Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Type: Articles
Published: 2009-08-27
Page range: 1–25
Abstract views: 108
PDF downloaded: 1

Review of the genus Chagasia (Diptera: Culicidae: Anophelinae)

Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, U.K
Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, U.K
Diptera ablusa new species bathana bonneae fajardi mosquito rozeboomi taxonomy

Abstract

Genus Chagasia Cruz of subfamily Anophelinae (Diptera: Culicidae) is comprised of five species in the Neotropical Region: Ch. ablusa Harbach, n. sp., Ch. bathana (Dyar), Ch. bonneae Root, Ch. fajardi (Lutz) and Ch. rozeboomi Causey, Deane & Deane. The genus is described in detail and diagnoses, keys and illustrations are provided for the identification of the adult, pupal and larval stages of each species. The larval and pupal stages of a Chagasia species (Ch. bonneae) are fully illustrated for the first time. A neotype specimen is designated for Ch. fajardi to fix its identity and distinguish it from Ch. ablusa. The species treatments also include a synonymy (where applicable), a discussion, information on distribution, a synopsis of material examined and a summary of previous literature. The work is considered to be a review rather than a revision of the genus because too few link-reared specimens were available for detailed comparative study of all life stages, and it was not possible to determine the total range of morphological variation and the actual distributions of the species.

References

  1. Alencar, J., Lorosa, E.S., dos Santos Silva, J., Gil-Santana, H.R. & Guimarães, A.E. (2005) Fontes alimentares de Chagasia fajardi (Lutz, 1904) (Diptera, Culicidae) de diferentes regiões do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoociências, 7, 181–184.

    Antunes, P.C.A. (1937) Informe sobre una investigacion entomologica realizada en Colombia. Revista de la Facultad de Medicina, 6, 65–87.

    Arnett, Jr., R.H. (1947) Notes on the distribution, habits, and habitats of some Panama mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 55, 185–200.

    Baerg, D.C. & Boreham, M.M. (1974) Experimental rearing of Chagasia bathana (Dyar) using induced mating, and description of the egg stage (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 11, 621–632.

    Belkin, J.N. (1962) The mosquitoes of the South Pacific (Diptera, Culicidae). Volumes I and 2. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. xii + 608 pp., 412 figs.

    Belkin, J.N. (1968) Mosquito studies (Diptera, Culicidae) IX. The type specimens of New World mosquitoes in European museums. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 3(4), 1–69.

    Belkin, J.N., Schick, R.X. & Heinemann, S.J. (1971) Mosquito studies (Diptera, Culicidae) XXV. Mosquitoes originally described from Brazil. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 7(5), 1–64.

    Berti, J., Vanegas, C., Amaresta, J., González, J., Montañéz, H., Castillo, M., Guzmán, H. & González Jr, J. (1998) Inventario preliminary y observaciones biológicas sobre los anfelinos (Diptera: Culicidae) de una region minera del estado Bolívar, Venezuela. Boletin de Entomologia Venezolana, 13, 17−26.

    Bertram, D.S. (1971) Mosquitoes of British Honduras, with some comments on malaria, and on arbovirus antibodies in man and equines. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 65, 742−762.

    Besansky, N.J. & Fahey, G.T. (1997) Utility of the white gene in estimating phylogenetic relationships among mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Molecular Biology and Evolution, 14, 442–454.

    Blanchard, R. (1905) Les moustiques histoire naturelle et médicale. R.R. de Rudeval, Imprimeur-editeur, Paris. xiii + 673 pp.

    Bonne, C. (1923) The male hypopygium of Chagasia farjardi [sic] Lutz and the systematic position of this species. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 66, 112–114.

    Bonne, C. & Bonne-Wepster, J. (1925) Mosquitoes of Surinam: a study on neotropical mosquitoes. Mededeeling / Koloniaal Instituut te Amsterdam; no. 21. Afdeeling Tropische Hygiene no. 13. Het Instituut Druk de Bussy, Amsterdam. 558 pp. + 84 figs.

    Bourroul, C. (1904) Mosquitos deo Brasil. Bahia. 78 pp. [Continuous pagination used. See Belkin, 1968: 50, 62 for details].

    Brunetti, E. (1914) Critical review of the “genera” in Culicidae. Records of the Indian Museum, 10, 15–73.

    Causey, O.R., Deane, L.M. & Deane, M.P. (1944) An illustrated key to the eggs of thirty species of Brazilian anophelines, with several new descriptions. American Journal of Hygiene, 39, 1–7.

