Abstract
The nomenclatural consequences of the recent rediscovery of the works of Garsault (1764, 1765, 1767) in amphibians and reptiles are examined in detail. The 13 new nomina of these two groups created by Garsault (1764) distribute in three categories: (1) three of these nomina (Lacertus, Rana viridis, Testudo marina) cause no problem, being just junior synonyms of senior nomina created by Linnaeus (1758); (2) four of them (Bufo, Salamandra, Scincus, Vipera) become the valid nomina of taxa, in replacement of identical nomina created later by Laurenti (1768), thus entailing no change in the nomina of their included species and subspecies but changes in their complete nominal-complexes (including their authors and dates); (3) six of these nomina are here rejected as invalid senior synonyms (Ranetta, Serpens, Lacertus aquatilis, Lacertus terrestris) or homonyms (Lacertus viridis, Testudo terrestris) of nomina in current use, by virtue of Article 23.9.1 of the Code. A very positive result of the rediscovery of these works is that it allows to solve for the best an old nomenclatural problem, concerning the nucleospecies (type-species) of the genus Bufo: whereas the nucleospecies (type-species) of Bufo Laurenti, 1768 is Bufo viridis Laurenti, 1768, we hereby designate Rana bufo Linnaeus, 1758 as nucleospecies of Bufo Garsault, 1764. This case shows that it is sometimes possible, even in complex nomenclatural situations, to solve them through a proper use of the Rules of the Code, without having to appeal to the ICZN for the use of its Plenary-Powers. From a taxonomic point of view, we think the data published so far do not allow currently to stabilise the generic taxonomy of the BUFONIDAE. Pending additional data, we support a conservative attitude, maintaining in the genus Bufo most species traditionally referred to this genus. In particular, we think all Eurasian species of this family, which include several pairs of species known to be able to produce viable adult hybrids, should be kept in this genus, but in three distinct subgenera: Bufo Garsault, 1764 for the group including Bufo bufo (Linnaeus, 1758); Bufotes Rafinesque, 1815 for the group including Bufo viridis (Laurenti, 1768); and Epidalea Cope, 1864 for the group including Bufo calamita (Laurenti, 1768). This survey also allows to discuss the appropriateness of the current Article 11.9.5 dealing with specific trinomina, especially as they appear in Laurenti (1768), and to point again to the need to implement more drastic Rules regarding the conditions required for a nomen being compliant for protection through Article 23.9.1 of the Code.References
Anonymous [International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature] (1925) Opinions rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Opinion 89. Suspension of the Rules in the case of Gronow 1763, Commerson 1803, Gesellschaft Schauplatz 1775 to 1781, Casteby 1771, Brown 1789, Valmont de Bomare 1768 to 1775. Smithsonian miscellaneous Collections, 73 (3), 27–33.
Anonymous [International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature] (1963) Opinion 678. The suppression under the plenary powers of the pamphlet published by Meigen, 1800. Bulletin of zoological Nomenclature, 20 (3), 339–342.
Anonymous [International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature] (1987) Opinion 1463 (Case 1985). De Lacépède, 1788–1789. Histoire naturelle des Serpens and later editions: rejected as a non-binominal work. Bulletin of zoological Nomenclature, 44 (4), 265–267.
Anonymous [International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature] (1999) International code of zoological nomenclature. Fourth edition. London, International Trust for zoological Nomenclature, i–xxix + 1–306.
Anonymous [International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature] (2005) Opinion 2104 (Case 3226). Lacepède, B. G. E. de la V., 1788, Histoire naturelle des Quadrupèdes Ovipares: rejected as a non-binominal work. Bulletin of zoological Nomenclature, 62 (1), 55.
Aldrovandi, U. (1637) De Quadrupedibus digitatis viviparis Libri tres et de Quadrupedibus digitatis oviparis Libri duo. Bononiae, Nicolaum Tebaldinum, 1–718 + [i–xv].
Amann, T., Rykena, S., Joger, U., Nettmann, H. K. & Veith, M. (1997) Zur artlichen Trennung von Lacerta bilineata Daudin, 1802 und L. viridis (Laurenti, 1768). Salamandra, 33 (4), 255–268.
Ananjeva, N. B, Borkin, L. J., Darevskii, I. S. & Orlov, N. L. (1988) Dictionary of animal names in five languages. Amphibians and Reptiles. Moscow, Russky Yazik Publishers, 1–560.
Anderson, J. (1871) Description of a new species of Scincus. Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1871, 115–116.
Angel, F. (1946) Faune de France. 45. Reptiles et Amphibiens. Paris, Librairie de la Faculté des Sciences, 1–202.
Arnault de Nobleville, L. D. & Salerne, F. (1756) Histoire naturelle des animaux. Tome II, partie II. Paris, Desaint & Saillant, G. Cavelier, Le Prieur, 1–318.
Arnault de Nobleville, L. D. & Salerne, F. (1760) Tractatus de Materia medica… Auctore Stephano Francisco Geoffroy… Tomus tertius. De regno animali. Venetiis, Nicolai Pezzana, i–xxxii + 1–956.
Arnold, E. N. (1973) Relationships of the Palaearctic lizards assigned to the genera Lacerta, Algyroides and Psammodromus (Reptilia: Lacertidae). Bulletin of the British Museum of natural History, Zoology, 29, 289–366.
Arnold, E. N. & Leviton, A. E. (1977) A revision of the lizard genus Scincus (Reptilia: Scincidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 31 (5), 187–248, pl. 1–3.
Arntzen, J. W. (2003) Triturus cristatus Superspezies – Kammolch-Artenkreis. In: K. Grossenbacher & B. Thiesmeier (ed.), Handbuch der Reptilien und Amphibien Europas, Band 4/IIA, Wiebelsheim, Aula-Verlag, 421–514.
Ashlock, P. D. (1971) Monophyly and associated terms. Systematic Zoology, 20, 63–69.
Barbour, T. (1908) Some new Amphibia Salientia. Proceedings of the biological Society of Washington, 21, 189–190.
Barbour, T. (1938) Notes on “Nectophryne”. Proceedings of the biological Society of Washington, 51, 191–195.
Batsch, A. J. G. C. (1788) Versuch einer Anleitung, zur Kennniss und Geschichte der Thiere und Mineralien. Erster Theil. Jena, Akademischen Buchhandlung, i–viii + 1–528, pl. 1–5.
Bedriaga, J. von (1898) Amphibien und Reptilien. Lfg. 1. Caudata, Ecaudata. In: J. von Bedriaga, Wissenshaftliche Resultate der von N. M. Przewalski nach Centralasien unternommenen Reisen, Zoologischer Theil, Band 3, Abt. 1, 1–69, pl. 1.
Belon, P. (1553) De aquatilibus. Libro duo. Cum eiconibus ad vivam ipsorum effigiem, quoad eius fieri potuit, expressis. Parisiis, Carolum Stephanum, [i–xx] + 1–448.
Berger, L. (1964) Is Rana esculenta lessonae Camerano a distinct species? Annales zoologici, 22, 245–261.
Berger, L. (1966) Biometrical studies on the population of green frogs from the environs of Poznań. Annales zoologici, 23, 303–324.
Berger, L. (1970) Some characteristics of the crosses within Rana esculenta complex in postlarval development. Annales zoologici, 27, 373–416.
Béthoux, O. (2008) Revision and phylogenetic affinities if the lobeattid species bronsoni Dana, 1864 and silvatica Laurentiaux & Laurentiaux-Vieira, 1980 (Pennsylvanian; Archaeorthoptera). Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny, 66 (2), 145–163.
