Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Type: Articles
Published: 2009-10-29
Page range: 1–39
Abstract views: 47
PDF downloaded: 34

Morphological description and DNA barcodes of shallow-water Tetractinellida (Porifera: Demospongiae) from Bocas del Toro, Panama, with description of a new species

Department of Biology, University of Bergen, High-Technology Center, PO Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus de Ondina, Rua Barão de Geremoabo, s/n – CEP 40170–180, Salvador, BA, Brasil
Department of Biology, University of Bergen, High-Technology Center, PO Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
Museo Marino de Margarita, Boca del Río, Macanao, Edo. Nueva Esparta, Venezuela
Porifera Taxonomy barcoding COI 28S Spirophorida Astrophorida Geodia Erylus Ecionemia Stryphnus Stelletta Cinachyrella

Abstract

Tetractinellida Marshall 1876 [Borchiellini et al. 2004] comprises the Orders Spirophorida and Astrophorida. A surveyof their diversity in the Bocas del Toro archipelago (Panama) was conducted. A total of ten species of Tetractinellidawere encountered: Cinachyrella alloclada, Cinachyrella apion, Cinachyrella kuekenthali, Ecionemia megastylifera,Stelletta fibrosa, Stelletta sp., Stryphnus raratriaenus sp. nov., Erylus formosus, Geodia gibberosa and Geodiapapyracea. Five of these species are new to the Atlantic sponge fauna of Panama, one of which is new to science.Stryphnus raratriaenus sp. nov. is very similar to Caribbean Asteropus species but it possesses triaenes. It is the firstspecies of this genus in the Caribbean. The description of Ecionemia megastylifera Wintermann–Kilian & Kilian, 1984 ishere revised and the species fully redescribed. A cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene partial fragment and/or a 28S ribosomal gene partial fragment (C1–D2 domains) were sequenced for some of the species collected.

References

  1. Alcolado, P.M. (2002) Catálogo de las esponjas de Cuba. Avicennia, 15, 53–72.

    Alvarez, B., Díaz, M.C. & Laughlin, R.A. (1991) The ecology of sponges in a fringing coral reef at the National park "Archipelago de los Roques", Venezuela I: Composition, distribution and abundance of species. In: Rützler, K. (Ed.) New perspectives in Sponge Biology. Smithsonian Institution press, Washington DC, pp. 358–366.

    Amaro, M.E. & Liñero-Arana, I. (2002) Demospongiae (Porifera) de Isla Larga, Bahía de Mochima, Venezuela. Boletin del Instituto Oceanografico de Venezuela, 41, 45–53.

    Antonov, A.S., Kalinovsky, A.I., Stonik, V.A., Afiyatullov, S.S., Aminin, D.L., Dmitrenok, P.S., Mollo, E. & Cimino, G. (2007) Isolation and structures of erylosides from the Carribean sponge Erylus formosus. Journal of Natural Products, 70, 169–178.

    Bandaranayake, W.M., Bemis, J.E. & Bourne, D.J. (1996) Ultraviolet Absorbing Pigments from the Marine Sponge Dysidea herbacea: Isolation and Structure of a New Mycosporine. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Endocrinology, 115, 281–286.

    Barnathan, G., Mirallès, J., Gaydou, E., Boury-Esnault, N. & Kornprobst, J.-M. (1992) New phospholipid fatty acids from the marine sponge Cinachyrella alloclada Uliczka. Lipids, 27, 779–784.

    Bergquist, P.R. & Hogg, J.J. (1969) Free amino acid patterns in Demospongiae: a biochemical approach to sponge classification. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 10, 205–220.

    Borchiellini, C., Chombard, C., Manuel, M., Alivon, E., Vacelet, J. & Boury-Esnault, N. (2004) Molecular phylogeny of Demospongiae: implications for classification and scenarios of character evolution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 32, 823–837.

    Boury-Esnault, N. (1973) Résultats Scientifiques des Campagnes de la ‘Calypso’. Campagne de la ‘Calypso’ au large des côtes atlantiques de l’Amérique du Sud (1961–1962). I. 29. Spongiaires. Annales de l’Institut océanographique, 49, 263–295.