    Causey, O.R., Deane, L.M. & Deane, M.P. (1945) Description of Chagasia rozeboomi, an anopheline from Cear, Brazil. Journal of the National Malaria Survey, 4, 341–350.

    Causey, O.R., Deane, L.M. & Deane, M.P. (1946) Studies on Brazilian anophelines from the northeast and Amazon Regions. II. An illustrated key by male genitalic characteristics for the identification of thirty-four species of Anophelini, with a note on dissection technique. American Journal of Hygiene Monograph Series, 18, 19–32 + 6 pls.

    Cerqueira, N.L. (1943) Lista dos mosquitos da Bolívia (Diptera, Culicidae). Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 39, 15–36.

    Christophers, S.R. (1924) Provisional list and reference catalogue of the Anophelini. Indian Medical Research Memoirs, 3, 1–105.

    Clark-Gil, S. & Darsie, Jr., R.F. (1983) The mosquitoes of Guatemala: their identification, distribution and bionomics. Mosquito Systematics, 15, 151–284.

    Corréa, R.R. & Ramos, A.S. (1942) Os anofelinos da região meridional do estado de São Paulo. Arquivos de Higiene e Saude Pública, 7, 37–57.

    Coutinho, J.O., Rachou, R. & Ferreira, M. (1944) Considerações em tôrmo de uma inspecção preliminar de malária em zona de alta endemicidade no Estado de Santa Catarina. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 41, 1–19.

    Cova-Garcia, P. (1961) Notas sobre los anofelinos de Venezuela y su identificación. Segunda edicion. Editora Grafos, C.A., Caracas. 213 pp., 96 pls, 4 tables.

    Cova Garcia, P. & Sutil O, E. (1975a) Clave para larvas de anofelinos de Venezuela. Boletín de la Dirección de Malariologia Saneamiento Ambiental, 15, 6–24.

    Cova Garcia, P. & Sutil O, E. (1975b) Clave para adultos hembras de anofelinos de Venezuela. Boletín de la Dirección de Malariologia Saneamiento Ambiental, 15, 201–216.

    Cova Garcia, P. & Sutil O, E. (1976) Clave para la identificación de los anofelinos de Venezuela por las terminalia del macho. Boletín de la Dirección de Malariologia Saneamiento Ambiental, 16, 13–32.

    Cova Garcia, P. & Sutil O, E. (1977) Claves gráficas para la clasificación de anofelinos de Venezuela. Publicacion de la Division de Endemias Rurales, Direccion de malariologia y Saneamiento Ambiental, Ministerio de Sanidad y Asistencia Social, Maracay, Aragua, Venezuela. 92 pp.

    Cruz, O.G. (1906) Um novo genero da sub-familia ‹‹Anophelina››. Brasil-Medico, 20, 199–200.

    Curry, D.P. (1928) A new anopheline mosquito, Anopheles (Chagasia) bathanus Dyar, discovered in the Canal Zone. American Journal of Tropical Medicine, 8, 243–248.

    Curry, D.P. (1932) Some observations on the Nyssorhynchus group of the Anopheles (Culicidae [sic]) of Panama. American Journal of Hygiene, 15, 566–572.

    Darsie, Jr., R.F. (1985) Mosquitoes of Argentina. Part I. Keys for identification of adult females and fourth stage larvae in English and Spanish (Diptera, Culicidae). Mosquito Systematics, 17, 153–253.

    Deane, L.M., Causey, O.R. & Deane, M.P. (1946) Studies on Brazilian anophelines from the northeast and Amazon Regions. I. An illustrated key by adult female characteristics for the identification of thirty-five species of Anophelini with notes on the malaria vectors (Diptera, Culicidae). American Journal of Hygiene Monograph Series, 18, 1–18 + 6 pls.

    Deane, L.M., Causey, O.R. & Deane, M.P. (1948) Notas sôbre a distribuição e a biologia dos anofelinos das regiões nordestina e amazôica do Brasil. Revista do Serviço Especial de Saúde Pública, 1, 827–965.

    Deane, L.M., Deane, M.P., Ferreira Neto, J.A. & de Almeida, F.B. (1971) On the transmission of simian malaria in Brazil. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, 13, 311−319.

    Deane, L.M, Ferreira Neto, J.A., Cerqueira, N.L. & Almeida, F.B. (1968) Studies on monkey malaria in the vicinity of Manaus, State of Amazonas, Brazil. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, 10, 335−341.