Béthoux, O. (2009) Head and leg morphology of elongata Brongniart, 1893: 433 (Late Carboniferous, Archaeorthoptera): phylogenetic and palaeoecological implications. Annales zoologici, 59 (2), 141–147.
Béthoux, O., De la Horra, R., Benito, M. I., Barrenechea, J. F., Galán, A. B. & López-Gómez, J. (2009) A new triadotypomorphan insect from the Anisian (Middle Triassic), Buntsandstein favies, Spain. Journal of Iberian Geology, 35 (2), 179–184.
Blair, A. P. (1941) Variation, isolating mechanisms, and hybridization in certain toads. Genetics, 26, 398–417.
Blair, W. F., (Ed.) (1972) Evolution in the genus Bufo. Austin & London, Univ. Texas Press, i–viii + 1–459, pl. 1–6.
Blanchard, R. (Ed.) (1905) Règles internationales de la nomenclature zoologique adoptées par les Congrès Internationaux de Zoologie. Rudeval, Paris, 1–64.
Blanford; W. T. (1881) On a collection of Persian reptiles recently added to the British Museum. Proceedings of the zoological Society of London, 1881, 677–682.
Boettger, O. (1874) Reptilien von Marocco und von den Canarischen Inseln. II. Uebersicht der von dem Herrn Dr. C. von Fritsch i. J. 1863, von den Herren Dr. C. von Fritsch und Dr. J. J. Rein im Jahre 1872 aus den Canaren gesammelten Reptilien. Abhandlungen der senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 9, 171–190.
Boettger, O. (1880) Neue Krötenvarietät von Balearen Zoologischer Anzeiger, 3 (72), 642–643.
Böhme, W. & Köhler, J. (2005) Do endings of adjective flecticle species names affect stability? A final note on the gender of Podarcis Wagler, 1830 (Reptilia, Lacertidae). Bonner zoologische Beiträge, 53 (3–4), 293–295.
Bonnaterre, Abbé [P. J.] (1789) Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature. Erpétologie. Paris, Panckoucke, i–xxviii + 1–71, pl. 1–26.
Bonnaterre, Abbé [P. J.] (1790) Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature. Ophiologie. Paris, Panckoucke, iii–xliv + 1–76, pl. 1–42.
Bons, J. & Geniez, P. (1996) Amphibiens et Reptiles du Maroc (Sahara Occidental compris. Atlas biogéographique. Barcelona, Asociación Herpetológica Espanola, 1–320.
Bouchet, P. & Rocroi, J.-P. (2005) Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia, 47 (1–2), 1–397.
Boulenger, G. A. (1882) Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia s. Ecaudata in the collection of the British Museum. Second edition. London, Taylor & Francis, i–xvi + 1–503, pl. 1–30.
Boulenger, G. A. (1883) Description of a new species of Bufo from Japan. Proceedings of the zoological Society of London, 1883, 139–140, pl. 23.
Boulenger, G. A. (1887) Catalogue of the lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Second edition. Volume 3. London, Taylor & Francis, i–xii + 1–575, pl. 1–40.
Boulenger, G. A. (1890) First report on additions to the lizard collection in the British Museum (Natural History). Proceedings of the zoological Society of London, 1890, 77–86.
Boulenger, G. A. (1891) Description of new oriental Reptiles and Batrachians. Annals & Magazine of natural History, (6), 7, 279–283.
Boulenger, G. A. (1893) Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume 1. London, Taylor & Francis, i–xiii + 1–448, pl. 1–28.
Boulenger, G. A. (1896) Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume 3. London, Taylor & Francis, i–xiv + 1–727, pl. 1–25.
Bour, R., Cheylan, M., Crochet, P.-A., Geniez, P., Guyétant, R., Haffner, P., Ineich, I., Naulleau, G., Ohler, A.-M & Lescure, J. (2008) Liste taxinomique actualisée des Amphibiens et Reptiles de France. Bulletin de la Société herpétologique de France, 126, 37–43.
Bour, R. & Dubois, A. (1984) Nomenclatural availability of Testudo coriacea Vandelli, 1761: a case against a rigid application of the Rules to old, well-known zoological words. Journal of Herpetology, “1983”, 17 (4), 356–361.
Bour, R., Pritchard, P., Cheke, A., Collie, J., Arnold, E. N., Meylan, P. A., Bury, R. B., Dodd, C. K., Kraus, O., McCarthy, C., Fleischer-Dogley, F., Chong-Seng, L., Bunbury, N., Doak, N., Kristoferson, L., Lundin, C. G., Lablache, P., Larue, J., Mortimer, J., Henriette-Payet, E., Pistorius, P., von Brandis, R., Loustau-Lalanne, M., Dogley, D., Blackmore, S., Rowat, D., Skerrett, A., Casale, P., Gaffney, E. S., Tatayah, V., Jones, C., Reynolds, R. P., Howell, K. M., Ng, P. K. L., Chellam, R., Palkovacs, E. P. & Gerlach, J. (2009) Comments on the proposed conservation of usage of Testudo gigantea Schweigger, 1812 (currently Geochelone (Aldabrachelys) gigantea) (Reptilia, Testudines). (Case 3463; see BZN 66: 34–50, 80–87). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 66 (2), 169–186.
Bourret, R. (1937) Notes herpétologiques sur l’Indochine française. XIV. Les Batraciens de la collection du Laboratoire des Sciences Naturelles de l’Université. Descriptions de quinze espèces ou variétés nouvelles. Annexe au Bulletin général de l’Instruction publique, Décembre 1937, 4, 5–56.
Brongniart, A. (1800) Essai d’une classification naturelle des reptiles. Iere partie. Etablissement des ordres. Bulletin des Sciences, par la Société philomatique, 2 (35), 81–82.
Bruno, S. (1985) Le vipere d’Italia e d’Europa. Bologna, Edagricole, i–viii + 1–272, pl. 1–12.
Camerano, L. (1882) Recherches sur les variations de la Rana esculenta et du Bufo viridis dans le bassin de la Méditerranée. Comptes rendus de la Société française pour l’Avancement des Sciences, 10, 680–692.
Camerano, L. (1884) Monografia degli anfibi anuri italiani. Memorie della reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, (2), 35, 187–284, pl. 1–2.
Cantor, T. (1842) General features of Chusan, with remarks on the flora and fauna of that island. Animals observed at Chusan Annals & Magazine of natural History, (1), 9, 481–493.
Carevskij, S. [Zarevskij, S.] (1926) Notes on some batrachians from the Palaearctic region. Annuaire du Musée zoologique de l’Académie des Sciences de l’URSS, “1925”, 26 (1–2), 74–78.
Carranza, S., Arnold, E. N., Geniez, P., Roca, J. & Mateo, J. A. (2008) Radiation, multiple dispersal and parallelism in the skinks, Chalcides and Sphenops (Squamata: Scincidae), with comments on Scincus and Scincopus and the age of the Sahara Desert. Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution, 46, 1071–1094.
Channing, A. (1979) A new bufonid genus (Amphibia: Anura) from Rhodesia. Herpetologica, 34, 394–397.
Channing, A. & Stanley, W. T. (2002) A new tree toad from the Ukaguru mountains, Tanzania. African Journal of Herpetology, 51 (2), 121–128.
Chaparro, J. C., Pramuk, J. B. & Gluesenkamp, A. G. (2007) A new species of arboreal Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from cloud forest of southeastern Peru. Herpetologica, 63 (2), 203–212.
Cope, E. D. (1861) Descriptions of reptiles from tropical America and Asia. Proceedings of the Academy of natural Sciences of Philadelphia, “1860”, 12, 368–374.
Cope E. D. (1862) Notes upon some Reptiles of the Old World. Proceedings of the Academy of natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 14, 337–344.
