Abstract
The sex attractant for Phyllonorycter melanosparta (Meyrick, 1912) has been determined as (10E)-dodec-10-en-1-yl acetate and (10E)-dodec-10-en-1-ol combined in a ratio 10:1. The distribution of this species in Eastern Africa is updated and its presence in Kenya is recorded for the first time. We discuss the taxonomic status of P. melanosparta with reference to three character sets: semiochemicals, morphological and molecular characters (DNA barcodes). This combination of characters is also proposed as a new approach to study the diversity and phylogeny of Phyllonorycter in the Afrotropical region.References
Ando, T., Yoshida, S., Tatsuki, S., & Takahashi, N. (1977) Sex attractants for male Lepidoptera. Agricultural Biology and Chemistry, 41, 1485–1492.
Ando, T., Koike, M., Uchiyama, M., & Kuroko, H. (1987) Lepidopterous sex attractants with a conjugated diene system. Agricultural Biology and Chemistry, 51, 2691–2694.
Beck, J. & Kitching, I.J. (2007) Estimating regional species richness of tropical insects from museum data: a comparison of a geography-based and sample-based methods. Journal of Applied Ecology, 44, 672–681.
Berlocher, S.H. & Feder, J.L. (2002) Sympatric speciation in phytophagous insects: moving beyond controversary? Annual Review of Entomology, 47, 773–815.
Bickford, D., Lohman, D.J., Sodhi, N.S., Ng, P.K.L., Meier, R., Winker, K., Ingram, K.K. & Das, I. (2007) Cryptic species as a window on diversity and conservation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 22(3), 148–155.
Booij, C.J.H. & Voerman, S. (1984) New sex attractants for 35 tortricid and 4 other lepidopterous species, found by systematic field screening in the Netherlands. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 10, 135–144.
Bradley, J.D., Jacobs, S.N.A. & Tremewan, W.G. (1969) A key to the British and French species of Phyllonorycter Hübner (Lithocolletis Hübner) (Lep. Gracillariidae). Entomologist's Gazette, 20, 3–33.
Burns, J.M., Janzen, D.H., Hajibabaei, M., Hallwachs, W. & Hebert, P.D.N. (2008) DNA barcodes and cryptic species of skipper butterflies in the genus Perichares in Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 6350–6355.
Castrovillo P.J. & Cardè R.T. (1979) Environmental regulation of female calling and male pheromone response periodicities in the codling moth (Laspeyresia pomonella). Journal of Insect Physiology, 25, 659–661.
Chapman, T. A. (1902) The classification of Gracilaria [sic] and allied genera. Entomologist, an Illustrated Journal of British Entomology, 1902, 81–88, 138–142, 159–164.
Condon, M., Adams, D.C., Bann, D., Flaherty, K., Gammons, J., Johnson, J., Lewis, M.L., Marsteller, S., Scheffer, S.J., Serna, F. & Swensen, S. (2008) Uncovering tropical diversity: six sympatric cryptic species of Blepharoneura (Diptera: Tephritidae) in flowers of Gurania spinulosa (Cucurbitaceae) in eastern Ecuador. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 93, 779–797.
Dall’Asta, U., De Prins, J. & De Prins, W. (2001) Preliminary checklist of Gracillariidae of the Afrotropical Region. Documentation zoologique. Musée royal de l’Afrique centrale, 25, 1–48.
Davis, D.R. & Deschka, G. (2001) Biology and systematics of the North American Phyllonorycter leafminers on Salicaceae, with a synoptic catalog of the Palearctic species (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 614, 1–89.
Davis, D.R. & Robinson, G. S. (1998) The Tineoidea and Gracillarioidea. In: Kristensen, N.P. (Ed.), Handbook of Zoology IV/35, Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies. Vol. 1. Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York, pp. 91–117.
Denis, M. & Schiffermüller, I. (1775) Ankündung eines systematischen Werkes von den Schmetterlingen der Wienergegend herausgegeben von einigen Lehrern am k. k. Theresianum. Augustin Bernardi, Wien, 322 pp, pls. frontispiece, 1–1b.
De Prins, J. & De Prins, W. (2007). Two new Phyllonorycter species (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) from West Africa. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarium Hungariae, 53 (suppl. 1), 47–60.
De Prins, J. & De Prins, W. (2009) Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera). Royal Museum for Central Africa, Belgian Biodiversity Platform, Tervuren, Brussels, Belgium. Available from http://gc.bebif.be (accessed 25 August 2009).
De Prins, J. & Mozūraitis, R. (2006) A new species of Phyllonorycter (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) from Kenya discovered by using the sex attractant Z8-tetradecen-1yl acetate. Zootaxa, 1124, 55–68.
De Prins, W. & De Prins, J. (2005) Gracillariidae. In: Landry, B. (Ed.), World catalogue of insects. Volume 6. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 502 pp.
