), Biology of Gall Insects. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi, 362 pp.
Boyer de Fonscolombe, E.L.J.H. (1834) [Description of Kermes species found near Aix.] Description des Kermes qu'on trouve aux environs d'Aix. (In French). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 3, 201–218.
Boratynski, K.L. (1958) A note on Ovaticoccus agavium (Douglas) (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) and on the genus Ovaticoccus generally. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London, Series A: General Entomology, 27, 173–182.
Cockerell, T.D.A. (1895) New facts about scale insects. Garden and Forest, 382: 244.
Cockerell, T.D.A. (1899) Rhynchota. Hemiptera – Homoptera. [Aleyrodidae and Coccidae]. Biologia Centrali-Americana, 2, 1–37.
Cook, L.G. (2003) Apiomorpha gullanae, sp. n., an unusual new species of gall-inducing scale insect (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae). Australian Journal of Entomology, 42(4): 327–333.
Cook, L.G. & Gullan, P.J. (2004) The gall-inducing habit has evolved multiple times among the eriococcid scale insects (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 83, 441–452.
Cook, L.G., Gullan, P.J. & Stewart, A.C. (2000) First-instar morphology and sexual dimorphism in the gall-inducing scale insect Apiomorpha Rubsaamen (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae). Journal of Natural History, 34(6), 879–894.
Cox, J.M. & Williams, D.J. (1988) Do the Eriococcidae form a monophyletic group? Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria ‘Filippo Silvestri’ (1986), 43, 13–17.
Douglas, J.W. (1888) Notes on some British and exotic Coccidae (No. 12). Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, 25, 150–153.
Fernald, M.E. (1903) A Catalogue of the Coccidae of the World. Bulletin of the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, 88, 1–360.
Ferris, G.F. (1955) Atlas of the Scale Insects of North America, the Families Aclerdidae, Asterolecaniidae, Conchaspididae, Dactylopiidae and Lacciferidae. Stanford University Press, California, 233 pp.
Ferris, G.F. (1957) Notes on some little known genera of the Coccoidea (Homoptera). Microentomology, 22, 59–79.
Foldi, I. & Kozár, F. (2007) New species and new records of Eriococcus (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) from South America. Zootaxa, 1573, 51–64.
González. P. (2008a) Two new species of Eriococcus (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) from the Andino Patagonica region of Argentina, with a key to the Eriococcus species of that region. Zootaxa, 1899, 50–56.
González. P. (2008b) Un género nuevo de Eriococcidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) de la Argentina. Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina, 67, 11–17.
González. P. (2009) Eriocóccidos (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) encontrados en Larrea spp. (Zygophyllaceae) en Argentina. Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina, 68, 115–134.
González. P. & Granara de Willink, M.C. (2009) Descripción de dos especies nuevas de Eriococcus (Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) y redescripción de otras dos con grupos de microconductos de la Argentina. Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina, 68, 301–315.
Granara de Willink, M.C. & Diaz, W. (2007) Una nueva especie de Oregmopyga (Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) de Perú, descripción de estadios inmaduros. Revista Peruana de Biología Número especial, 14(1), 5–10.
Green, E.E. (1930) Notes on some Coccidae collected by Dr. Julius Melzer, at Sao Paulo, Brazil. (Rhynch.) Stettiner Entomologishe Zeitung, 91, 214–219.
Gullan, P.J. (1978) Male insects and galls of the genus Cylindrococcus Maskell (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Journal of the Australian entomological Society, 17, 53–61.
Gullan, P.J. (1999) A new genus of subcortical coccoids (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) on Eucalyptus. Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 57(2), 241–250.
Gullan, P.J. & Cockburn, A. (1986) Sexual dichronism and intersexual phoresy in gall-inducing coccoids. Oecologia, 68, 632–634.
Gullan, P.J., Giliomee, J.H., Hodgson, C.J. & Cook, L.G. (2006) The systematics and biology of the South African gall-inducing scale insect Calycicoccus merwei Brain (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae). African Entomology, 14, 13–33.
Gullan, P.J. & Jones, M.G. (1989) A new species of gall-forming coccoid (Insecta: Homoptera: Eriococcidae) from Western Australia. Record of the Western Australian Museum, 14(3), 321–329.
Gullan, P.J., Miller, D.R.& Cook, L.G. (2005) Gall-inducing scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea). pp. 159–229. In: A. Raman, C.W. Schaefer and T.M. Withers (eds), Biology, Ecology, and Evolution of Gall-Inducing Arthropods. Science Publishers, Inc., Enfield, USA, Plymouth, UK.
Hardy, N.B. & Gullan, P.J. (2007) A new genus and four new species of felt scales on Eucalyptus (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) in south-eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Entomology, 46, 106–120.
