Abstract
Thirteen new species of sponges are described from coral reefs of the Netherlands Antilles and the Colombian Caribbean. Species were collected during quantitative investigations of reef sponges performed by students of the University of Amsterdam in the period between 1984 and 1991. Most of the reported specimens were taken from undersides of coral rubble, crevices or reef caves (sciophilous habitats) and without exception are small encrusting or fistular sponges. The material reported in this paper includes a new genus and species of Placospongiidae, Placospherastra antillensis n. g. n. sp. , the first Caribbean representatives of the genera Triptolemma (Pachastrellidae) and Megaciella (Acarnidae), viz. Triptolemma endolithicum n. sp. and Megaciella incrustans n. sp., a new species of Timeidae, Timea curacaoensis n. sp., a new species of Microcionidae with peculiar colloscleres, Clathria (Thalysias) collosclera n. sp., two new species of Chondropsidae, viz. Batzella fusca n. sp., and Strongylacidon unguiferum n. sp., three new species of Coelosphaeridae, viz. Forcepia (Forcepia) minima n. sp., Forcepia (Forcepia) fistulosa n. sp., and Forcepia (Leptolabis) microlabis n. sp., a new species of Crellidae, Crella (Grayella) beglingerae n. sp., a new species of Hymedesmiidae, Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) bonairensis n. sp., and a new species of Mycalidae, Mycale (Paresperella) vitellina n. sp. Most species are represented by only small fragments removed from the substrate by scalpel or diving knife, leaving little and often crumbled preserved type material. This study is intended to demonstrate that the small crusts dominating easily accessible shallow water coral rubble habitats in the Caribbean remain understudied.References
Aerts, L.A.M. (1998) Sponge/coral interactions in Caribbean reefs: analysis of overgrowth patterns in relation to species identity and cover. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 175, 251–259.
Aerts, L.A.M. & van Soest, R.W.M. (1997) Quantification of sponge/coral interactions in a physically stressed-reef-community, NE Colombia. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 148, 125–134.
Alander, H. (1937) Sponges from the Trondheimsfjord and adjacent waters I. Kongelige Norske Videnskabelige Selskab Forhandlinger, 10 (18), 68–70.
Arndt, W. (1927) Kalk- und Kieselschwämme von Curaçao. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 25, 133–158.
Boury-Esnault, N. (1973) Résultats scientifiques des campagnes de la ‘Calypso’. Campagne de la ‘Calypso’ au large des côtes atlantiques de l’Amérique du Sud (1961–1962). I. 29. Spongiaires. Annales de l’Institut océanographique, 49 (Supplement 10), 263–295.
Bowerbank, J.S. (1858) On the anatomy and physiology of the Spongiadae. Part I. On the spicula. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 148 (2), 279–332.
Bowerbank, J.S. (1862) On the anatomy and physiology of the Spongiadae. Part III On the generic characters, the specific characters, and on the method of examination. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 152 (2), 1087–1135.
Carballo, J.L. & Cruz-Barraza, J.A. (2006) The genus Timea (Porifera: Timeidae) in the Eastern Pacific Ocean: revision of type material, new species and intraspecific variability. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 47 (3), 301–320.
Carter, H.J. (1869) On Grayella cyathophora, a new genus and speciesof sponges. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (4) 4, 189–197.
Carter, H.J. (1874) Descriptions and figures of deep-sea sponges and their spicules from the Atlantic Ocean, dredged up on board H.M.S.‘Porcupine’, chiefly in 1869; with figures and descriptions of some remarkable spicules from the Agulhas Shoal and Colon, Panama. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (4) 14, 207–221.
Carter, H.J. (1876) Descriptions and figures of deep-sea sponges and their spicules, from the Atlantic Ocean, dredged up on board H.M.S.‘Porcupine’, chiefly in 1869 (concluded). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (4) 18, 226–240, 307–324, 388–410, 458–479.
Carter, H.J. (1879b) Contributions to our knowledge of the Spongida. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (5) 3, 284–304, 343–360.
Carter, H.J. (1880) Report on specimens dredged up from the Gulf of Manaar and presented to the Liverpool Free Museum by Capt.W.H. Cawne Warren. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (5) 6, 35–61, 129–156.
Carter, H.J. (1882) Some sponges from the West Indies and Acapulco in the Liverpool Free Museum described, with general and classificatory remarks. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (5) 9, 266–301, 346–368.
Carter, H.J. (1886) Descriptions of sponges from the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia, continued. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (5) 17, 40–53, 112–127, 431–441, 502–516.