    Deane, M.P., Causey, O.R. & Deane, L.M. (1946a) Studies on Brazilian anophelines from the northeast and Amazon Regions. III. An illustrated key by larval characteristics for the identification of thirty-two species of Anophelini, with descriptions of two larvae. American Journal of Hygiene Monograph Series, 18, 33–50 + 8 pls.

    Deane, M.P., Causey, O.R. & Deane, L.M. (1946b) Chave ilustrada para a identificação de trinta e duas espécies de anofelinos das regiões Nordestina e Amazônica do Brasil pelos caractéres da larva, com a descrição de duas larvas. American Journal of Hygiene Monograph Series, 18, 355–384.

    Dyar, H.G. (1918) Notes on American Anopheles. Insecutor Inscitae Menstruus, 6, 141–151.

    Dyar, H.G. (1928) The Mosquitoes of the Americas. Publication no. 387. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D.C. v + 616 pp.

    Edwards, F.W. (1911) Some new West African species of Anopheles (sensu lato), with notes on nomenclature. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 2, 141–143.

    Edwards, F.W. (1930) Mosquito notes.―IX. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 21, 287–306.

    Edwards, F.W. (1932) Genera Insectorum. Diptera. Fam. Culicidae. Desmet-Verteneul, Bruxelles. Fascicle 194. 258 pp., illustrations.

    Fauran, P. & Pajot, F.X. (1974) Complement to the catalog of the Culicidae recorded from French Guiana (South America). Mosquito Systematics, 6, 99–110.

    Ferreira Neto, J.A., Deane, L.M. & Carneiro, E.W.B. (1970) Infecção natural de guaribas, Alouatta belzebul belzebul (L., 1766), pelo Plasmodium brasilianum Gonder & Berenberg-Gossler, 1908, no Estado do Maranhão, Brasil. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, 12, 169−174.

    Floch, H. & Abonnenc, E. (1942) Chagasia bonneae en Guyane Française. Institut Pasteur de la Guyane et du Territoire de l’Inini Publication, 42, 1–3.

    Floch, H. & Abonnenc, E. (1951) Anophèles de la Guyane Française. Archives de l’Institut Pasteur de la Guyane et du Territoire de l’Inini, 236, 1–91.

    Foley, D.H., Bryan, J.H., Yeates, D. & Saul, A. (1998) Evolution and systematics of Anopheles: insights from a molecular phylogeny of Australasian mosquitoes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 9, 262–275.

    Forattini, O.P. (1962) Entomologia médica. Volume 1. Faculdade de Higiene e Saúde Pública, Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo. 662 pp.

    Forattini, O.P. (1996) Culicidologia médica, vol. 1: princípios gerais, morfologia, glossário taxonômico. Editora da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo. 548 pp.

    Forattini, O.P. (2002) Culicidologia médica, vol. 2: identificação, biologia, epidemiologia. Editora da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo. 860 pp.

    Forattini, O.P., Rabello, E.X. & das Dores Cotrim, M. (1970) Catálago das coleções entomológicas da Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo (1.a Série) Culicidae [sic]. Revista de Saúde Pública, 4 (N.o Especial). 100 pp.

    Gabaldon, A. & Cova-Garcia, P. (1952) Zoogeografía de los Anofelinos en Venezuela IV Su posición en la región Neotrópica y observaciones sobre las especies de esta región. Revista de Sanidad y Asistencia Social, 17, 171–209, 12 figs.

    Gabaldon, A., Herrera, J. Perez-Vivas, M.A. & Rausseo, J.A. (1940) Estudio sobre anofelinos, serie I. 6. Chagasia bathanus Dyar, 1928: su hallazgo en Venezuela y nota sobre variaciones morfologicas de las pupas. Publicaciones de la Division de Malariologia, 5, 57–82.

    Galindo, P. & Trapido, H. (1957) Forest mosquitoes associated with sylvan yellow fever in Nicaragua. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 6, 145–152.

    Galindo, P., Trapido, H. & Carpenter, S.J. (1950) Observations on diurnal forest mosquitoes in relation to sylvan yellow fever in Panama. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 30, 533–574.

    Galvão, A.L.A. & Barretto, M.P. (1938) Contribuição ao conhecimento dos premeiros estádíos dos anofelinos de São Paulo. Revista de Biologia e Hygiene, 9, 110–155, pls XIX–XXIV.