Hardy, N.B., Gullan, P.J., Henderson, R.C. & Cook, L.G. (2008) Relationships among felt scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) of southern beech, Nothofagus (Nothofagaceae), with first descriptions of Australian species on the Nothofagus-feeding genus Madarococcus Hoy. Invertebrate Systematics, 22, 365–405.
Hempel, A. (1900) Descriptions of three new species of Coccidae from Brazil. Canadian Entomologist, 32, 3–7.
Hempel, A. (1900a) As coccidas Brasileiras. [Brazilian coccids.] Revista do Museu Paulista. São Paulo, 4, 365–537.
Hempel, A. (1919) Descripção de duas novas espécies de coccidas. [Descriptions of two new species of coccids.] Revista do Museu Paulista. São Paulo, 11, 451–457.
Hempel, A.(1932) Descripção de vinte a duas espécies novas de coccideos (Hemiptera — Homoptera) [Descriptions of 22 new species. (Hemiptera: Homoptera)]. Revista de Entomologia, 2, 310–339.
Hempel, A. (1934) Descriptção de tres especies novas, tres generos novas e uma subfamilia nova de coccideos (Hemiptera, Homoptera) [Descriptions of three new species, three genera and one new subfamily of coccids (Hemiptera, Homoptera).] Revista de Entomologia, 4, 139–147.
Hempel, A. (1937) Novas espécies de coccídeos (Homoptera) do Brasil. [New coccid species (Homoptera) from Brazil.] Archivos do Instituto Biologico. São Paulo, 8, 5–36.
Henderson, R.C. (2007) A new genus and species of felt scale (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) from epiphyte communities of northern rata (Metrosideros obusta Cunn.: Myrtaceae) canopy in New Zealand. New Zealand Entomologist, 30, 25–33.
Henderson, R.C. & Hodgson, C.J. (1995) The taxonomic relationships of the eriococcid genus Eriochiton Maskell, with observations on the biology of some species. Israel Journal of Entomology, 29, 75–83.
Hodgson, C.J. (1994) Eriochiton and a new genus of the scale insect family Eriococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 24(2), 171–208.
Hodgson, C.J. (2002) Preliminary phylogeny of some non-margarodid Coccoidea (Hemiptera) based on adult male characters. Proceedings of the IX International Symposium on Scale Insect Studies, Padua, 2001. Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura, 33, 12–137.
Hodgson, C.J. (2005) The adult males of Coccoidea (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha) known from Greenland. Zootaxa, 907, 1–48.
Hodgson, C.J. & Miller, D.R. (2002) A new genus and two new species of felt scales (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) from Chile, with comments on zoogeographical affinities between the eriococcid faunas of southern South America and New Zealand. Systematic Entomology, 27(2), 191–209.
Hodgson, C.J., Goncalves, S.J.M.R., Miller, D.R. & Isaias, R.M.S. (2004) A key to genera of Eriococcidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) from the Neotropical region and a revision of Pseudotectococcus Hempel (Eriococcidae), a gall inducing scale insect genus from Brazil, with a description of a new species. Lundiana, 5(1), 51–72.
Hoy, J.M. (1962) Eriococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea) of New Zealand. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin, 146, 1–219.
Hoy, J.M. (1963) A Catalogue of the Eriococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea) of the world. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin, 150, 1–260.
Johnson, M.T. (2005) Petition for field release of Tectococcus ovatus for classical biological control of strawberry guave, Psidium cattleianum in Hawaii. http://www.hear.org/species/tectococcus_ovatus [PDF] 31 pp.
Kieffer, J.J. & Jorgensen, P. (1910) Gallen und Gallentiere aus Argentinien. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankheiten (und Hygiene). Jena, 27, 362–444.
Kloet, G.S. (1944) A new generic name in the Coccidae (Hemiptera). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 80, 86.
Kondo, T., Hardy, N., Cook, L. & Gullan, P. (2006) Description of two new genera and species of Eriococcidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) from southern South America. Zootaxa, 1349, 19–36.
Kondo, T., Gullan, P.J. & Miller, D.R. (2004) A new hypogeal species of Oregmopyga Hoy (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) from southern California, U.S.A., and a key to species of the genus. Zootaxa, 784, 1–12.
Koteja, J. (1988a) Two new eriococcids from Baltic Amber. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift, 35: 405–416.
Koteja, J. (1988b) Eriococcid crawlers (Homoptera, Coccinea) from Baltic amber. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 58, 503–524.
Kozár, F. (2009). Zoogeographical analysis and status of knowledge of the Eriococcidae (Hemiptera), with a World list of species. Bollettino di Zoologia agrarian di Bachicultura, Ser. II, 41, 87–121.