    Boury-Esnault, N., Marschal, C., Kornprobst, J.M. & Barnathan, G. (2002) A new species of Axinyssa Lendenfeld, 1897 (Porifera, Demospongiae, Halichondrida) from the Senegalese coast. Zootaxa, 117, 1–8.

    Bowerbank, J.S. (1862) On the anatomy and physiology of the Spongiadae. Part III. On the generic characters, the specific characters, and on the method of examination. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 152, 1087–1135.

    Bowerbank, J.S. (1866) A Monograph of the British Spongiadæ. Volume 2. Ray Society, London, i–xx, 1–388 pp.

    Bowerbank, J.S. (1872) Contributions to a General History of the Spongiadae. Part III. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1872, 626–635, pls XLVI–XLIX.

    Bowerbank, J.S. (1873) Contributions to a General History of the Spongiadae. Part IV. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1873, 3–25, pls I–IV.

    Bowerbank, J.S. (1874) Contributions to a General History of the Spongiadae. Part VI. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1874, 298–305, pls XLVI–XLVII.

    Burton, M. (1940) Las esponjas marinas del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales. Anales del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia", 40, 95–121.

    Carballeira, N.s.M. & Negrón, V. (1991) Identification and Characterization of Two New Methylicosadienoic Acids from Erylus formosus. Journal of Natural Products, 54, 305–309.

    Cárdenas, P., Rapp, H.T., Schander, C. & Tendal, O.S. (2009) Molecular taxonomy and phylogeny of the Geodiidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida) — combining phylogenetic and Linnaean classification. Zoologica Scripta, doi:10.1111/j.1463–6409.2009.00402.x.

    Carter, H.J. (1882) Some sponges from the West Indies and Acapulco in the Liverpool Free Museum described, with general and classificatory Remarks. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (5), 266–301, 346–368, pls XI–XII.

    Carvalho, M.S. (2008) Revisão taxonômica de Astrophorida e Halichondrida do Chile (Demospongiae, Porifera), filogenia e biogeografia de Asteropus (Ancorinidae, Astrophorida) com uma discussão acerca das rotas trans-Pacíficas. Ph.D. Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 282 pp.

    Cavalcanti, F.F., Zilberberg, C. & Klautau, M. (2007) Seasonal variation of morphological characters of Chondrilla aff. nucula (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the south-east coast of Brazil. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, 87, 1727–1732.

    Cedro, V.R., Hajdu, E., Sovierzosky, H.H. & Correia, M.D. (2007) Demospongiae (Porifera) of the shallow coral reefs of Maceió, Alagoas State, Brazil. In: Custódio, M.R., Lôbo-Hajdu, G., Hajdu, E. & Muricy, G. (Eds.). Porifera research: biodiversity, innovation and sustainability. Série Livros 28, Museu Nacional, 233–237.

    Chanas, B. & Pawlik, J.R. (1995) Defenses of Caribbean sponges against predatory reef fish. II. Spicules, tissue toughness, and nutritional quality. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 127, 195–211.

    Chombard, C., Boury-Esnault, N. & Simon, T. (1998) Reassessment of homology of morphological characters in Tetractinellid sponges based on molecular data. Systematic Biology, 47, 351–366.

    Collin, R., Díaz, M.C., Norenburg, J., Rocha, R.M., Sánchez, J.A., Schulze, A., Schwartz, M. & Valdés, A. (2005) Photographic identification guide to some common marine invertebrates of Bocas Del Toro, Panama. Caribbean Journal of Science, 41, 638–707.

    Cortés, J. (1996) Biodiversidad marina de Costa Rica: filo Porifera. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 44, 911–914.

    Cosme, B. & Peixinho, S. (2007) A new species of Stelletta (Astrophorida: Demospongiae) with a redescription and distribution range expansion for Stelletta kallitetilla in the Southwestern Atlantic Region. In: Custódio, M.R., Lôbo-Hajdu, G., Hajdu, E. & Muricy, G. (Eds.) Porifera research: biodiversity, innovation and sustainability. Série Livros 28, Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 275–280.

    Díaz, C.M. (2007) Poriferos de la plataforma continental (10–50 m de profundidad) del Departamento de la Guajira, Caribe colombiano. B. Sc. Thesis. Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Bogotá, 106 pp.