    Galvão, A.L.A. & Barretto, M.P. (1939) Contribuição ao conhecimento dos primeiros estádios dos anofelinos de São Paulo. Revista de Biologia e Hygiene, 9, 110–115, pls. XIX–XXIV.

    García, M. & Ronderos, R.A. (1962) Mosquitos de la República Argentina. I. Tribu Anophelini [sic] (Diptera-Culicidae-Culicinae). Anales de la Comisión de Investigación Científica, Provincia de Buenos Aires, 3, 103–212.

    Gast Galvis, A. (1943) Biologia y distribucion geografica de los anophelenos en Colombia. Revista de la Facultad de Medicina, 12, 5–55.

    Gast Galvis, A. (1978) Comparative structure of the labiohypopharynx of fourth stage mosquito larvae (Diptera: Culicidae), with comments on larval morphology, evolution and feeding habits. Mosquito Systematics, 10, 301–333.

    González, R. & Carrejo, N. (2007) Introducción al estudio taxonómico de Anopheles de Colombia. Claves y notas de distribución. Grupo de Investigaciones Entomológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia. 237 pp.

    Guimarães, E.G., Gentile, C., Lopes, C.M. & Sant’Anna, A. (2001) Ecologia de mosquitos em áreas do Parque Nacional da Serra da Bocaina. II – Freqüência mensal e fatores climáticos. Revista de Saúde Pública, 35, 392–399.

    Guimarães, E.G., Lopes, C.M., Pinto de Mello, R. & Alencar, J. (2003) Ecologia de mosquitos (Diptera, Culicidae) em áreas do Parque Nacional do Iguaçu, Brasil. 1 – Distribuição por hábitat. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 19, 1107–1116.

    Guimarães, J.H. (1997) Systematics database of Diptera of the Americas south of the United States, family Culicidae. Sociedade Brasileira de Entomologia, São Paulo. ix + 286 pp.

    Harbach, R.E. (2007) The Culicidae (Diptera): a review of taxonomy, classification and phylogeny. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. & Shear, W.A. (Eds), Linnaeus Tercentenary: Progress in Invertebrate Taxonomy. Zootaxa, 1668, 591–688.

    Harbach, R.E. & Howard, T.M. (1997) Metathoracic sensilla in mosquitoes (Culicidae) and related Diptera, and their potential importance in taxonomy and behavioural physiology. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 87, 101–104.

    Harbach, R.E. & Kitching, I.J. (1998) Phylogeny and classification of the Culicidae (Diptera). Systematic Entomology, 23, 327–370.

    Harbach, R.E. & Kitching, I.J. (2005) Reconsideration of anopheline phylogeny (Diptera: Culicidae: Anophelinae) based on morphological data. Systematics and Biodiversity, 3, 345–374.

    Harbach, R.E. & Knight, K.L. (1980) Taxonomists’ glossary of mosquito anatomy. Plexus Publishing, Inc., Marlton, New Jersey. xi + 415 pp.

    Harbach, R.E. & Knight, K.L. (1982) Corrections and additions to Taxonomists’ Glossary of Mosquito Anatomy. Mosquito Systematics (for 1981), 13, 201–217.

    Harbach, R.E. & Sandlant, G.R. (1997) CABIKEY Mosquito Genera of the World. Windows CD-ROM. CAB International, Wallingford, England.

    Hayes, J., Calderon, G., Falcon, R. & Zambrano, V. (1987) Newly incriminated anopheline vectors of human malaria parasites in Junin Department, Peru. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 3, 418–422.

    Heinemann, S.J. & Belkin, J.N. (1977a) Collection records of the project “Mosquitoes of Middle America” 7. Costa Rica (CR). Mosquito Systematics, 9, 237–287.

    Heinemann, S.J. & Belkin, J.N. (1977b) Collection records of the project “Mosquitoes of Middle America” 8. Central America: Belize (BH), Guatemala (GUA), El Salvador (SAL), Honduras (HON), Nicaragua (NI, NIC). Mosquito Systematics, 9, 403–454.

    Heinemann, S.J. & Belkin, J.N. (1978a) Collection records of the project “Mosquitoes of Middle America” 10. Panama, including Canal Zone (PA, GG). Mosquito Systematics, 10, 119–196.