Cope, E. D. (1863) On Trachycephalus, Scaphiopus and other American Batrachia. Proceedings of the Academy of natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 15, 43–54.
Cope, E. D. (1864) Contributions to the herpetology of tropical America. Proceedings of the Academy of natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 16, 166–181.
Cope, E. D. (1876) On the Batrachia and Reptilia of Costa Rica. Journal of the Academy of natural Sciences of Philadelphia, (2), 8, 93–154.
Cuvier, G. (1800) Leçons d’anatomie comparée. Tome 1. Paris, Baudouin, i–xxxi + 1–522, pl. 1–7.
Dale, S. (1693) Pharmacologia, seu Manuductio ad materiam medicam… London, S. Smith & B. Walford, [i–lvi] + 1–656 + [657–660].
Daudin, F. M. (1802) Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière des reptiles. Tome troisième. Paris, F. Dufart, 1–452, pl. 29–45.
Daudin, F. M. (1803) Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière des reptiles. Tome huitième. Paris, F. Dufart, 1–439, pl. 93–100.
David, P., Dubois A. & Smith H. M. (2002) A corrective note on the authorship of taxa credited to Lacepède and Bonnaterre in the Introduction to the SSAR’s reprint of Shaw’s General Zoology,Volume III, Amphibians and Reptiles, with remarks on some of Lacepède’s works. Newsletter & Bulletin of the international Society for the History and Bibliography of Herpetology, 3 (2), 16–27.
David, P. & Ineich, I. (1999) Les serpents venimeux du monde: systématique et répartition. Dumerilia, 4, 3–499.
Dayrat, B., Schander, S. & Angielczyk, K. D. (2004) Suggestions for a new species nomenclature. Taxon, 53 (2), 485–491.
De l’Isle, A. (1877) Note sur un genre nouveau de Batraciens Bufoniformes du terrain à Elephas meridionalis de Durfort (Gard) (Platosphus gervaisii). Journal de Zoologie, 6, 472–478.
De la Cepède, [B. G. E. L.] (1788a) Histoire naturelle des quadrupèdes ovipares et des serpens. Tome premier. Paris, Hôtel de Thou, 1–17 + 1–651, pl. 1–41, 1 tab. [In 8°].
De la Cepède, [B. G. E. L.] (1788b) Histoire naturelle des quadrupèdes ovipares et des serpens. Tome premier. Paris, Hôtel de Thou, 1–60 + 1–359, pl. 1–12. [In 12°].
De la Cepède, [B. G. E. L.] (1788c) Histoire naturelle des quadrupèdes ovipares et des serpens. Tome second. Paris, Hôtel de Thou, i–iv + 1–464, pl. 1–15. [In 12°].
De la Cepède, [B. G. E. L.] (1789) Histoire naturelle des serpens. Tome second. Paris, Hôtel de Thou, 1–19 + 1–144 + 1–527, pl. 1–22. [In 8°].
De la Cepède, [B. G. E. L.] (1790a) Histoire naturelle des serpens. Tome troisième. Paris, Hôtel de Thou, 1–24 + 1–432, pl. 1–11. [In 12°].
De la Cepède, [B. G. E. L.] (1790b) Histoire naturelle des serpens. Tome quatrième. Paris, Hôtel de Thou, 1–8 + 1–408, pl. 1–11. [In 12°].
Deuve, T. (2004) Illustrated catalogue of the genus Carabus of the world (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Sofia & Moscow, Pensoft, Series faunistica, 34, i–x + 1–461.
Dowling, H. G. & Duellman, W. E. (1978) Systematic herpetology: a synopsis of families and higher categories. New York, HISS Publications, Publications in Herpetology, 7, i–vii + 1.1–118.3 + i–viii.
Dubois, A. (1981a) Hybridation interspécifique et notion de genre en zoologie. Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, (3), 292 (A), 201–203.
Dubois, A. (1981b) Quelques réflexions sur la notion de genre en zoologie. Bulletin de la Société zoologique de France, 106, 503–513.
Dubois, A. (1982) Les notions de genre, sous-genre et groupe d’espèces en zoologie à la lumière de la systématique évolutive. Monitore zoologico italiano, (n. s.), 16, 9–65.
Dubois, A. (1983) Hybridation interspécifique, similarité génétique, parenté phylogénétique et classification supraspécifique en zoologie. Année biologique, (4), 22, 37–68.
Dubois, A. (1984) La nomenclature supragénérique des Amphibiens Anoures. Mémoires du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, (A), 131, 1–64.
Dubois, A. (1987) Again on the nomenclature of frogs. Alytes, 6 (1–2), 27–55.
Dubois, A. (1988a) Le genre en zoologie: essai de systématique théorique. Mémoires du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, (A), 139, 1–131.
Dubois, A. (1988b) The genus in zoology: a contribution to the theory of evolutionary systematics. Mémoires du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, (A), 140, 1–123.
Dubois, A. (1991) Miscellanea nomenclatorica batrachologica (XVIII). Alytes, 8 (3–4), 107–120.
Dubois, A. (1992) Notes sur la classification des Ranidae (Amphibiens, Anoures). Bulletin mensuel de la Société linnéenne de Lyon, 61 (10), 305–352.
Dubois, A. (1995) The valid scientific name of the Italian treefrog, with comments on the status of some early scientific names of Amphibia Anura, and some articles of the Code concerning secondary homonyms. Dumerilia, 2, 55–71.
Dubois, A. (1998) List of European species of amphibians and reptiles: will we soon be reaching “stability”? Amphibia-Reptilia, 19 (1), 1–28.
Dubois, A. (2000) Synonymies and related lists in zoology: general proposals, with examples in herpetology. Dumerilia, 4 (2), 33–98.
Dubois, A. (2004a) The higher nomenclature of recent amphibians. Alytes, 22 (1–2), 1–14.
Dubois, A. (2004b) Developmental pathway, speciation and supraspecific taxonomy in amphibians. 1. Why are there so many frog species in Sri Lanka? Alytes, 22 (1–2), 19–37.
Dubois, A. (2004c) Developmental pathway, speciation and supraspecific taxonomy in amphibians. 2. Developmental pathway, hybridizability and generic taxonomy. Alytes, 22 (1–2), 38–52.
Dubois, A. (2005a) Proposed Rules for the incorporation of nomina of higher-ranked zoological taxa in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 1. Some general questions, concepts and terms of biological nomenclature. Zoosystema, 27 (2), 365–426.
Dubois, A. (2005b) Amphibia Mundi. 1.1. An ergotaxonomy of recent amphibians. Alytes, 23 (1–2), 1–24.
Dubois, A. (2006a) Proposed Rules for the incorporation of nomina of higher-ranked zoological taxa in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 2. The proposed Rules and their rationale. Zoosystema, 28 (1), 165–258.
Dubois, A. (2006b) New proposals for naming lower-ranked taxa within the frame of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Comptes rendus Biologies, 329 (10), 823–840.
Dubois, A. (2006c) Incorporation of nomina of higher-ranked taxa into the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature: some basic questions. Zootaxa, 1337, 1–37.
Dubois, A. (2006d) Naming taxa from cladograms: a cautionary tale. Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution, 42, 317–330.
Dubois, A. (2007a) Phylogeny, taxonomy and nomenclature: the problem of taxonomic categories and of nomenclatural ranks. Zootaxa, 1519, 27–68.
Dubois, A. (2007b) Naming taxa from cladograms: some confusions, misleading statements, and necessary clarifications. Cladistics, 23, 390–402.
Dubois, A. (2008a) Authors of zoological publications and nomina are signatures, not persons. Zootaxa, 1771, 63–68.