Kozár, F. & Konczné Benedicty, Z. (2008) Descriptions of three new genera, five new species and some additional data on the taxonomy and distribution of Nearctic Eriococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae). Bollettino di Zoologia agrarian di Bachicultura, Ser. II, 40, 117–144.
Kozár, F., Konczné Benedicty, Z. & Hodgson, C.J. (2008) A new felt scale genus (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha; Eriococcidae) from Papua New Guinea, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa, 1934, 47–62.
Lepage, H.S. (1941) Descriçao de um novo genero e nova espécie de coccideo productor de galhas (Homoptera - Coccoidea). [Description of a new genus and species of a gall-producing coccid (Homoptera: Coccoidea).] Archivos do Instituto Biologico. São Paulo, 12, 141–145.
Leonardi, G. (1911) Contributo alla conoscenza delle coccinglie della Repúbblica Argentina. Bollettino della Real Scuola Superiore di Agricoltura. Portici (ser 2), 10, 3–50.
Lizer y Trelles, C.A. (1939) Catálogo sistemático razonado de los cóccidos (Hom. Sternor) vernáculos de la Argentina. Physis. Buenos Aires, 17: 157–210.
Lizer y Trelles, C.A. (1955) Description d'une nouvelle et bizarre cochenille de la Region Neotropicale (Hom. Eriococcidae). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France, 60, 37–38.
Marotta, S., Priore, R. & Lopez, C. (2001) Note morfologiche e bio-etologiche su Acanthococcus araucariae (Maskell, 1897) (Sternorrhyncha Coccoidea Eriococcidae). Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria 'Filippo Silvestri'. Portici, 56, 69–79.
Maskell, W.M. 1890 (1889). Further notes on Coccidae, with descriptions of new species from Australia, Fiji, and New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 22, 133–156.
Miller, D.R. (1991) The scales, scale insects or coccoids. 90–107 In: Stehr, F. W. (Ed.), Immature Insects, Volume 2. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, IO.
Miller, D.R. & Gimpel, M.E. (2000) A Systematic Catalogue of the Eriococcidae (Felt Scales) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the World. Intercept, Andover, UK, 589 pp.
Miller, D.R. & González, R.H. (1975). A taxonomic analysis of the Eriococcidae of Chile. Revista Chilena de Entomología, 9, 131–163.
Miller, D.R., Liu, T. & Howell, J.O. (1992) A new species of Acanthococcus (Homoptera; Coccoidea; Eriococcidae) from sundew (Drosera) with a key to the instars of Acanthococcus. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 94(4), 512–523.
Miller, D.R. & Miller, G.L. (1993) Eriococcidae of the Eastern United States (Homoptera). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 27(4), 1–91.
Miller, D.R. & Williams, D.J. (1998) Melzeria horni Green (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae): redescription of a poorly known felt scale. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 100, 458–463.
Morrison, H. (1919) A report on collection of Coccidae from Argentina with descriptions of apparently new species (Hom.). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 21, 63–91.
SCALENET. A database of the Scale Insects of the World. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/SCALENET/SCALENET.HTM
Schrader, H.L. (1863) Further communication on the gall-making Coccidae. Transactions of the Entomological Society of New South Wales, 1: 6–8.
Signoret, V. (1875) Essai sur les cochenilles ou gallinsectes (Homoptères — Coccides), 14e partie. [Essay on the gall forming insects (Homoptera — Coccidae) — 14th Part.] Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France (serie 5), 5, 15–40.
Targioni Tozzetti, A. (1868) Introduzione alla seconda memoria per gli studi sulle cocciniglie, e catalogo dei generi e delle specie della famiglia dei coccidi. Atti della Società italiana di scienze naturali, 11, 721–738
Tang, F.T. & Hao, J. (1995) [The Margarodidae and others of China.] Chinese Agricultural Science Technology Press, Beijing, P. R. China, 738 pp.
Theron, J.G. (1968) Studies on the morphology and relationships of male Apiomorpha and Opisthoscelis (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Australian Journal of Zoology, 16, 87–99.
Vitorino, M.C., Pedrosa-Macedo, J. & Smith, C.W. (2000) The biology of Tectococcus ovatus Hempel (Heteroptera: Eriococcidae) and its potential as a biocontrol agent of Psidium cattleianum (Myrtaceae). Proceedings of the X Interantional Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, 4–14th July, 1999, Montana State University, Bozenam, Montata, USA, 651–657.
Williams, D.J. (1985) The British and some other European Eriococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology Series, 51, 347–393.
Wu, S.A. (2000) Descriptions of male and immature stages of Cryptococcus ulmi Tang et Hao (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) with brief notes on its biology. Entomotaxonomia, 22(4), 251–256.