    Heinemann, S.J. & Belkin, J.N. (1978b) Collection records of the project “Mosquitoes of Middle America” 11. Venezuela (VZ); Guianas: French Guiana (FG, FGC), Guyana (GUY), Surinam (SUR). Mosquito Systematics, 10, 365–459.

    Heinemann, S.J. & Belkin, J.N. (1978c) Collection records of the project “Mosquitoes of Middle America” 12. Colombia (COA, COB, COL, COM). Mosquito Systematics, 10, 493–539.

    Heinemann, S.J. & Belkin, J.N. (1979) Collection records of the project “Mosquitoes of Middle America” 13. South America: Brazil (BRA, BRAP, BRB), Ecuador (ECU), Peru (PER), Chile (CH). Mosquito Systematics, 11, 61–118.

    Horsfall, W.R. (1955) Mosquitoes: their bionomics and relation to disease. The Ronald Press Co., New York. x + 723 pp.

    Howard, L.O., Dyar, H.G. & Knab, F. (1913) The mosquitoes of North and Central America and the West Indies. Volume one. A general consideration of mosquitoes, their habits, and their relations to the human species. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D.C. vii + 520 pp. [dated 1912, issued 21 Jan 1913].

    Howard, L.O., Dyar, H.G. & Knab, F. (1917) The mosquitoes of North and Central America and the West Indies. Volume four. Systematic descriptions (in two parts). Part II. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D.C. pp. 525–1064.

    Ianelli, R.V., Honório, N.A., Lima, D.C., Lourenço-de-Oliveira, R., Santos, R.V. & Coimbra Jr., C.E.A. (1998) Faunal composition and behavior of anopheline mosquitoes in the Xavánte Indian reservation of Pimentel Barbosa, central Brazil. Parasite (Paris, France), 5, 197–202.

    Kitzmiller, J.B. (1982) Anopheline names: their derivations and histories. Volume VIII. The Thomas Say Foundation, Entomological Society of America, College Park, Maryland. vi + 639 pp.

    Knight, K.L. (1971) Comparative anatomy of the mandible of the fourth instar mosquito larva (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 8, 189–205.

    Knight, K.L. & Chamberlain, R.W. (1948) A new nomenclature for the chaetotaxy of the mosquito pupa, based on a comparative study of the genera (Diptera: Culicidae). Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 15, 1–18.

    Knight, K.L. & Harbach, R.E. (1977) Maxillae of fourth stage mosquito larvae (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosquito Systematics, 9, 455–477.

    Knight, K.L. & Stone, A. (1977) A catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera: Culicidae). Second edition. Volume VI. The Thomas Say Foundation, Entomological Society of America. ix + 611 pp.

    Komp, W.H.W. (1936) An annotated list of the mosquitoes found in the vicinity of an endemic focus of yellow fever in the Republic of Colombia. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 38, 57–70.

    Komp, W.H.W. (1941) The classification and identification of the Anopheles mosquitoes of Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies. American Association for the Advancement of Science Symposium on Human Malaria, Publication 15, pp. 88–97.

    Komp, W.H.W. (1942) The anopheline mosquitoes of the Caribbean Region. National Institute of Health Bulletin, 179, ix + 1–195.

    Kreutzer, R.D. (1978) A mosquito with eight chromosomes: Chagasia bathana Dyar. Mosquito News, 38, 554–558.

    Krzywinski, J. & Besansky, N.J. (2003) Molecular systematics of Anopheles: from subgenera to subpopulations. Annual Review of Entomology, 48, 111–139.

    Krzywinski, J., Wilkerson, R.C. & Besansky, N. J. (2001a) Evolution of mitochondrial and ribosomal gene sequences in Anophelinae (Diptera: Culicidae): implications for phylogeny reconstruction. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 18, 479–487.

    Krzywinski, J., Wilkerson, R.C. & Besansky, N. J. (2001b) Toward understanding Anophelinae (Diptera, Culicidae) phylogeny: insights from nuclear single-copy genes and the weight of evidence. Systematic Biology, 50, 540–556.

    Kumm, H.W., Komp, W.H.W. & Ruiz, H. (1940) The mosquitoes of Costa Rica. American Journal of Tropical Medicine, 20, 385–422.

    Lane, J. (1953) Neotropical Culicidae. Volume I. University of São Paulo, São Paulo. 548 pp.

    Leví-Castillo, R. (1945) Los anofelinos de la Republica de Ecuador. Volume 1. Artes Graficas Senefelder C.A. Ltda., Quayaquil, Ecuador. 172 pp., 5 maps, 50 photographs.