Dubois, A. (2008b) Drôles d’espèces. Hybridation, perturbations de la méiose et spéciation dans le règne animal: quelques points délicats de terminologie, d’éidonomie et de nomenclature. In: D. Prat, A. Raynal-Roques & A. Roguenant (Ed.), Peut-on classer le vivant? Linné et la systématique aujourd’hui, Paris, Belin, 169–202.
Dubois, A. (2008c) Le Code international de nomenclature zoologique: présentation, philosophie, règles majeures, problèmes actuels. In: D. Prat, A. Raynal-Roques & A. Roguenant (Ed.), Peut-on classer le vivant? Linné et la systématique aujourd’hui, Paris, Belin, 355–402.
Dubois, A. (2008d) Phylogenetic hypotheses, taxa and nomina in zoology. In: A. Minelli, L. Bonato & G. Fusco (Ed.), Updating the Linnaean heritage: names as tools for thinking about animals and plants, Zootaxa, 1950, 51–86.
Dubois, A. (2009a) Incorporation of nomina of higher-ranked taxa into the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature: the nomenclatural status of class-series zoological nomina published in a non-latinized form. Zootaxa, 2106, 1–12.
Dubois, A. (2009b) The special message from threatened amphibians. Alytes, 27 (1), 26–36.
Dubois, A. (2009c) Qu’est-ce qu’une espèce animale? In: Aller à l’espèce: illusion ou nécessité, Mémoires de la Société entomologique de France, 8, 9–48.
Dubois, A. (2010a) Retroactive changes should be introduced in the Code only with great care: problems related to the spellings of nomina. Zootaxa, 2426, 1–42.
Dubois, A. (2010b) Nomenclatural Rules in zoology as a potential threat against natural history museums. Organisms, Diversity & Evolution, 10, 81–90.
Dubois, A. (2010c) Zoological nomenclature in the century of extinctions: Priority vs. “usage”. Organisms, Diversity & Evolution, in press.
Dubois, A., Crombie, R. I. & Glaw, F. (2005) Amphibia Mundi. 1.2. Recent amphibians: generic and infrageneric taxonomic additions (1981–2002). Alytes, 23 (1–2), 25–69.
Dubois, A. & Dinesh, K. P. (2007) The status of the nomen Rana (Paa) dhakuriensis Ray, 1997 (Anura, Ranidae), and comments on the Amphibia reported from the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (Uttar Pradesh, India). Alytes, 25 (1–2), 75–82.
Dubois, A. & Günther, R. (1982) Klepton and synklepton: two new evolutionary systematics categories in zoology. Zoologische Jahrbücher: Systematik, 109, 290–305.
Dubois, A. & Ohler, A. (1988) Expertise batrachologique des mares de Nointel (Val d’Oise). Paris, Société Batrachologique de France, 1–45.
Dubois, A. & Ohler, A. (1995) Frogs of the subgenus Pelophylax (Amphibia, Anura, genus Rana): a catalogue of available and valid scientific names, with comments on name-bearing types, complete synonymies, proposed common names, and maps showing all type localities. Zoologica polonica, “1994”, 39, 139–204.
Dubois, A. & Ohler, A. (1997a) Early scientific names of Amphibia Anura. I. Introduction. Bulletin du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, (4), 18 (3–4), 297–320.
Dubois, A. & Ohler, A. (1997b) Early scientific names of Amphibia Anura. II. An exemplary case: Rana arborea Linnaeus, 1758. Bulletin du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, (4), 18 (3–4), 321–340.
Dubois, A. & Ohler, A. (2009) The status of the amphibian nomina created by Merrem (1820) and Ritgen (1828). Zootaxa, 2247, 1–36.
Dubois, A., Ohler, A. & Brygoo, E.-R. (2010) Comments on the proposed conservation of usage of Testudo gigantea Schweigger, 1812 (currently Geochelone (Aldabrachelys) gigantea; Reptilia, Testudines). (Case 3463; see BZN 66: 34–50, 80–87, 169–186, 274–290, 352–357). (8) Bulletin of zoological Nomenclature, 67 (1), 82–89.
Dubois, A. & Raffaëlli, J. (2009) A new ergotaxonomy of the family Salamandridae Goldfuss, 1820 (Amphibia, Urodela). Alytes, 26 (1—4), 1–85.
Duda, M. (2008) First record of a natural male hybrid of Bufo (Pseudepidalea) viridis Laurenti, 1768 and Bufo (Bufo) bufo Linnaeus, 1758 from Austria. Herpetozoa, 20 (3–4), 184–186.
Duellman, W. E. (1977a) Liste der rezenten Amphibien und Reptilien. Hylidae, Centrolenidae, Pseudidae. Das Tierreich, 95, i–xix + 1–225.
Duellman, W. E. (1977b) Nepalese frogs: the subgenus in herpetological classification. Herpetological Review, 8, 11–12.
Duméril, A.-M.-C. & Bibron G. (1841) Erpétologie générale ou histoire naturelle complète des Reptiles. Tome 8. Paris, Roret, i–vii + 1–792.
Dunn, E. R. (1943) Lower categories in herpetology. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 44, 123–131.
Eiselt, J. & Schmidtler, J. F. (1971) Vorlaufige Mitteilung uber zwei neue Subspecies von Amphibia Salientia aus dem Iran. Annalen des naturhistorischen Museums Wien, 75, 383–385.
Eiselt, J. & Schmidtler, J. F. (1973) Froschlurche aus dem Iran unter Berücksichtigung außeriranischer Populationsgruppen. Annalen des naturhistorischen Museums Wien, 77, 181–243, pl. 1–4.
Fei, L, Ye, C. & Huang, Y. (1990) Key to Chinese Amphibia. Chongqing, Editions of Sciences and Techniques, [i–iv] + 1–2 + 1–364. [In Chinese].
Fei, L., Ye, C., Huang, Y. & Chen, X. (1999) Taxonomic studies on Bufo viridis from west China (Amphibia: Anura). Zoological Research, 20 (4), 294–300.
Fitzinger, L. I. (1826) Neue Classification der Reptilien. Wien, Heubner, i–viii + 1–66, 1 tab.
Fitzinger, L. J. F. J. (1843) Systema Reptilium. Fasciculus primus. Amblyglossae. Vindobonae, Braumüller & Seidel, 1–106 + i–ix.
Fleming, J. (1822) The philosophy of zoology, or a general view of the structure, functions and classification of animals. Vol. 2. Edinburgh, Constable, 1–618.
Flindt, R. & Hemmer, H. (1967) Nachweis natürlicher Bastardierung von Bufo calamita und Bufo viridis. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 78 (5–6), 419–429.
Forskål [sic], P. (1775) Descriptiones Animalium, Avium, Amphibiorum, Piscium, Insectorum, Vermium; quae in itinere orientali observavit Petrus Forskål Prof. Haun. Post mortem auctoris edidit Carsten Niebuhr. Hauniae, Heineck & Faber, i–xxxiv + 1–164.
Fritz, U. (1995) Zur innerartlichen Variabilität von Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758). 5a. Taxonomie in Mittel-Westeuropa, auf Korsika, Sardinien, der Apenninen-Halbinsel und Sizilien und Unterartengruppen von Emys orbicularis (Reptilia: Testudines: Emydidae). Zoologische Abhandlungen Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde Dresden, 48 (13), 185–242.
Fritz, U. & Havaš, P. (2007) Checklist of chelonians of the world. Vertebrate Zoology, 57 (2), 149–368.
Frost, D. R. (1985) Amphibian species of the world. A taxonomic and geographical reference. Lawrence, Kansas, USA, Allen Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections, i–v + 1–732.
Frost D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bazin, R. H., Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B., de Sá, R. O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S. C., Raxworthy, C. J., Campbell, J. A., Blotto, B. L., Moler, P., Drewes, R. C., Nussbaum, R. A., Lynch, J. D., Green, D. M. & Wheeler, W. C. (2006) The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of natural History, 297, 1–370.
Frost, D. F., McDiarmid, R. W. & Mendelson, J. R., III (2009a) Further notes on the nomenclature of Middle American toads (Bufonidae). Copeia, 2009 (2), 418.
Frost, D. F., McDiarmid, R. W. & Mendelson, J. R., III (2009b) Response to the Point of view of Gregory B. Pauly, David M. Hillis, and David C. Cannatella, by the Anuran Subcommittee of the SSAR/HL/ASIH Scientific and Standard English Names List. Herpetologica, 65 (2), 136–153.
Gaffney, E. S. (1979) Tetrapod monophyly: a phylogenetic analysis. Bulletin of the Carnegie Museum of natural History, 13, 92–105.
García-París, M., Montori A. & Herrero, P. (2004) Amphibia: Lissamphibia. In: M. A. Ramos Sánchez (Ed.), Fauna iberica, Vol. 24, Madrid, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales & Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1–639.
Garrigues T., Daugab, C., Ferquelc, E., Choumetd, V. & Faillouxa, A.-B. (2005) Molecular phylogeny of Vipera Laurenti, 1768 and the related genera Macrovipera (Reuss, 1927) [sic] and Daboia (Gray, 1842) [sic], with comments about neurotoxic Vipera aspis aspis populations. Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution, 35, 35–47.
Garsault, F. A. P. de (1764) Les Figures des plantes et animaux d’usage en médecine, décrits dans la Matière Médicale de Mr. Geoffroy Médecin. Paris, [i–v] + 1–20, pl. 644–729.
Garsault, F. A. P. de (1765) Explication abrégée de 719 plantes, tant étrangères que de nos climats; & de 134 animaux, en 730 planches… suivant l’ordre du livre intitulé Matière Médicale de M. Geoffroy. Paris, i–xvi + 1–472.
Garsault, F. A. P. de (1767) Description, vertus et usages de sept cents dix-neuf plantes, tant étrangères que de nos climats; et de cent trente-quatre animaux, en sept cent trente planches… et rangées suivant l’ordre du livre intitulé Matière Médicale de M. Geoffroy. Paris, P. Fr. Didot, i–xvi + 1–472 + 1–20, pl. 1–729.
Geniez, P., Mateo, J. A., Geniez, M. & Pether, J. (2004). The Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western Sahara. An atlas and field guide. Frankfurt am Main, Chimaira, 1–229.
Gessner, C. (1554) Historiae Animalium. Liber II de Quadrupedibus oviparis… Tiguri, Christ. Froschoverum, [i–iv] + 1–110.
Gessner, C. (1587) Historiae Animalium. Liber V qui est de Serpentium Natura... Tiguri, Officina Froschoviana, [i–vi] + 1–85 + 1–11.
Girard, C. (1854) A list of the North American bufonids, with diagnoses of new species. Proceedings of the Academy of natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 7, 86–88.
Gistel, J. (1848) Naturgeschichte des Thierreichs für höhere Schulen. Stuttgart, Hoffmann, i–xi + 1–216 + i–iv, pl. 1–32.
Gistel, J. (1868) Blicke in das Leben der Natur und des Menschen. Leipzig, Martig, 1–262.
Gmelin, J. F. (1789) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locus. Editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata. Tomus 1, pars 3. Lugduni, Delamollière, 1033–1516.
Goldfuss, G. A. (1820) Handbuch der Zoologie. Dritter Theil, zweite Abtheilung. Nürnberg, Johann Leonhard Schrag, i–xxiv + 1–512, pl. 3–4.
González-Oreja, J. A. (2008) The Encyclopedia of Life vs. The Brochure of Life: exploring the relationships between the extinction of species and the inventory of life on earth. Zootaxa, 1965, 61–68.
Grandison, A. G. C. (1980) A new genus of toad (Anura: Bufonidae) from the Republic of South Africa with remarks on its relationships. Bulletin of the British Museum natural History, (Zoology), 39 (5), 293–298.
Gray, J. E. (1825) A synopsis of the genera of Reptiles and Amphibia, with a description of some new species. Annals of Philosophy, (2), 10, 193–217.
Gray, J. E. (1854) On the division of ctenobranchous gasteropodous Mollusca into larger groups and families. Proceedings of the zoological Society of London, 21, 32–44.
Graybeal, A. (1995) Naming species. Systematic Biology, 44 (2), 237–250.
Graybeal, A. (1997) Phylogenetic relationships of bufonid frogs and tests of alternate macroevolutionary hypotheses characterizing their radiation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 119, 297–338.
Graybeal, A. & Cannatella, D. C. (1995) A new taxon of Bufonidae from Peru, with descriptions of two new species and a review of the phylogenetic status of supraspecific bufonid taxa. Herpetologica, 51 (2), 105–131.
Gronovius, L. T. (1763) Zoophylacii Gronoviani. Fasciculus primus. Lugduni Batavorum, Sumptibus Auctoris, [i–iii] + i–iv + 1–236 + [i], pl. 1–17.
Gruschwitz, M. & Böhme, W. (1986) Podarcis muralis (Laurenti, 1768) – Mauereidechse. In: W. Böhme (Ed.), Handbuch der Reptilien und Amphibien Europas, Band 2/II, Wiesbaden, Aula-Verlag, 155–208.
Guayasamin, J. M., Castroviejo-Fisher, S., Trueb, L., Ayarzagüena J., Randa M. & Vilà, C. (2009) Phylogenetic systematics of glassfrogs (Amphibia: Centrolenidae) and their sister taxon Allophryne ruthveni. Zootaxa, 2100, 1–97.
Guibé, J. (1950) Catalogue des types d’Amphibiens du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle. Paris, Imprimerie nationale, 1–71.
Günther, R. (Ed.) (1996) Die Amphibien und Reptilien Deutschlands. Jena, Gustav Fischer Verlag, 1–825, pl. 1–16.
Hayek, L.-A. C., Heyer, W. R. & Gascon, C. (2001) Frog morphometrics: a cautionary tale. Alytes, 18 (3–4), 153–177.
Hemmer, H. (1973) Die Bastardierung von Kreuzkröte (Bufo calamita) und Wechselkröte (Bufo viridis). Salamandra, 9 (3–4), 118–136.
Hemmer, H. & Böhme, W. (1974) Nachweis natürmicher Bastardierung der Erdkröte (Bufo b. bufo) mit der Wechselkröte (Bufo v. viridis) in Rheinland (Salientia, Bufonidae). Salamandra, 10 (3–4): 126–130.
Hemmer, H., Schmidtler, J. F. & Böhme, W. (1978) Zur Systematik zentralasiatischer Grünkröten (Bufo viridis-Komplex) (Amphibia, Salientia, Bufonidae). Zoologische Abhandlungen Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde Dresden, 34 (24), 349–384.
Hemming, F. (1956a) Direction 32. Addition to the Official List of Works Approved as Available for Zoological Nomenclature of the titles of certain works dealt with in Opinions rendered in the period up to the end of 1936 and to the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature of certain works similarly dealt with in the same period and matters incidental thereto. Opinions and Declarations rendered by the International Commission on zoological Nomenclature, 1C (21), 307–328.
Hemming, F. (1956b) Opinion 417. Rejection for nomenclatorial purposes of volume 3 (Zoologie) of the work by Lorenz Oken entitled Okens Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte published in 1815–1816. Opinions and Declarations rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 14 (1), 1–42.
Hennig, W. (1950) Grundzüge einer Theorie der phylogenetischen Systematik. Deutscher Zentralverlag, Berlin, i–vii + 1–370.
Herrich-Schäffer, G. A. W. (1843) Systematische Bearbeitung der Schmetterlinge von Europa als Text, Revision und Supplement zu Hübner’s Sammlung europäischer Schmetterlinge. Regensburg, G. J. Manz, i–x, 1–122 + 1–8, pl. 1–11 + 1–52 + 1–7 + 1–2 + 1–9 + 7.
Herrmann, H.-J. & Kühnel, K.-D. (1997) Zwei neue Arten der Bufo bufo-Superspecies aus der Provinz Sichuan, SW-China. Sauria, 19 (4), 31–40.
Hillis D. M., Chamberlain, D. A., Wilcox, T. P. & Chippindale, P. T. (2001) A new species of subterranean blind salamander (Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliini: Eurycea: Typhlomolge) from Austin, Texas, and a systematic revision of central Texas paedomorphic salamanders. Herpetologica, 57 (3), 266–280.
Hillis, D. M. & Wilcox, T. P. (2005) Phylogeny of the New World true frogs (Rana). Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution, 34, 299–314.
Hołynski, R.B. (1994) Structure and function or: what kind of nomenclatural regulations do we need? Crystal, (Zoology), Göd, Hungary, 2, 1–50.
Hoogmoed, M. S. (1972) On a new species of toad from southern Morocco. Zoologische Mededelingen, 47, 49–64, pl. 1–4.
Iverson, J. B. (2009) Comments on the proposed conservation of usage of Testudo gigantea Schweigger, 1812 (currently Geochelone (Aldabrachelys) gigantea; Reptilia, Testudines). (Case 3463; see BZN 66: 34–50, 80–87, 169–186). Bulletin of zoological Nomenclature, 66 (3), 284–285.
Jandzík, D. (2005) Record of a black-coloured Natrix in northeastern Turkey, with comments on the validity of the bigheaded grass snake, Natrix megalocephala Orlov & Tunijev, 1987. Zoology in the Middle East, 34, 27–34.
Jennings, M. R., Dundee, H. A., Mancino, G., Lanza, B., Webb, R. G., García-París, M., Branch, W. R., Good, D. A., Inger, R. F., Hillis, D. M., Cook, F. R. & Stebbins, R. C. (1994) Comments on the proposed conservation of Hydromantes Gistel, 1848 by the designation of Salamandra genei Temminck & Schlegel, 1838 as the type species (Amphibia, Caudata). Bulletin of zoological Nomenclature, 51, 149–153.
Kabisch, K. (1999) Natrix natrix (Linnaeus, 1758) – Ringelnatter. In: W. Böhme (ed.), Handbuch der Reptilien und Amphibien Europas, Band 3/IIA, Wiebelsheim, Aula-Verlag, 512–580.
Kasparek, M. (2005) Taxonomic status of Natrix megalocephala. Removal of Natrix megalocephala from Appendix II of the Convention. Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats. Standing Committee, 25th meeting. Strasbourg, 28 November–1 December 2005. Document T-PVS/Inf (2005) 13. [https://wcd.coe.int. 1–3].
Keller, R. A., Boyd, R. N. & Wheeler, Q. D. (2003) The illogical basis of phylogenetic nomenclature. The botanical Review, 69, 93–110.
Klaver, C. J. J. & Böhme, W. (1997) Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112, 1–85.
Kou, Z. (1984) Preliminary reports on the herpetofauna of Shuitang and Zhelong districts of the eastern slope of Mt. Ailao, with description of a new species. Acta herpetologica sinica, (2), 3 (4), 39–45. [In Chinese].
Kramer, E. (1971). Revalidierte und neue Rassen der europäischen Schlangenfauna. Lavori della Societá italiana di Biogeografia, “1970”, 1, 666–676, pl. 1–8.
Krasovsky, D. B. (1933) Materials to the knowledge of amphibian and reptile fauna of the Caucasian State Nature Reserve. Izvestiya vtorogo severo-kavkaskogo pedagogicheskogo Instituta, Ordzhonikidze, 10, 89–95. [In Russian].
Lamarck [J. B. P. A. Monet de] (1816). Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature. 23e partie. Mollusques et Polypes divers. Paris, Mme Veuve Agasse, pl. 315–488, 1–16.
Lataste, F. (1879) Sur les secours réciproques que peuvent se fournir la zoologie descriptive et la zoologie géographique. Revue internationale des Sciences, (2), 3 (5), 434–438.
Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum. Viennae, Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern, i–ii + 1–215, pl. 1–5.
Lescure, J. (2008) Note explicative à la liste taxinomique actualisée des Amphibiens et Reptiles de France. Bulletin de la Société herpétologique de France, 126, 25–36.
Leviton, A. E. & Anderson, S. C. (1970) The amphibians and reptiles of Afghanistan, a checklist and key to the herpetofauna. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, (4), 38, 163–206.
Linnaeus, C. (1746) Fauna Svecica. Lugduni Batavorum, Conradum Wishoff & Georg. Jac. Wishoff: [i–xxx] + 1–411, pl. 1–2.
Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Tomus I. Holmiae, Laurentii Salvii, [i–iv] + 1–824.
Linnaeus, C. (1761) Fauna Svecica. Editio altera, auctior. Stocholmiae, Laurentii Salvii, [i–l] + 1–579, pl. 1–2.
Linnaeus, C. (1766) Systema Naturae. Editio duodecima, reformata. Tomus I, Pars I. Holmiae, Laurentii Salvii, 1–532.
Linnaeus, C. (1767) Systema Naturae. Editio duodecima, reformata. Tomus I, Pars II. Holmiae, Laurentii Salvii, 533–1327 + i–xxxiv.
Litvinchuk, S. N., Borkin, L. J., Skorinov, D. V. & Rosanov, J. M. (2008) A new species of common toads from the Talysh Mountains, south-eastern Caucasus: genome size, allozyme, and morphological evidences. Russian Journal of Herpetology, 15 (1), 19–43.
Liu C.-C. & Hu S.-C. (1962) A herpetological report of Kwangsi. Acta zoologica sinica, 14 (suppl.), 73–104. [In Chinese].
Mallow, D., Ludwig, D. & Nilson, G. (2003) True vipers. Natural history and toxinology of Old World vipers. Malabar, Florida, Krieger, i–xiv + 1–359.
Matsui, M. (1976) A new toad from Japan. Contributions from the biological Laboratory, Kyoto University, 25 (1), 1–9.
Matsui, M. (1986) Geographic variation in toads of the Bufo bufo complex from the Far East, with a description of a new subspecies. Copeia, 1986 (3), 561–579.
McDiarmid, R. W., Campbell, J. A. & Touré, T. A. (1999) Snake species of the world. A taxonomic and geographic reference. Volume 1.Wahington, The Herpetologists’s League, i–xi + 1–511.
Mecke, S., Doughty, P. & Donnellan, S. C. (2009) A new species of Eremiascincus (Reptilia: Squamata: Scincidae) from the Great Sandy Desert and Pilbara Coast, Western Australia and reassignment of eight species from Glaphyromorphus to Eremiascincus. Zootaxa, 2246, 1–20.
Meigen, J. G. [J. W.] (1800) Nouvelle classification des mouches à deux ailes (Diptera L.) d’après un plan tout nouveau. Paris, J. J. Fuchs, 5–40.
Merrem, B. (1820) Versuch eines Systems der Amphibien. Tentamen systematis amphibiorum. Marburg, Iohann Christian Krieger, (i–xv + 1–191) ´ 2, 1 pl.
Mertens, R. (1939) Über das Hohenvorkommen der Froschlurche am Grossen Kamerun-Berge. Abhandlungen und Berichte des Museums für Naturkunde, Magdeburg, 7, 121–128.