Deschka, G. & Dimić, N. (1986) Cameraria ohridella sp. n. (Lep., Lithocolletidae) aus Mazedonien, Jugoslawien. Acta entomologica Jugoslavica, 22(1–2), 11–23.
Doğanlar, M. & Mutuura, A. (1980) A new species of Phyllonorycter Hbn. (=Lithocolletis Hbn.) (Lepidoptera: Gracilariidae [sic]) from western North America. Canadian Entomologist, 112, 311–314.
El-Sayed, A.M. (2009) The Pherobase: Database of Insect Pheromones and Semiochemicals. Available from http://www.pherobase.com (accessed 18 September, 2009).
Emmet, A.M., Watkinson, I.A. & Wilson, M.R. (1985) Gracillariidae. In: Heath, J. & Emmet, A.M. (Eds.), The moths and butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland. Volume 2 Cossidae–Heliodinidae. Harley Books, Colchester, Essex, pp. 244–363.
Fabricius, J.C. (1781–[1782]) Species insectorum exhibentes eorum differentias specificas, synonyma autorum, loca natalia, metamorphosin adiectis observationibus, descriptionibus. Tom II. Impensis Carol. Ernest, Bohnii, Hamburgi et Kilonii, pp. 1–494 (1781), Appendix pp. 495–514 [1782], Index pp. 515–517 [1782].
Ferrao, P., Gries, G., Wimalaratne, P.D.C., Maier, C.T., Gries, R., Slessor, K.N., & Li, J.X. (1998) Sex pheromone of apple blotch leafminer, Phyllonorycter crataegella, and its effect on P. mespilella pheromone communication. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 24, 2059–2078.
Frey, H. (1855) Ueber die in der Schweiz beobachteten Arten des Genus Lithocolletis. Zell. Mittheilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zürich, 3, 600–635.
Gerasimov, A.M. (1933). Minierende Motten. III. Neue auf Rosaceen lebende Lithocolletis-Arten (Lep. Gracil.). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift "Iris", 47, 119–122.
Goloboff, P.A. (1999) NONA (NO NAME). Program and Documentation, Version 2.0. Published by the author, Tucumán, Argentina.
Gries, G., McBrien, H.L., Gries, R., Li, J.X., Judd, G.J.R., Slessor, K.N., Borden, J.H., Smith, R.F., Christie, M., Troubridge, J.T., Wimalaratne, P.D.C. & Underhill, E.W. (1993) (E4,E10)-dodecadienyl acetate: novel sex pheromone component of tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter mespilella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Gracillaridae). Journal of Chemical Ecology, 19, 1789–1798.
Hajibabaei, M., deWard, J.R., Ivanova, N.V., Ratnasingham, S., Door, R.T., Kirk, S.L., Mackie, P.M. & Hebert, P.D.N. (2005) Critical factors for assembling a high volume of DNA barcodes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 272, 1525–1534.
Hajibabaei, M., Janzen, D.H., Burns, J.M., Hallwachs, W. & Hebert, P.D.N. (2006) DNA barcodes distinguish species of tropical Lepidoptera. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103(4), 968–971.
Hall, T.A. (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series, 41, 95–98.
Hebert, P.D.N., Penton, E.H., Burns, J., Janzen, D.J. & Hallwachs, W. (2004) Ten species in one: DNA barcoding revealed cryptic species in the neotropical skipper butterfly, Astraptes fulgerator. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101(41), 14812–14817.
Hrdy, I., Liska, J., Vrkoc, J., & Hochmut, R. (1989) New records on sex attractants for males and faunistic comments on moth (Lepidoptera) from Czechoslovakia. Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca, 86, 252–268.
Hübner, J. (1796–[1838]) Sammlung europäischer Schmetterlinge. Achte Horde. Tineae Die Schaben; nach der Natur geordnet, beschrieben und vorgestellt. J. Hübner Verlag, Augsburg, 78 pp, 71 pls.
Hübner, J. (1822) Systematisches-alphabetisches Verzeichniss aller bisher bey den Fürbildungen zur Sammlung europäischer Schmetterlinge angegebenen Gattungsbennungen; mit Vorbemerkung auch augsburgischer Gattungen. J. Hübner Verlag, Augsburg, vi+81 pp.
Ivanova, N.V., deWaard, J.R. & Hebert, P.D.N. (2006) An inexpensive, automation-friendly protocol for recovering high-quality DNA. Molecular Ecology Notes, 6, 998–1002.
Klots, A.B. 1970. Lepidoptera. In: Tuxen, S.L. (Ed.), Taxonomist’s glossary of genitalia in insects. Munksgaard, Copenhagen, pp. 115–130.