    Levi-Castillo, R. (1951) Estudio taxonómico sobre los anofelinos de América del sud. Rivista di Malariologia, 30, 75–80.

    Linley, J.R. & Milstrey, E.G. (1995) The eggs of Anopheles (Anopheles) mattogrossensis and Chagasia fajardi (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosquito Systematics, 27, 27–39.

    Lopes, J. & Lozovei, A.L. (1995) Ecologia de mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) em criadouros naturais e artificiais de área rural do Norte do Estado do Paraná, Brasil. I – Coletas ao longo do leito de ribeirão. Revista de Saúde Pública, 29, 183–191.

    Lourenço de Oliveira, R. (1989) Some observations on the mosquitoes of Indian settlements in Xingu National Park, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, with emphasis on malaria vectors. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 49, 393–397.

    Lourenço-de-Oliveira, R. & Luz, S.L.B.. (1998) Simian malaria at two sites in the Brazilian Amazon – II. Vertical distribution and frequency of anopheline species inside and outside the forest. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 91, 687−694.

    Marchon-Silva, V., Lourenço-de-Oliveira, R., de Almeida, M.D., da Silva-Vasconcelos, A., & Costa, J. (1996) The type specimens of mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) deposited in the entomological collection of the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 91, 471–478.

    Martini, E. (1932) Chagasia fajardoi Lutz var. stigmopteryx, nov. var. (Dipt. Culicidae). Revista de Entomologia, 2, 276–277.

    Martini, E. (1935) Los mosquitos de México. Departamento de Salubridad Pública Boletines Tecnicos Serie A: Entomología Médica y Parasitología No. 1. Mexico, D.F. 65 pp.

    Mattingly, P.F. (1971) Contributions to the mosquito fauna of Southeast Asia. – XII. Illustrated keys to the genera of mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 7(4), 1–84.

    Miller, B.R., Crabtree, M.B. & Savage, H.M. (1997) Phylogenetic relationships of the Culicomorpha inferred from the 18S and 5.8S ribosomal DNA sequences (Diptera: Nematocera). Insect Molecular Biology, 6, 105–114.

    Mitchell, A., Sperling, F.A.H. & Hickey, D.A. (2002) Higher-level phylogeny of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae): mtDNA data support a derived placement for Toxorhynchites. Insect Systematics and Evolution, 33, 163–174.

    Mora, J., Berti, J. & Gutierrez, J. (1994) Nueva registro sobre la distribucion geografica de Chagasia bathanus Dyar (Diptera: Culicidae) en Venezuela. Boletin de Entomologia Venezolana (for 1993), 8, 159.

    Moreno, J., Rubio-Palis, Y. & Acevedo, P. (2000) Identificación de criaderos de anofelinos en un area endémica del estado Bolívar, Venezuela. Boletín de Malariología y Saneamiento Ambiental, 40, 21–30.

    Neves, D.P. & da Silva, J.E. (1973) Aspectos da biologia dos culicinae [sic] do Parque das Mangabeiras, Belo Horizonte. I. Espécies locais e variação estacional. Arquivos da Escola de Veterninária, 25, 287–298.

    Neves, D.P. & Pedersoli, J.L. (1976) Os Culicidae do Museu de História Natural da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte. I. A mata d espécies encontradas. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 36, 547–553.

    Pawlowski, J., Szadziewski, R., Kmieciak, K., Fahmi, J. & Bitta, G. (1996) Phylogeny of the infraorder Culicomorpha (Diptera: Nematocera) based on 28S RNA gene sequences. Systematic Entomology, 21, 167–178.

    Pecor, J.E., Harbach, R.E., Peyton, E.L., Roberts, D.R., Rejmankova, E., Manguin, S. & Palanko, J. (2002) Mosquito studies in Belize, Central America: records, taxonomic notes, and a checklist of species. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 18, 241–276.

    Pelaez, D. (1945) Anofelinos de Mexico I. Clave para determinacion de las especies y subespecies, basada en los caracteres de las hembras adultas. Ciencia, 6, 69–77.

    Peryassú, A.G. (1908) Os culicideos do Brazil. Typographia Leuzinger, Rio de Janeiro. vi + 407 pp., 27 pls.

    Peryassú, A.G. (1921a) Os anophelineos do Brasil. Archivos do Museo Nacional Rio de Janeiro, 23, 5–101.