    Díaz, M.C. (2005) Common sponges from shallow marine habitats from Bocas del Toro region, Panama. Caribbean Journal of Science, 41, 465–475.

    Díaz, M.C., Thacker, R.W., Rützler, K. & Piantoni, C. (2007) Two new haplosclerid sponges from Caribbean Panama with symbiotic filamentous cyanobacteria, and an overview of sponge-cyanobacteria associations. In: Custódio, M.R., Lôbo-Hajdu, G., Hajdu, E. & Muricy, G. (Eds.) Porifera research: biodiversity, innovation and sustainability. Série Livros 28, Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 31–39.

    Duchassaing de Fonbressin, P. & Michelotti, G. (1864) Spongiaires de la mer Caraïbe. Natuurkundige verhandelingen van de Hollandsche maatschappij der wetenschappen te Haarlem, 21, 1–124, pls I–XXV.

    Dunlap, M. & Pawlik, J.R. (1996) Video monitored predation by Caribbean reef fishes on an array of mangrove and reef sponges. Marine Biology, 126, 117–123.

    Engel, S. & Pawlik, J.R. (2005) Interactions among Florida sponges. II. Mangrove habitats. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 303, 145–152.

    Erpenbeck, D., Duran, S., Rützler, K., Paul, V., Hooper, J.N.A. & Wörheide, G. (2007) Towards a DNA taxonomy of Caribbean demosponges: a gene tree reconstructed from partial mitochondrial CO1 gene sequences supports previous rDNA phylogenies and provides a new perspective on the systematics of Demospongiae. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 87, 1563–1570.

    Erwin, P.M. & Thacker, R.W. (2007) Incidence and identity of photosynthetic symbionts in Caribbean coral reef sponge assemblages. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, 87, 1683–1692.

    Folmer, O., Black, M., Hoeh, W., Lutz, R. & Vrijenhoek, R. (1994) DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology, 3, 294–299.

    Freeman, C.J., Gleason, D.F., Ruzicka, R., van Soest, R.W.M., Harvey, A.W. & McFall, G. (2007) A biogeographic comparison of sponge fauna from Gray’s Reef National Marine Sanctuary and other hard-bottom reefs of coastal Georgia, U.S.A. In: Custódio, M.R., Lôbo-Hajdu, G., Hajdu, E. & Muricy, G. (Eds.) Porifera research: biodiversity, innovation and sustainability. Série Livros 28, Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 319–325.

    Gray, J.E. (1867) Notes on the arrangement of sponges, with the descriptions of some new genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 2, 492–558, pls XXVII–XXVIII.

    Guzman, H.M. & Guevara, C.A. (1999) Arrecifes coralinos de Bocas del Toro, Panamá: III. Distribución, estructura, diversidad y estado de conservación de los arrecifes de las islas Pastores, Cristóbal, Popa y Cayo Agua. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 47, 659–676.

    Guzman, H.M. & Guevara, C.A. (2001) Arrecifes coralinos de Bocas del Toro, Panamá: IV. Distribución, estructura y estado de conservación de los arrecifes continentales de Península Valiente. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 49, 53–66.

    Hajdu, E. & Carvalho, M.S. (2003) A new species of Stelletta (Porifera, Demospongiae) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, 61, 3–12.

    Hajdu, E. & van Soest, R.W.M. (1992) A revision of Atlantic Asteropus Sollas, 1888 (Demospongiae), including a description of three new species, and with a review of the family Coppatiidae Topsent, 1898. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 62, 3–19.

    Hebert, P.D.N., Cywinska, A., Ball, S.L. & deWaard, J.R. (2003) Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 270, 313–321.

    Hechtel, G.J. (1965) A Systematic Study of the Demospongiae of Port Royal, Jamaica. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 20, 1–103.

    Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (2002) Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, 1708 pp.

    Kubanek, J., Pawlik, J.R., Eve, T.M. & Fenical, W. (2000) Triterpene glycosides defend the Caribbean reef sponge Erylus formosus from predatory fishes. Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 207, 69–77.

    Kubanek, J., Whalen, K.E., Engel, S., Kelly, S.R., Henkel, T.P., Fenical, W. & Pawlik, J.R. (2002) Multiple defensive roles for triterpene glycosides from two Caribbean sponges. Oecologia, 131, 125–136.

    Lamarck, J.B.P. (1815) Suite des polypiers empâtés. Mémoires du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 1, 69–80, 162–168, 331–340.

    de Laubenfels, M.W. (1934) New sponges from the Puerto-Rican deep. Smithsonian Miscellanous Collections, 91, 1–28.

    de Laubenfels, M.W. (1936a) A comparison of the shallow-water sponges near the Pacific end of the Panama Canal with those at the Caribbean end. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 83, 441–466.

    de Laubenfels, M.W. (1936b) A Discussion of the Sponge Fauna of the Dry Tortugas in Particular and the West Indies in General, with Material for a Revision of the Families and Orders of the Porifera. Papers from Tortugas Laboratory, 30, 1–225, pls 1–22.

    de Laubenfels, M.W. (1949) Sponges of the western Bahamas. American Museum novitates, 1431, 1–25.

    de Laubenfels, M.W. (1950) The Porifera of the Bermuda Archipelago. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 27, 1–154, pls I–II.

    de Laubenfels, M.W. (1953) Sponges from the Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, 2, 511–557.

    Lazoski, C., Peixinho, S., Russo, C.A.M. & Solé Cava, A.M. (1999) Genetic confirmation of the specific status of two sponges of the genus Cinachyrella (Porifera: Demospongiae: Spirophorida) in the Southwest Atlantic. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 44, 299–305.

    Lê, H.L.V., Lecointre, G. & Perasso, R. (1993) A 28S rRNA-based phylogeny of the Gnathostomes: first steps in the analysis of conflict and congruence with morphologically based cladograms. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2, 31–51.

    Lehnert, H. (1993) The sponges from Cozumel (Mexico). Inventory, critical comparison of taxonomic characters and description of a new species. Acta Biologica Benrodis, 5, 35–127.

    Lehnert, H. & van Soest, R.W.M. (1998) Shallow water sponges of Jamaica. Beaufortia, 48, 71–103.

    von Lendenfeld, R. (1907) Die Tetraxonia. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf der Dampfer Valdivia 18981899, 11, i–iv, 59–374, pls IX–XLVI.

    von Lendenfeld, R. (1910) The Sponges. 1. The Geodidae. In: Reports on the Scientific Results of the Expedition to the Eastern Tropical Pacific, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U.S. Fish Commission Steamer ‘Albatross’, from October, 1904, to March, 1905, Lieut. Commander L.M. Garrett, U.S.N., Commanding, and of other Expeditions of the Albatross, 1888–1904. (21). Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 41, 1–259, pls 1–48.

    Little, F.J. (1963) The sponge fauna of the St. George's sound, Apalachee Bay, and Panama city regions of the Florida gulf coast. Tulane Studies in Zoology, 11, 31–71.

    Loaiza Coronado, B. (1991) Estudio taxonómico de las esponjas del Parque Nacional Cahuita, sector Punta Vargas e Isla Uvita, Limón, Costa Rica. Brenesia, 36, 21–62.

    McDonald, J.I., Hooper, J.N.A. & McGuinness, K.A. (2002) Environmentally influenced variability in the morphology of Cinachyrella australiensis (Carter 1886) (Porifera : Spirophorida : Tetillidae). Marine and Freshwater Research, 53, 79–84.

    Meroz-Fine, E., Shefer, S. & Ilan, M. (2005) Changes in morphology and physiology of an East Mediterranean sponge in different habitats. Marine Biology, 147, 243–250.

    Moss, D.L. (1992) A summary of the Porifera collected during "Expediation Azores 1989". Arquipélago. Life and Earth Sciences, 10, 45–53.

    Mothes, B., Lerner, C.B. & da Silva, C.M.M. (1999) Revision of Brazilian Erylus (Porifera: Astrophorida: Demospongiae) with description of a new species. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 44, 369–380.

    Mothes de Moraes, B. (1980) Esponjas de São Sebastião, litoral de São Paulo, Brasil (Porifera, Demospongiae). Iheringia, 56, 75–86.

    Nichols, S.A. (2005) An evaluation of support for order-level monophyly and interrelationships within the class Demospongiae using partial data from the large subunit rDNA and cytochrome oxidase subunit I. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 34, 81–96.