Kristensen, N.P. 2003. Skeleton and muscles: adults. In: Kristensen, N.P. (Ed.), Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies. Vol. 2. Morphology, Physiology, and Development. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York, pp. 39–122.
Kroon, D.M. (1999) Lepidoptera of Southern Africa. Host–plants & other associations. A catalogue. Lepidopterists’ Society of Africa, Sasolburg, xi+159 pp.
Kühne, L. (Ed.) (2008) Butterflies and moth diversity of the Kakamega forest (Kenya). Branderburgische Universitätsdruckerei und Verlagsgesellschaft, Berlin, 203 pp.
Kumata, T. (1967) New or little-known species of the genus Lithocolletis occurring in Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). Insecta Matsumurana, 29, 59–72.
Kumata, T. (1982) A taxonomic revision of the Gracillaria group occurring in Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). Insecta Matsumurana, N. S., 26, 1–186.
Kumata, T. (1993) A contribution to the knowledge of the Malaysian Lithocolletinae (Gracillariidae, Lepidoptera), with a revision of Indian Cameraria associated with Leguminosae. Insecta Matsumurana, N. S., 48, 1–85.
Kumata, T. (1995) Some species of the subfamily Lithocolletinae (Gracillariidae, Lepidoptera) collected in the Philippines. Insecta Matsumurana, N. S., 52, 105–131.
Laanmaa, M.K., Ivanova V.T., Mottus, E.R., & Kalinkin, V.M. (1990) Sex attractant for leaf miner moth, Lithocolletis pyrifoliella Grsm. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae). Proceedings of Conference, Insect Chemical Ecology, Tabor, pp. 125–128
Le Marchand, S. (1936) Clé ou table analytique pour le détermination des espèces françaises de Lithocolletis (Famille des Gracilariidae [sic]). L'Amateur de Papillons, 8(6–8), 83–118.
Lopez-Vaamonde, C., Godfray, H.C.J. & Cook, J.M. (2003) Evolutionary dynamics of host-plant use in a genus of leaf-mining moths. Evolution, 57, 1804–1821.
Lopez-Vaamonde, C. Wikström, N., Labandeira, C., Godfray, C.J., Goodman, S.J. & Cook, J.M. (2006) Fossil-calibrated molecular phylogenies reveal that leaf-mining moths radiated millions of years after their host plants. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 19(4), 1314–1326.
Lozier, J.D., Fottit, R.G., Miller, G.L., Mills, N. J. & Roderick, G. K. (2008) Molecular and morphological evaluation of the aphid genus Hyalopterus Koch (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aphidae), with a description of a new species. Zootaxa, 1688, 1–19.
Lukhtanov, V.A., Sourakov, A., Zakharov E.V. & Hebert, P.D.N. (2009) DNA barcoding Central Asian butterflies: increasing geographical dimension does not significantly reduce the success of species identification. Molecular Ecology Resources, 9(5), 1302–1310.
Martin, J.-F., Gilles, A. & Descimon, H. (2003) Species concepts and sibling species: the case of Leptidea sinapis and Leptidea reali. In: Boggs, C.L., Watt, W.B. & Ehrlich, P.R. (Eds.), Butterflies: ecology and evolution taking flight. The University Chicago press, Chicago, London, pp. 459–476.
Meyrick, E. (1912) Exotic Microlepidoptera. Marlborough 1(1), 1–32.
Mozūraitis, R. (2006) Pheromone release behaviour in females of Phyllonorycter strigulatella (Lien. & Z.) and Ph. sorbi (Frr.) (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) under daily cycling temperature regime. Ekologija, (2006) 4, 7–11.
Mozūraitis, R., Būda, V., Borg-Karlson, A.-K. & Ivinskis, P. (1997) Sex pheromone in Phyllonorycter ulmifoliella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae): identification and field tests. Calling rhythm of females. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 23, 175–189.
Mozūraitis, R., Būda, V., Borg-Karlson, A.-K., Ivinskis, P., Karalius V., Laanmaa, M. & Plepys, D. (1998) New sex attractants and inhibitors for 17 moth species from the families Gracillariidae, Tortricidae, Yponomeutidae, Oecophoridae, Pyralidae and Gelechiidae. Journal of Applied Entomology, 122, 441–452.
Mozūraitis, R., Borg-Karlson, A.-K., Būda, V. & Ivinskis P. (1999) Sex pheromone of the spotted tentiform leafminer moth Phyllonorycter blancardella (Fabr.) (Lep., Gracillariidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 123, 603–606.
Mozūraitis, R., Būda, V., Jonušaitė, V., Borg-Karlson, A.-K. & Noreika, R. (2000) Sex pheromones of Phyllonorycter acerifoliella and Ph. heegerella [sic] and communication peculiarities in three species of leafmining moths. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 94, 15–23.