    Peryassú, A.G. (1921b) Um novo anophelineo brasileiro Chagasia fajardoi, var. maculata. A Folha Medica, 2, 141.

    Peryassú, A.G. (1923) Catalogo das subfamilias, generos, especies e synonimias de mosquitos pernilongos encontrados no Brasil. A Folha Medica, 4, 61–63, 69–71, 74–76, 85–87.

    Peyton, E.L. (1993) Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) dunhami, resurrected from synonymy with Anopheles nuneztovari and validated as a senior synonym of Anopheles trinkae (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosquito Systematics, 25, 151–156.

    Pinto, C. (1932) Alguns mosquitos do Brasil e do oriente da Bolivia (Diptera. Culicidae). Revista Medico-Cirurgica do Brasil, 40, 285–309.

    Pinto, C. (1939) Disseminação da malaria pela aviação; biologia do Anopheles gambiae e outros anofelineos do Brasil. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 34, 293–430, 61 pls.

    Rachou, R.G. (1948) Encontro da Chagasia rozeboomi Causey, Deane e Deane, 1944, no Estado de São Paulo. Revista Brasileira de Malariologia e Doenças Tropicais, 1, 715–718.

    Rao, P.N. & Rai, K.S. (1987) Comparative karyotypes and chromosomal evolution in some genera of nematocerous (Diptera: Nematocera) families. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 80, 321–332.

    Rao, P.N. & Rai, K.S. (1990) Genome evolution in the mosquitoes and other closely related members of superfamily Culicoidea. Hereditas, 113, 139–144.

    Reinert, J.F. (1999) The dorsal apotome of pupae and fourth-instar larvae of Culicidae (Diptera), a structure of phylogenetic significance. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 15, 77–83.

    Roberts, D.R., Hoch, A.L., Peterson, N.E. & Pinheiro, F.P. (1981) Programa multidisciplinario de vigilancia de las enfermedades infeciosas en zonas colindantes con la carretera transamazonica en Brasil. IV. Estudio entomologico. Boletin de la Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana, 91, 379–400.

    Romeo Viamonte, J.M. & Castro, M. (1951) Estudio de la morfología do in amadura faríngea de algunos anofilinos. (Dipt. Culic.). Revista de Sanidad e Higiene Publica, 25, 313–330 + 12 Figs. on 6 unnumbered pp.

    Root, F.M. (1922) The larvae of American Anopheles mosquitoes, in relation to classification and identification. American Journal of Hygiene, 2, 379–393, 2 pls.

    Root, F.M. (1923) The male genitalia of some American Anopheles mosquitoes. American Journal of Hygiene, 3, 264–279, 5 pls.

    Root, F.M. (1927) Studies on Brazilian mosquitoes. II. Chagasia fajardoi. American Journal of Hygiene, 7, 470–480, 4 pls.

    Ross, H.H. (1951) Conflict with Culex. Mosquito News, 11, 128–132.

    Rozeboom, L.E. (1941) Distribution and ecology of Anopheles mosquitoes of the Caribbean region. Publication of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 15, 98–107.

    Rubio-Palis, Y. (2005) Situación actual de la taxonomía de la subfamilia Anophelinae (Diptera: Culicidae) en Venezuela. Boletín de Malariología y Salud Ambiental, 45, 1–10.

    Rueda, L.M., Stockwell, S.A., Pecor, J.E. & Gaffigan, T.V. (1998) Key to the mosquito genera of the World. In: The Diptera data dissemination disk. Volume I. North American Dipterists Society of Washington, DC.

    Russell, P.F., Rozeboom, L.E. & Stone, A. (1943) Keys to the anopheline mosquitoes of the world: with notes on their identification, distribution, biology and relation to malaria. The American Entomological Society; The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. 152 pp.

    Sallum, M.A.M., Schultz, T.R., Foster, P.G., Aronstein, K., Wirtz, R.A. & Wilkerson, R.C. (2002) Phylogeny of Anophelinae (Diptera: Culicidae) based on nuclear ribosomal and mitochondrial DNA sequences. Systematic Entomology, 27, 361–382.

    Sallum, M.A.M., Schultz, T.R. & Wilkerson, R.C. (2000) Phylogeny of Anophelinae (Diptera Culicidae) based on morphological characters. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 93, 745–775.

    Senevet, G. (1934) Contribution a l’étude des nymphes d’anophélinés. Archives de l’Institut Pasteur d’Algérie, 12, 29–76.

    Senevet, G. (1958) Les Anophèles du globe. Révision générale. Encyclopédie Entomologique, Série A, 36, 1–215.

    Shannon, R.C. (1931) On the classification of Brazilian Culicidae with special reference to those capable of harboring the yellow fever virus. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 33, 125–164.

    Shepard, J.J., Andreadis, T.G. & Vossbrinck, C.R. (2006) Molecular phylogeny and evolutionary relationships among mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from the northeastern United States based on small subunit ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA) sequences. Journal of Medical Entomology, 43, 443–454.

    Simmons, J.S. & Aitkin, T.H.G. (1942) The anopheline mosquitoes of the northern half of the Western Hemisphere and of the Philippine Islands (distribution, habits, identification, vectors, and control). The Army Medical Bulletin Number 59 (special issue). Medical Field Services School, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. v + 213 pp.

    Stone, A., Knight, K.L. & Starcke, H. (1959) A synoptic catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera, Culicidae). Volume VI. The Thomas Say Foundation, Entomological Society of America, College Park, Maryland. 358 pp.

    Surcouf, J.M.R. & Gonzalez-Rincones, R. (1911) Essai sur les Diptères vulnérants du Venezuela. Matériaux pour server l’étude des Diptères piqueurs et suceurs de sang de l’Amérique intertropicale. Première partie. Diptères Nematocères vulnérants. A. Maloine, Paris. v + 320 pp.

    Sutil O., E. (1980) Enumeración histórica y geográfica de las especies de Culicidae [sic] de Venezuela ordenadas según su taxonomía. Division de Endemias Rurales, Direccion de Malariologia y Saneamiento Ambiental, Ministerior de Sanidad y Asistencia Social, Maracay, Venezuela. 37 pp.

    Theobald, F.V. (1907) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Volume 4. British Museum (Natural History), London. xix + 639 pp., 16 pls.

    Theobald, F.V. (1910) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Volume 5. British Museum (Natural History), London. 646 pp., 6 pls.

    Trapido, H. & Galindo, P. (1957) Mosquitoes associated with sylvan yellow fever near Almirante, Panama. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 6, 114–144.

    Trapido, H., Galindo, P. & Carpenter, S.J. (1955) A survey of forest mosquitoes in relation to sylvan yellow fever in the Panama isthmian area. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 4, 525–542.

    Vargas, L. (1940) Clave para identificar algunos géneros de mosquitos americanos, utilizando los caracteres de los adultos. Revista del Instituto de Salubridad y Enfermedades Tropicales, 1, 189–198.

    Vargas, L. (1949) Caracteres morfologicos diferenciales de algunas pupas de anofelinos neotropicales (Diptera: Culicidae [sic]). Rivista de Parassitologia, 10, 231–235.

    Vargas, L. & Martinez Palacios, A.M. (1950) Estudio taxonómico de los mosquitos anofelinos de México. Secretaría de Salubridad y Asistencia, México, D.F. viii + 143 pp.

    Vargas, L. & Martinez Palacios, A.M. (1956) Anofelinos mexicanos. taxonomia y distribucion. Secretaria de Salubridad e Asistencia, Comision Nacional para la erradicacion del Paludismo. Mexico, D.F. 181 pp.

    White, G.B. (1980) Academic and applied aspects of mosquito cytogenetics, pp. 245–274. In: Blackman, R.L., Hewitt, G.M. & Ashburner, M. (eds.), Insect cytogenetics. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.

    Villanueva Rodriguez, C. (1961) Distribución geografica de Chagasia bathanus (Dyar, 1928) y algunos aspectos bionómicos de la larva. Revista Brasileira Entomologia, 10, 217–226.

    Wilkerson, R.C. & Strickman, D. (1990) Illustrated key to the female anopheline mosquitoes of Central America and Mexico. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 6, 7–34.

    Wilke, M.R., Zavier, S.H., Mattos, S.S. & Guedes, A.S. (1980) Catálogo da coleção do laboratório de entomologia do centro de pesquisas René Rachou ― Fundação Oswaldo Cruz III ― Gêneros Anopheles Meigen, 1818 e Chagasia Cruz, 1906 (Diptera, Culicidae). Ciência e Cultura, 32, 580–588.

    Wilkes, T.J. & Charlwood, J.D. (1979) A rapid gonotrophic cycle in Chagasia bonneae from Brazil. Mosquito News, 39, 137–139.