    Pawlik, J.R., Chanas, B., Toonen, R.J. & Fenical, W. (1995) Defenses of Caribbean sponges against predatory reef fish. I. Chemical deterrency. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 127, 183–194.

    Pulitzer-Finali. (1986) A collection of West Indian Demospongiae (Porifera). In appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the West Indies. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, 86, 65–216.

    Rapp, H.T. (2006) Calcareous sponges of the genera Clathrina and Guancha (Calcinea, Calcarea, Porifera) of Norway (north-east Atlantic) with the description of five new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 147, 331–365.

    Renouf, L.P.W. (1934) The effect of light on the colour of Pachymatisma johnstonia (Bowerbank). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 13, 336–338.

    Rützler, K. (1987) Tetillidae (Spirophorida, Porifera): a taxonomic reevaluation. In: Vacelet, J. & Boury-Esnault, N. (Eds.) Taxonomy of Porifera. NATO ASI Series, vol. G13. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 187–203.

    Rützler, K. (1988) Mangrove sponge disease induced by cyanobacterial symbionts: failure of a primitive immune system? Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 5, 143–149.

    Rützler, K., Diaz, M.C., van Soest, R.W.M., Zea, S., Smith, K.P., Alvarez, B. & Wulff, J. (2000) Diversity of sponge fauna in mangrove ponds, Pelican Cays, Belize. Atoll Research Bulletin, 476,

    Rützler, K. & Smith, K.P. (1992) Guide to the Western Atlantic species of Cinachyrella (Porifera: Tetillidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 105, 148–164.

    Schmidt, O. (1862) Die Spongien des adriatischen Meeres. (Wilhelm Engelmann: Leipzig), i–viii, 1–88, pls. 1–7.

    Schmidt, O. (1868) Die Spongien der Küste von Algier. Mit Nachträgen zu den Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres (Drittes Supplement). . (Wilhelm Engelmann: Leipzig), i–iv, 1–44, pls I–V.

    Schmidt, O. (1870) Grundzüge einer Spongien-Fauna des atlantischen Gebietes. (Wilhelm Engelmann: Leipzig), iii–iv, 1–88, pls I–VI.

    da Silva, C.M.M. (2002) Revisão das espécies de Geodia Lamarck, 1815 (Porifera, Astrophorida, Geodiidae) do Atlântico Ocidental e Pacífico Oriental. Ph.D. Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo., 305 pp.

    da Silva, C.M.M., Mothes, B. & Lyrio-Oliveira, I. (2004) Redescription of Geodia papyracea (Hechtel, 1965) with new records along the northeastern and southeastern Brazilian coast. Bollettino dei musei e degli istituti biologici dell' Universita di Genova, 68, 605–612.

    van Soest, R.W.M. (1981) A checklist of the Curaçao sponges (Porifera Demospongiae) including a pictorial key to the more common reef-forms. Verslagen en Technische Gegevens Instituut voor Taxonomische Zoölogie (Zoölogisch Museum) Universiteit van Amsterdam, 1–39.

    van Soest, R.W.M. (2009) New sciophilous sponges from the Caribbean (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zootaxa, 2107, 1–40.

    van Soest, R.W.M., Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J.N.A., Rützler, K., de Voogd, N.J., Alvarez, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A.B., Vacelet, J., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K.R. & Klautau, M. (2009) World Porifera database. Available from http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera (accessed 20 February 2009)

    van Soest, R.W.M. & Sass, D. (1981) Marine sponges from an island cave on San Salvador Island, Bahamas. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 51, 332–344.

    van Soest, R.W.M. & Stentoft, N. (1988) Barbados Deep-Water Sponges. In: Hummelinck, P.W. & Van der Steen, L.J. (Eds.) Studies on the Fauna of Curaçao and other Caribbean Islands. Uitgaven van de Natuurwetenschappelijke Studiekring voor Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen, No. 122., Amsterdam, pp. 1–175.

    Solé Cava, A.M., Kelecom, A. & Kannen-Giesser, G.J. (1981) Study of some sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae) from the infralitoral of Guarapari, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Iheringia, Serie Zoologia, 60, 125–150.

    Sollas, W.J. (1885) A Classification of the Sponges. Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society (new series), 5, 112.

    Sollas, W.J. (1886) Preliminary account of the Tetractinellid sponges Dredged by H.M.S. ‘Challenger’ 1872–76. Part I. The Choristida. Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society (new series), 5, 177–199.

    Sollas, W.J. (1888) Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H.M.S. Challenger, during the years 1873–1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger, 1873–1876. Zoology, 25, 1–458, pls I–XLIV, 1 map.

    Stead, P., Hiscox, S., Robinson, P.S., Pike, N.B., Sidebottom, P.J., Roberts, A.D., Taylor, N.L., Wright, A.E., Pomponi, S.A. & Langley, D. (2000) Eryloside F, a novel penasterol disaccharide possessing potent thrombin receptor antagonist activity. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 10, 661–664.

    Sutherland, J.P. (1980) Dynamics of the epibenthic community on roots of the mangrove Rhizophora mangle, at Bahía de Buche, Venezuela. Marine Biology, 58, 75–84.

    Uliczka, E. (1929) Die tetraxonen Schwämme Westindiens (auf Grund der Ergebnisse der Reise Kükenthal-Hartmeyer). Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Thiere, supplement 16, 35–62, pl I.

    Uriz, M.J. (2002a) Family Ancorinidae Schmidt, 1870. In: Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (Eds.) Systema Porifera. A Guide to the classification of Sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 134–140.

    Uriz, M.J. (2002b) Family Geodiidae Gray, 1867. In: Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (Eds.) Systema Porifera. A Guide to the classification of Sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 134–140.

    Vacelet, J., Bitar, G., Carteron, S., Zibrowius, H. & Perez, T. (2007) Five new sponge species (Porifera: Demospongiae) of subtropical or tropical affinities from the coast of Lebanon (eastern Mediterranean). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, 87, 1539–1552.

    Valderrama, D., Rossi, A.L., Rapp, H.T. & Klautau, M. (2009) Revalidation of Leucetta floridana (Calcarea, Clathrinidae, Leucettidae): a wide spread species in the tropical Western Atlantic. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 157, 1–16.

    Valderrama, D.F. (2001) Taxonomía y distribución de esponjas arrecifales (Porifera) del noroccidente del Golfo de Urabá, Caribe colombiano. B. Sc. Thesis. Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Santa Marta, 187 pp.

    Volkmer-Ribeiro, C. & de Moraes, B.M. (1975) Esponjas tetraxonidas do litoral sul-brasileiro: I - Rediscrição de Cydonium glariosus SOLLAS, 1886 e Erylus formosus SOLLAS, 1886. Iheringia, sér. Zoologia, 47, 3–22, pls I–IV.

    Vosmaer, G.C.J. (1885) The Sponges of the ‘Willem Barents’ Expedition 1880 and 1881. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 12, 1–47, pls I–V.

    Wells, H.W., Wells, M.J. & Gray, I.E. (1960) Marine sponges of North Carolina. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, 76, 200–245.

    Wiedenmayer, F. (1977) Shallow-water sponges of the western Bahamas. Experientia Supplementum 28, 1–287, pls 1–43.

    Wilson, H.V. (1902) The sponges collected in Porto Rico in 1899 by the U.S. Fish Commission Steamer Fish Hawk. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, 20, 375–411.

    Wilson, H.V. (1925) Silicious and horny sponges collected by the U.S. Fisheries Steamer ‘Albatross’ during the Philippine Expedition, 1907–10. In: Contributions to the biology of the Philippine Archipelago and adjacent regions. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 100, 2, 273–532, pls 37–52.

    Wintermann-Kilian, G. & Kilian, E.F. (1984) Marine sponges of the region of Santa Marta (Colombia). Part II. Homoslerophorida, Choristida, Spirophorida, Hadromerida, Axinellida, Halichondrida, Poecilosclerida. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 19, 121–135.

    Wörheide, G., Erpenbeck, D. & Menke, C. (2007) The Sponge Barcoding Project: aiding in the identification and description of poriferan taxa. In: Custódio, M.R., Lôbo-Hajdu, G., Hajdu, E. & Muricy, G. (Eds.) Porifera research: biodiversity, innovation and sustainability. Série Livros 28, Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 123–128.

    Wulff, J.L. (2000) Sponge predators may determine differences in sponge fauna between two sets of mangrove cays, Belize barrier reef. Atoll Research Bulletin, 477, 249–263.