Coelho, E.P. & Mello-Leitão, A. (1978) Placospongia carinata e sua ocorrência em costas brasileiras. Avulso Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 29, 1–5.
Dendy, A. (1905) Report on the sponges collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. In: Herdman, W.A. (Ed.), Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar. 3 (Supplement 18). Royal Society, London, p. 57–246.
Dendy, A. (1917) On the occurence of gelatinous spicules, and their mode of origin, in a new genus of siliceous sponges. Proceedings of the Royal Society, (B) 89, 315–322.
Dendy, A. (1922) Report on the Sigmatotetraxonida collected by H.M.S.‘Sealark’ in the Indian Ocean. In: Reports of the Percy Sladen Trust Expedition to the Indian Ocean in 1905, Volume 7. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, (2) 18 (1), 1–164.
Díaz, M.C. (2005) Common sponges from shallow-marine habitats from Bocas del Toro region, Panama. Caribbean Journal of Science, 41 (3), 465–475.
Duchassaing De Fonbressin, P. & Michelotti, G. (1864) Spongiaires de la mer Caraïbe. Natuurkundige Verhandelingen van de Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen te Haarlem, 21 (2), 1–124.
George, W.C & Wilson, H.V (1919) Sponges of Beaufort (N.C.) harbor and vicinity. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries Washington, 36, 129–179.
Gonzales-Farías, F (1989) Estudio al microscopio electrónico de barrido de la estructura esquelética de la esponja Placospongia melobesioides Gray. Anales del Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 16 (1), 81–90.
Gray, J.E (1867a) On Placospongia, a new generic form of Spongiadae in the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1867 (1), 127–129.
Gray, J.E. (1867b) Notes on the arrangement of sponges, with the descriptions of some new genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1867 (2), 492–558.
Green, G. & Gómez, P. (1986). Estudio taxonómico de las esponjas de la Bahía de Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México. Anales del Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia del Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 13 (3), 273–300.
Hajdu, E. & Rützler, K. (1998) Sponges, genus Mycale (Poecilosclerida: Demospongiae: Porifera), from a Caribbean mangrove and comments on subgeneric classification. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 111 (4), 737–773.
Hallmann, E.F. (1920) New genera of monaxonid sponges related to the genus Clathria. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New SouthWales, 44 (4), 767–792.
Hanitsch, R. (1895) Notes on a collection of sponges from the west coast of Portugal. Transactions of the Liverpool Biological Society, 9, 205–219.
Hechtel, G.J. (1965) A Systematic study of the Demospongiae of Port Royal, Jamaica. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 20, 1–103.
Hechtel, G.J. (1969) New species and records of shallow water Demospongiae from Barbados, West Indies. Postilla, 132, 1–38.
Hechtel, G.J. (1976) Zoogeography of Brazilian Marine Demospongiae.Pp. 237–260. In: Harrison, F.W. & Cowden, R.R. (Eds), Aspects of Sponge Biology. Academic Press, New York & London, i–xiii, 1–354.
Hechtel, G.J. (1983) New species of marine Demospongiae from Brazil. Iheringia (Zoologia), 63, 58–78.
Hentschel, E. (1909) Tetraxonida. I. Teil. Pp. 347–402. In: Michaelsen,W. & Hartmeyer, R. (Eds), Die Fauna Südwest-Australiens.Ergebnisse der Hamburger südwest-australischen Forschungsreise 1905.Volume 2 (21). Fischer, Jena.
Higgin, T. (1877) Description of some sponges obtained during a cruise of the steam-yacht ‘Argo’ in the Caribbean and neighbouring seas. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (4) 19, 291–299.
Hooper, J.N.A. (1996a) Revision of Microcionidae (Porifera: Poecilosclerida: Demospongiae), with description of Australian species. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 40, 1–626.
Hooper, J.N.A. (2002a) Family Acarnidae Dendy, 1922. Pp. 412–431. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.) Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges, 1. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow.
Hooper, J.N.A. (2002b) Family Microcionidae Carter, 1875. Pp. 432–468. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.) Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges, 1. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow.
Hooper, J.N.A.& van Soest, R.W.M. (Eds.) (2002) Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges, 1 & 2. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, 1810 pp.
Humann, P. (1992) Reef creature identification. Florida Caribbean Bahamas. New World Publications, Jacksonville, Fla., pp. 1–344.
Kieschnick, O. (1896) Silicispongiae von Ternate nach den Sammlungen von Herrn Prof. Dr. W. