Abstract
In this paper, five names used for darkling beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in the Linnaeus collection at the Museum of Zoology, Uppsala University (UUMZ) are evaluated based on specimen examinations, modern species concepts, and review of the original species diagnoses. The types are of species described in Systema Naturae (Tenebrio caraboides L., 1758, Tenebrio gibbus L., 1760, Tenebrio gigas L., 1767, and Tenebrio muricatus L., 1758) and Museum Ludovicae Ulrica (Tenebrio spinosus L., 1764). Tenebrio caraboides L., 1758, refers to a composite type series consisting of two UUMZ paralectotypes, identified herein as Pachychila hispanica Solier, 1835, and gaditana Rosenhauer, 1856, and the lectotype in the Linnean Collection, Natural History Museum, London (BMNH), for the ground beetle Cychrus caraboides (L. 1758). The three specimens in the De Geer Collection, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm (NHRS), under Tenebrio gibbus L., 1760, are determined as Psammodes gibbus (L., 1760), comb. nov.; this includes the “lost” type of Linnaeus, whereas the UUMZ Linnaeus specimen is not a type and identified as an undetermined species of Amnodeis Miller, 1858, similar to A. giganteus Reiche & Saulcy, 1857. The type of Tenebrio spinosus L., 1764, represents an Egyptian species, Akis spinosus (L., 1764), which has often been misidentified as Akis trilineata Herbst, 1799, a West Mediterranean species. The holotype of Tenebrio muricatus L., 1758, is Adesmia muricatus (L., 1758), comb. nov., a species appearing in recent publications as Adesmia austera Baudi di Selve, 1881, syn. nov. Two Linnean specimens preserved with the UUMZ types under the unpublished names “Tenebrio impressus” and “Tenebrio variolosus” are an undetermined species of Erodius Fabr., 1775, and Pimelia fornicata Herbst, 1799, respectively. Psammodes gibbus (L., 1760), comb. nov., is the valid name for Psammodes striatus (Fabr., 1775), syn. nov., a South African species. Pimelia gibba Fabr., 1787, and Tenebrio gibbus Pallas, 1781, are synonyms, making the current combination and attribution for this species name Moluris gibbus (Pallas, 1781). Pimelia simplex Solier, 1836, is restored as valid, resulting in changes for three subspecies names: Pimelia simplex simplex Solier, 1836, stat. rest., Pimelia simplex oasis Koch, 1941, comb. nov., and Pimelia simplex substriata Koch, 1941, comb. nov. Two new synonyms are recognized for Centorus elongatus (Herbst 1797): Calcar variabilis Gebien, 1906, syn. nov. (an unavailable subsequent usage of Tenebrio variolosus Fabr., 1801), and Tenebrio variolosus Fabr., 1801, syn. nov.References
Baudi di Selve, F. (1881) Heteromerum species ex Aegypto, Syria et Arabia. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 25, 273–296.
Bouchard, P., Lawrence, J.F., Davies, A.E., & Newton, A.F. (2006) Synoptic classification of the World Tenebrionidae (Insecta Coleoptera) with a review of family group names. Annales Zoologici (Warszawa), 55 (4), 499–530.
De Geer, C. (1775) Mémoires pour servir à l´Histoire des Insectes, Tome 5ème. L´Imprimerie Pierre Hasselberg, Stockholm, 448 pp. + 16 pl.
Español, F. (1944) Datos para el conocimiento de los tenebriónidos del Mediterráneo oriental. El género Pachychila en España y Baleares. Graellsia, 2 (4), 101–108.
Fabricius, J.C. (1775) Systema entomologiae, sistens Insectorum classes, ordines, genera, species adjectis, synonimis, locis, descriptionibus, observationibus, Libraria Kortii, Flensburgi et Lipsiae. 32 + 832 pp.
Fabricius, J.C. (1781) Species Insectorum exhibentes eorum differentias specificas, synonymia auctorum, loca natalia, metamorphosii, adiectis observationibus. Tome I, Carol Ernst Bohnii. Hamburgi et Kilonii. Viii + 552 pp.
Fabricius, J.C. (1787) Mantissa Insectorum sistens eorum species detectas, adiectis characteribus, genericis, differentiis specificis, emendationibus, observationibus. 1. Hafniae, 382 pp.
Fabricius, J.C. (1798) Supplementum Entomologia Systematica. 2. Proft & Storch. Hafniae, 2 + 572 pp.
Fabricius, J.C. (1801) Systema Eleutheratorum secundum ordines, genera, species, adiectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus, Tomus 1. Bibliopolii Academici Novii, Kiliae, xxiv + 506 pp.
Ferrer, J. (2006) Revisión crítica del libro Fauna de Coléopteros Tenebrionidae de la Península Ibérica y Baleares. Lagriinae, Pimeliinae. Argania Editio y propuesta de nueva sinonimia. Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa, 39, 463–466
Ferrer, J. (2008) Actas. Tenebrionidae: Akidini, Pedinini and Tentyriini. Resurrections. (p. 34-35) in Löbl, I & Smetana, A. 2008. Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Vol. 5. Tenebrionoidea, Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 670 pp.
Ferrer, J., Martínez Fernández, J.C. & Castro Tovar, A. (2008) Aportación al conocimiento del género Akis Herbst, 1799. (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae). Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa, 43: 153-172
Ferrer, J. & Siliansky, A. (2008) Contributions à l´étude des genres Mylaris Pallas, 1781 et Taphrosoma Kirsch 1866. (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae). Nouvelle Revue d´Entomologie (N. S.) 24 (2), 185–191.
Fischer von Walheim, G. (1822) Entomographie de la Russie, Entomographia Imperii Rossici, Auctoritate Societatis caesareae Mosquensis naturae scrutatorum collecta et in lucem edita. Vol. 11. Auguste Semen, Mosquae, vii + 219 pp.
Fuente y Morales, J.M. (de la). (1935) Catálogo sistemático-geográfico de los Coleópteros observados en la península ibérica, Pirineos propiamente dichos y Baleares (continuación). Fam. Tenebrionidae. Boletín de la Sociedad entomológica Española (1934), 17 (1), 17–32.
Gebien, H. (1906) Ueber die von Fabricius beschriebenen Typen von Tenebrioniden in den Museum von Kopenhagen und Kiel. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift. 1906, 209–237.
Gebien, H. (1910) Tenebrionidae, 1. Pars 15. In: Junk, W. and S. Schenkling (eds.), Coleopterorum Catalogus, vol. XVIII, Berlin, 1–354.
Gebien, H. (1937) Katalog der Tenebrioniden. (Col. Heteromera). Teil 1, Publicazione entomologiche dell Museo Pietro Rossi, 2, 883 pp. Duino.
Haag Rutenberg, G. (1879) Fernere Nachtrage zu den Heteromeren-Monographien der Moluriden, Eurychoriden und Adesmiiden. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift. 23 (2), 2289–206.
Häckel, M. (2003) Fam. Carabidae, Tribe Cychrini. In: Löbl, I. and Smetana, A. (eds). Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 1, Archostemata, Myxophaga, Adephaga. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 819 pp.
Herbst, J.F.W. (1784) Gemeinnuzzige naturgeschichte des Thierreichs, barin die merfwürdigsten und nüzlichsten Thiere in systematicher Ordnung beschrieben. Gechster Band von den Insekten. G. A. Lange, Berlin und Strasburg, 278 pp.
Herbst, J.F.W. (1799) Natursystem aller bekannten in- und ausländsischen Insekten als eine Fortsetzung der von Büffonischen Naturgeschichte. Der Käfer. Achter Theil. Geh. Commerzien Raths Pauli, Berlin, xvi + 420 pp., 121–137 pls.
International Commission for Zoological Nomenclature. (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. The Trust for International Zoological Nomenclature, Natural History Museum, London, 106 pp.
Kaszab, Z, (1988) Katalog und Bestimmungstabelle der Gattung Promethis Pascoe, 1869. Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae). Acta Zoologica Academiae scientiarum Hungaricae, 34, 67–171, pls. I–XV.
Kirby, W. (1818) A century of insects, including several new genera described from his cabinet. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 12, 375–453.
Koch, C. (1935) Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Entomologischen Expedition seinen durchlaucht des Fuersten A, Della Torre e Tasso nach Aegypten und auf der Halbinsel Sinai. VII. Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera). Bulletin de la Société Royale Entomologique d´Egypte, 19, 1–111.
Koch, C. (1950) Proposed change of African generic names in Fam. Tenebrionidae. The Entomologist, 83, 66–68.
Koch, C. (1952) Die Tenebrioniden des südlichen Afrikas. XIII. – Vorstudien zu einer Monographie der Molurini, 3. Entomologische Arbeiten aus dem Museum G. Frey, 83, 214–349.
Kraatz, G. (1865) Revision der Tenebrioniden der alten Welt aus Lacordaire´s Gruppen der Erodiides, Tentyriides, Akisides, Pimelides und der europaeischen Zophosis Arten. Nicolaische Verlagsbuchhandlung, (G. Parthey), Berlin. 393 pp.
Latreille, P.A. (1804) Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes, Ouvrage faisant suite aux oeuvres de Leclerc, de Buffon, et partie du cours complet d´histoire naturelle rédigéee par C. S. Sonnini, membre de plusieurs sociétés savantes,. Tome dixième, F. Dufart, Paris, 445 pp., pl. 81–90.
Lindroth, C.H. (1957) The Linnean species of Carabid Beetles. Journal of the Linnean Society of London (Zoology). 43, 325–341.
Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae, per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus diferentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus, 1, 10a editio, reformata, Lit. & Imp. Laur. Salvii, Holmiae, 5 + 6 + 823 + (1) pp.
Linnaeus, C. (1760) Fauna Sueciae sistens animalia Sueciae regni: Mamalia, Aves, Amphibia, Pisces, Insecta, Vermes, distributa per classes, ordines, genera et species, cum diferentiis specierum, synonymis, auctorum, locis natalium, descriptionibus insectorum; editio altera, auctiora “1761”, Laurentii et Salvi, Stockholmiae, 48 + 578 pp., 2 pl.
Linnaeus, C. (1763) Centuria Insectorum rariorum quam consent. Experimentiss. Fac. Med. In Regia Academia Uppsaliensis praeisde nobilissimo autor celeberrimo D. Doct. Carolo von Linné. Uppsaliae, 32 pp. (www.archive.org/stream/ddcenturiainsect00linn)
Linnaeus, C. (1764) Museum Serenissimae, Regiae Majestatis Ludovicae Ulricae Regina Suecorum, Gothorum Vandalorumque, &c. &c. in quo Animalia rariora, exotica imprimism Insecta & Conchilia describentur et determinantur prodromis instar editum, Laur. Salvii, Holmiae, 720 pp. + 110 (index).
Linnaeus, C. (1767) Systema Naturae per regna triae naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tom. 1. Pars II. Editio Duodecima, reformata, Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, pp. 533–1327 + 37.
Linnaeus, C. (1790) Systema Naturae per regna triae naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tom. 1. Pars IV. Editio 13, cura Joa Frid. Gmelin, Lipsiae, pp. 1517–2004.
Löbl, I. & Smetana, A. (2008) Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 5, Tenebrionoidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 670 pp.
Mikkola, K. & Honey, M.R. (1993) The Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera) described by Linnaeus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 8(2), 103–169.
Motschulsky, V. (1872) Enumerations des nouvelles especes de Coléoptères nouveaux rapportés de ses voyages. Boulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou, 45 (3), 23–55.
Niebuhr, C. (1775) Descriptiones animalium avium, amphibiorum, piscium, insectorum, vermium, quae in itinere orientali observait, Petrus Forskål, Prof. Maun post mortem auctoris edidit Carsten Niebuhr. Adjuncta est Materia Medica kahirina adque tabula maris rubri geographica. Ex officina Moelleri, Havniae, 164 pp.
Nordestam, B. (2007) Linnaeus hans tid och vetenskap. Apostlarnas äventyr. Pages 42–70. In: Från Linnaeus till DNA, Naturhistoriska riksmuseet, Stockholm, 228 pp.
Olivier, A.G. (1789) Encyclopédie méthodique ou par ordre de matières, par une société de gens de lettres, savants et artistes, précédée d´un vocabulaire universel, servant de table pour toute l´ouvrage, ornée de portaits de M. Diderot et D´Alembert, premieurs editeurs de l´Encyclopédie. Histoire naturelle des Insectes. Vol. 4, Panckoucke, Paris. 331 pp.
Pallas, P.S. (1781) Icones Insectorum praesertim Rossiae sibiriaeque peculiarum quae collegit et descriptionibus illustravit, Fasciculus primus, W. Walther, Erlangae, 1–56 pp.
Paykull, G. (1790) Monographia Caraborum Sveciae. Johann Edman, Uppsala, 138 pp.
Peyerimhoff, P. (1927) Études sur la systématique des Coléoptères du Nord Africain. 1. Les Pachychila. (Tenebrionidae). L´Abeille, Journal d´Entomologie. 34, 1–54.
Reitter, E. (1900) Bestimmungs-Tabelle der Tenebrioniden Abteilungen: Tentyriini und Adelostomini aus Europa und der angrenzenden Ländern. Edmund Reitter, Paskau, 1 + 82–97.
Reitter, E. (1914) Bestimmungs-Tabelle der Unterfamilie: Erodiini der Tenebrioniden aus Europa und der angrenzenden Ländern. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, (1914), 43–85.
Reitter, E. (1916) Bestimmungstabellle der der Arten der Gattung Adesmia Fisch. aus der Palaärktische Faunan. (Col. Tenebrionidae), Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, 35, 1–31.
Rosenhauer, W.G., (1856) Die Thiere Andalusiens. Nach dem Resultate einer Reise zusammengestell, nebst den Beschreibungen von 249 neue oder bis jetz unbeschreiben Gattungen. Th Blessing, Erlanger, 429 pp.
Schuster, A. (1919) Revision der Tenebrioniden. Gattung Pachychilina Reitter und Pachychile Eschscholtz. Koleopterologische Rundschau, 8, 27–43.
Schuster, A. (1921) Revision der Tenebrioniden. Gattung Pachychilina Reitter und Pachychile Eschscholtz. Koleopterologische Rundschau, 9, 1–27.
Solier, J.A. (1835) Essai sur les collaptérides, (suite) 2ème tribu, Tentyrites. Annales de la Société entomologique de France, 4, 249–419. pl. VI–IX.
Solier, A.J.J. (1837) Essai sur les collaptérides /suite) 7ème tribu, Akisites. Annales de la Sociéte entomologique de France, (1835–1836) 5, 635–684. pl. XXIII.
Staug, R.A. (1940) The Fabrician types of Insects in the Hunterian Collection at Glasgow University, Part 2, Glasgow University Publications, Cambridge, 164 pp.
Tauscher, A.M. (1812) Tentyriae ruthenicae descriptionibus iconibusque illustrate. Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou, 3, 22–42, 313–316, pl. II–III.
Thunberg, C.P. (1784) Novas insectorum species descriptae. Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis, 4, 53–69. Uppsala.
Thunberg, C.P. (1787) Dissertatio resp. P. Bjerkén. D. D. Museum naturalium Academiae Uppsaliensis [Donatio Thunbergiana.], Pars. 4, 43–58. Uppsala.
Thunberg, C.P. (1791) Dissertatio resp. A. J. Lagus. Dissertatio entomologica novas Insectorum species sistens. Pars. 6, 107–130. Edmann, Uppsala.
Thunberg, C.P. (1804) Dissertatio resp. J. W. Rudolphi. Museum naturalium Academiae Uppsaliensis [Donatio Thunbergiana.], Pars. 24, 1–11. Uppsala.
Thunberg, C.P. (1814) Beskrifning på tvänne nya Insekt-släkten Gnatocerus och Taumacera från God Hopp Udden. Kungl. Vetenskaps Akademins Handlingar. N. S. 1, 46–50.
Thunberg, C.P. (1821a) Coleoptera Capensia antennis fusiformibus. Nova Acta Regia Societas Scientiarum Upsaliensis, 8, 199–202.
Thunberg, C.P. (1821b) Dissertatio resp. A. Loffman. Opatrum Insecti genus, Uppsala. 4, 27–34.
Thunberg, C.P. (1827) Coleoptera Capensia antennis filiformibus. Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis. Uppsala. 9, 1–52 pp.
Viñolas, A. & Cartagena, M.C. (2005) Fauna de Tenebrionidae de la Península Ibérica y Baleares. Subfam. Lagriinae y Pimeliinae, Argania Editio, Barcelona, 428 pp.
Wallin, L. & Wallin, H. (1989) Catalogue of Type specimens 1. C. P. Thunberg (1743–1828) Insecta. Uppsala University Museum of Evolution, Zoology Section, 31 pp. Uppsala.
Wallin, L. & Wallin, H. (1991) Catalogue of Type specimens 4. Linnean specimens. Uppsala University Museum of Evolution, Zoology Section, 128 pp. Uppsala.
Wallin, L. & Wallin, H. (1994) Catalogue of Type specimens 1. C. P. Thunberg (1743–1828) Insecta. Uppsala University Museum of Evolution, Zoology Section, 31 pp. Uppsala.
Wallin, L. & Wallin, H. (2001) Catalogue of Type specimens 1. C. P. Thunberg (1743–1828) Insecta. Uppsala University Museum of Evolution, Zoology Section,. 66 pp. Uppsala.
Winkler, A. (1928) Catalogus Coleopterorum Regionae Palaearctica. Vol. 2, Pars 8, Albert Winkler, Wien, pp. 881–1008.