Mertens, R. (1971a) Die Amphibien und Reptilien West-Pakistans. 2. Nachtrag. Senckenbergiana biologica, 52 (1–2), 7–15.
Mertens, R. (1971b) Die Typisierung der Krötengattung Bufo. Senckenbergiana biologica, 52 (6), 425–427.
Mertens, R. & Müller, L. (1928) Liste der Amphibien und Reptilien Europas. Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 41, 1–62.
Mertens, R. & Müller, L. (1940) Die Amphibien und Reptilien Europas. (Zweite Liste, nach dem Stand vom 1. Januar 1940). Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 451, 1–56.
Mertens, R. & Wermuth, H. (1960) Die Amphibien und Reptilien Europas. Dritte Liste, nach dem Stand vom 1. Januar 1960. Frankfurt am Main, Waldemar Kramer, i–xi, 1–264.
Moore, J. A. (1955) Abnormal combinations of nuclear and cytoplasmic systems in frogs and toads. Advances in Genetics, 7, 139–182.
Müller, L. & Hellmich, W. (1935) Mitteilungen über die Herpetofauna der Iberischen Halbinsel. I. Über Salamandra salamandra almanzoris n. ssp. und Bufo bufo gredosicola n. ssp. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 112 (3–4), 49–57.
Muona, J. (2006) To be named or not to be named – Heteropodarke pleijeli sp. n. (Annelida, Polychaeta). Cladistics, 22 (6), 634–635.
Neave, S. A. (Ed.) (1940) Nomenclator zoologicus. Vol. 4. Q–Z and supplement. London, Zoological Society of London, i–iv + 1–758.
Němec, J. (1972) Osteology of isolated anuran bones from Stránská near Brno (Lower Quaternary). Anthropos, Studia Musei Moraviae, 20 (n.s. 12), 21–33.
Nettmann, H.-K. & Rykena, S. (1984) Lacerta viridis (Laurenti, 1768) – Samaragdeidechse. In: W. Böhme (ed.), Handbuch der Reptilien und Amphibien Europas, Band 2/I, Wiesbaden, Aula-Verlag, 129–180.
Nikolsky, A. M. (1896) Diagnoses reptilium et amphibiorum in Persia orientali a N. Zarudny collectorum. Annuaire du Musée zoologique de l’Académie impériale des Sciences de Saint Petersburg, 1, 369–372.
Noble, G. K. (1926) An analysis of the remarkable cases of distribution among the Amphibia, with descriptions of new genera. American Museum Novitates, 212, 1–24.
Obst, F. J. (1983) Zur Kenntnis der Schlangengattung Vipera (Reptilia, Serpentes, Viperidae). Zoologische Abhandlungen aus dem Staatliche Museum für Tierkunde in Dresden, 38 (13), 229–235.
Okada, Y. (1931) The tailless batrachians of the Japanese Empire. Tokyo, Imperial Agricultural Experiment Station, 1–2 + 1–2 + 1–215, pl. 1–29.
Oken, [L. von] (1816) Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte. Dritter Theil, Zoologie. Zweite Abtheilung, Fleischthiere. Jena, Schmid, i–xvi + 1–1272.
Oppel, M. (1811a) Ordre II. Reptiles à écailles. Section 2. Ophidiens. Annales du Muséum d’Histoire naturelle, “1810”, 16, 254–295 + 376–393.
Oppel, M. (1811b) Ordnungen, Familien und Gattungen der Reptilien als Prodrom einer Naturgeschichte derselben. München, Joseph Lindauer, i–xii + 1–86.
Orlov, N. L. & Tuniyev, B. S. (1987) A new species of grass snake from the Caucasus, Natrix megalocephala sp. nov. (Ophidia: Colubridae). Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR – Proceedings of the Zoological Institute, USSR Academy of Sciences, 158, 116–139. [In Russian].
Orlova, V. F. & Tuniyev, B. S. (1989) On the taxonomy of the Caucasian common toads belonging to the group Bufo bufo verrucosissimus (Pallas) (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae). Byulleten moskovskogo Obshchestva Ispytatelei Prirody, Otdel Biologicheskii, 94 (3), 13–24.
Österdam, A. (1766) Siren lacertina. Dissertatione academica, Upsaliae, [i–iv] + 1–16, 1 pl.
Otth, A. (1837) Beschreibung einer neuen Europäischen Froschgattung, Discoglossus. Neue Denkschriften der Allgemeine Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für die gesammten Naturwissenschaften, 1 (3), [1–7], 1 pl.
Pallas, P. S. (1769) Spicilegia zoologica quibus novae imprimis et obscurae animalium species iconibus, descriptionibus atque commentariis illustrantur cura P. S. Pallas. Fasciculus septimus. Berolini, G. A. Lange, 1–42, pl. 1–6.
Pallas, P. S. (1771) Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des russischen Reichs. Erster Theil. Physicalische Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des russischen Reichs im 1768 und 1769sten Jahr. Sankt Petersburg. Kaiserliche Academie der Wissenshaften, i–xii + 1–504, pl. 1–11 + A–L.
Pallas, P. S. (1814) Zoographia rosso-asiatica. Vol. 3. Animalia monocardia seu frigidi sanguinis imperii rosso-asiatici. Petropoli, Officina Caesaris Academiae Scientiarum, 1–428.
Pauly, G. B., Hillis, D. M. & Cannatella, D. C. (2004) The history of Nearctic colonization: molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (Bufo). Evolution, 58 (11), 2517–2535.
Pauly, G. B., Hillis, D. M. & Cannatella, D. C. (2009) Taxonomic freedom and the role of official lists of species names. Herpetologica, 65 (2), 115–128.
Pennant, T. (1769) British zoology. Vol. 3. London, Chester, i–xii + 1–358, pl. 1–17.
Perälä, J. & Bour, R. (2004) Neotype of Testudo terrestris Forsskål, 1775 (Testudines, Testudinidae). Asiatic herpetological Research, 10, 114–119.
Peters, W. (1875) Über die von Hrn. Professor Dr. R. Buchholz in Westafrika gesammelten Amphibien. Monatsberichte der königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1875, 196–212, pl. 1–3.
Petiver, J. (1695–1703) Musei Petiveriani centuria prima [secunda… & decima], rariora naturae continens: viz. Animalia, Fossilia, Plantas, ex variis mundi plagis advecta, ordine digesta, et nominibus propriis signata. Londini, S. Smith & B. Walford, 1–93 + [94–96], pl. 1–2.
Pisanets, E. M., (1978) O novom poliploidnom vide zhab Bufo danatensis Pisanets sp. n. iz Turkmenii. Doklady Akademii Nauk Ukrainskoj SSR, (B), Geologicheskike, khimicheskike i biologicheskie Nauki, 3, 280–284. [In Russian].
Pleijel, F. (1999) Phylogenetic taxonomy, a farewell to species, and a revision of Heteropodarke (Hesionidae, Polychaeta, Annelida). Systematic Biology, 48, 755–789.
Poche, F. (1903) Einige notwendige Änderungen in der herpetologischen Literatur. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 26, 698–703.
Polls Pelaz, M. (1991) The Biological Klepton Concept (BKC). Alytes, “1989–1990”, 8 (3–4), 78–89.
Polls Pelaz, M. (1994) Modes of gametogenesis among kleptons of the hybridogenetic water frog complex: an evolutionary synthesis. Zoologica Poloniae, 39 (3–4), 123–138.
Portis, A. (1885) Resti di batraci fossili italiani. Atti della reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, 20, 1173–1201, pl. 13.
Pramuk, J. B. (2006) Phylogeny of South American Bufo (Anura: Bufonidae) inferred from combined evidence. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 146, 407–452.
Pramuk, J. B., Robertson, T., Sites, J. W., Jr. & Noonan, B. P. (2008) Around the world in 10 million years: biogeography of the nearly cosmopolitan true toads (Anura: Bufonidae). Global Ecology & Biogeography, 17, 72–83.
Raffaëlli, J. (2007) Les Urodèles du monde. Plumelec, Penclen édition, [i–vi] + 1–377.
Rafinesque, C. S. (1815) Analyse de la nature ou Tableau de l’univers et des corps organisés. Palerme, Jean Barravecchia, 1–124, 1 pl.
Rafinesque-Schmaltz, C. S. (1814) Fine del Prodromo d’erpetologia siciliana. Specchio delle Scienze o Giornale enciclopedico di Sicilia, 2 (10), 102–104.
Rao, D. & Yang, D. (1994) The study of early development and evolution of Torrentophryne aspinia. Zoological Research, 15, 142–157.
Ray, J. (1693) Synopsis methodica animalium quadrupedum et serpentini generis... Londini, S. Smith & B. Walford, [i–xiv] + 1–336.
Razoumowsky, G. de (1789) Histoire naturelle du Jorat et de ses environs; et celle des trois lacs de Neufchatel, Morat et Bienne. Tome premier. Lausanne, Jean Mourer, i–xvi + 1–322, pl. 1–3.
Rogner, M. (2009) European pond Turtle, Emys orbicularis. Frankfurt am Main, Chimaira, 1–270.
Rondelet, G. (1554) Libri de piscibus marinis: in quibus verae piscium effigies expressae sunt. Lugduni, Mathiam Bonhomme, [i–xiv] + 1–583 + [585–607].
Rondelet, G. (1555) Universae aquatilium historiae pars altera, cum veris ipsorum Imaginibus. Lugduni, Mathiam Bonhomme, [i–x] + 1–242 + [243–254].
Rossman, D. A. & Eberle, W. G. (1977) Partition of the genus Natrix, with preliminary observations on evolutionary trends in natricine snakes. Herpetologica, 33 (1), 34–43.
Sanchíz, B. (1998) Salientia. In: P. Wellnhofer (Ed.), Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie, Teil 4, München, Friedrich Pfeil, i–xii + 1–275.
Scaravelli, D. & Tripepi, S. (2006) Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758). In: R. Sindaco, G. Doria, E. Razetti & F. Bernini (Ed.), Atlante degli Anfibi e dei Rettili d’Italia, Firenze, Polistampa, 400–403.
Schaeffer, I. C. (1760) Epistola ad region-borussicam societatem litterariam dvisburgensem de studii ichthyologici faciliori ac tutiori methodo, adiectis nonnullis speciminibus una cum tabula aeri incise figures coloribus suis distinctas exhibente. Ratisbonae, Typis Weissianis et impensis Montagii, 1–24, 1 pl.
Schlegel, H. (1837) Essai sur la physionomie des serpens. II. Partie descriptive. La Haye, J. Kips, H. H. & W. P. van Stockum, 1–606 + i–xv, Atlas (1–2), pl. 1–21, 3 maps, 2 tab.
Schleich, H. H., Kästle, W. & Kabisch, K. (1996) Amphibians and Reptiles of North Africa. Koenigstein, Koeltz, 1–630.
Schlyter, F., Höglund, J. & Strömberg, G. (1991) Hybridization and low numbers in isolated populations of the natterjack, Bufo calamita, and the green toad, B. viridis, in southern Sweden: possible conservation problems. Amphibia-Reptilia, 12, 267–281.
Schmidt, K. P. (1925) New Chinese amphibians and reptiles. American Museum Novitates, 175, 1–3.
Schmidt, K. P. (1952) Diagnoses of new amphibians and reptiles from Iran. Natural History Miscellanea, 93, 1–2.
Schmidtler, J. J. & Schmidtler, J. F. (1969) Über Bufo surdus; mit einem Schlüssel und Anmerkungen zu den übrigen Kröten Irans und West-Pakistans. Salamandra, 5 (3–4), 113–123.
Schneider, I. G. (1799) Historiae Amphibiorum naturalis et literariae. Fasciculus primus, continens Ranas, Calamitas, Bufones, Salamandras et Hydros, in genera et species descriptos notisque suis distinctos. Jena, Frommann, i–xv + 1–264, pl. 1–2.
Schneider, J. G. (1801) M. E. Blochii, doctoris medicinae berolinensis, et societatibus literariis multis adscripti, Systema Ichthyologiae iconibus ex illustratum. Berolini, Sanderiano, i–lx + 1–584.
Schreiber, E. (1912) Herpetologia europaea. Jena, Gustav Fischer, i–x + 1–960.
Schröder, J. (1672) Pharmacopoeia medico–chymica, sive Thesaurus pharmacologicus… Lugduni Batavorum, Felicem Lopez d’Haro, [i–lxxvii] + 1–845 + [846–859] + 4–33 + [1–59]. [Other editions: 1641, 1649, 1656, 1662, 1665, 1680, 1685, 1705].
Schwenckfeld, C. (1603) Theriotropheum Silesiae, in quo Animalium, hoc est, Quadrupedum, Reptilium, Avium, Piscium, Insectorum Natura, vis & usus sex Libris perstringuntur. Lignicii, Nicolaus Sartorius, Davidis Alberti, [i–xxii] + 1–563 + [1–4].
Shaw, G. (1802) General zoology, or Systematic natural history. Vol. 3, Amphibia, part 1. London, Kearsley, i–viii + 1–312, pl. 1–86.
Sherborn, C. D. (1902) Index animalium sive Index nominum quae ab a.d. mdcclviii generibus et speciebus animalium imposita sunt societatibus eruditorum adiuvantibus. Cantabrigiae, Typographio Academico, v–ixl + 1–1195.
Simpson, G. G. (1940) Types in modern taxonomy. American Journal of Science, 238, 413–431.
Simpson, G. G. (1961) Principles of animal taxonomy. New York, Columbia Univ. Press, i–xii + 1–247.
Smith, A. (1849). Appendix. In: A. Smith, Illustrations of the zoology of South Africa, Reptilia, 1–28 + [i].
Smith, H. M. & Chiszar, D. (2006) Dilemma of name-recognition: why and when to use new combinations of scientific names. Herpetological Conservation & Biology, 1 (1), 6–8.
Smith, H. M. & Pérez-Higareda, G. (1986) Nomenclatural name-forms. Systematic Zoology, 35, 421–422.
Speybroeck, J. & Crochet, P.-A. (2007) Species list of the European herpetofauna – a tentative update. Podarcis, 8 (1–2), 8–34.
Špinar, Z. V., Klembara, J. & Meszároš, S. (1993) A new toad from the Miocene at Devínska Nová Ves (Slovakia). Západné Karpaty, (Paleontológia), 17, 135–160.
Stejneger, L. (1907) Herpetology of Japan and adjacent territory. Bulletin of the United States national Museum, 58, i–xx + 1–577, pl. 1–35.
Stejneger, L. (1926) Two new tailless amphibians from western China. Proceedings of the biological Society of Washington, 39, 53–54.
Stejneger, L. (1936) Types of the amphibian and reptilian genera proposed by Laurenti in 1768. Copeia, 1936 (3), 133–141.
Stimson, A. F. (1969) Liste der rezenten Amphibien und Reptilien. Boidae (Boinae + Bolyeriinae + Loxoceminae + Pythoninae). Das Tierreich, 89, i–xi + 1–49.
Stöck, M., Bretschneider, P. & Grosse W.-R. (2001a) The mating call and male release call of Bufo raddei Strauch, 1876 with some phylogenetic implications. Russian Jou