Mozūraitis, R., Liblikas, I. & Noreika, R. (2008) Sex pheromone communication of tentiform leaf-miners Phyllonorycter insignitella and Ph. nigrescentella from two related species groups. Chemoecology, 18, 171–176.
Nixon, K.C. (2002) WinClada, Version 1.00.08. Published by the author, Ithaca, New York.
Ohshima, I. (2008) Host race formation in the leaf-mining moth Acrocercops transecta (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 93, 135–145.
Ratnasingham S. & Hebert P.D.N. (2007) BOLD: The Barcode of Life Data System (http://www.barcodinglife.org). Molecular Ecology Notes 7, 355–364.
Robinson, G.S. (1976) The preparation of slides of Lepidoptera genitalia with special reference to the Microlepidoptera. Entomologist’s Gazette, 27, 127–132.
Schmitz, P., Cibois, A. & Landry, B. (2008) Cryptic differenciation in the endemic micromoth Galagete darwini (Lepidoptera, Autostichidae) on Galápagos volcanoes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 363, 3453–3458.
Shapiro, L.H., Scheffer, S.J., Maisin, N., Lambert, S., Purung, H.B., Sulistyowati, E., Vega, F.E., Gende, P., Laup, S., Rosmana, A., Djam, S. & Hebbar, P.K. (2008). Conopomorpha cramerella (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) in the Malay archipelago: genetic signature of a bottlenecked population? Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 101, 930–938.
Shearer, P. & Riedl, H. (1994) Comparison of pheromone trap bioassays for monitoring insecticide resistance of Phyllonorycter elmaella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 87, 1450–1454.
Sokal, R.R. & Rohlf, F.J. (1995) Biometry. Freeman and Co., New York, 887 pp.
Stainton, H.T. 1862. Descriptions of nine exotic species of the genus Gracilaria [sic]. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, (series 3) 1(3), 291–300.
Subchev, M., Mircheva, A., Pickett, J., Wadhams, L., Woodcock, C., Dos Santos, A., Franke, S., & Francke, W. (2003) Sex pheromone of the leaf-miner Phyllonorycter platani: (Z10)-tetradecenyl acetate. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 29, 2391–2396.
Sugie, H., Tamaki, Y., Kawasaki, K., Wakou, M., Oku, T., Hirano, C. & Horiike, M. (1986) Sex pheromone of the apple leafminer moth, Phyllonorycter ringoniella (Matsumura) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae): activity of geometrical isomers of tetradecadienyl acetates. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 21, 578–581.
Tamura, K., Dudley, J., Nei, M. & Kumar, S. (2007) MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) Software Version 4.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 24, 1596–1599.
Trewick, S. A. (2008) DNA barcoding is not enough: mismatch of taxonomy and genealogy in New Zealand grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) Cladistics, 24, 240–254.
Triberti, P. (2007) The Phyllonorycter species from Palaearctic Region feeding on Rosaceae (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae). Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona, Botanica Zoologia, 31, 147–221.
Vaglia, T., Haxaire, J., Kitching, I.J., Meusnier, I. & Rougerie, R. (2008) Morphology and DNA barcoding reveal three cryptic species within the Xylophanes neoptolemus and loelia species-groups (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Zootaxa, 1923, 18–36.
van Nieukerken, E. & De Prins, J. (2007) A new Cameraria on Annonaceae in Vietnam and the genus in the Afrotropical region. Abstracts of presentations at the 15th European Congress of Lepidopterology, Berlin, without pagination.
Vári, L. (1961) South African Lepidoptera. Vol. 1. Lithocolletidae. Transvaal Museum Memoir, 12, i–xix, 1–238, 112 pls.
Vári, L. & Kroon, D.M. (1986) South African Lepidoptera. A series of cross-referenced indices. Lepidopterists’ Society of Southern Africa & the Transvaal Museum, Pretoria, x+198 pp.
Vári, L., Kroon,D. M. & Krüger, M. (2002) Classification and checklist of the species of Lepidoptera recorded in Southern Africa. Simple Solutions, Chastwood, xxi+385 pp.
Voerman, S. (1988) The pheromone bank: a collection of unsaturated compounds indispensible for discovery of sex attractants for Lepidoptera. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 21, 31–41.
Voerman, S. (1991) A mono-unsaturated acetate as sex attractant for the leaf miner moth Lithocolletis corylifoliella (Hübner) (Lep., Gracillariidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 112, 207–210.
Voerman, S. & Herrebout, W. M. (1978) A sex attractant for the leaf miner moth Lithocolletis corylifoliella and its influence on that of L. blancardella (Lep., Gracillariidae). Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 23, 96–98.
Zeller, P.C. (1846) Die Arten der Blattminierergattung Lithocolletis. Linnaea Entomologica, 1, 166–261, pl. 1.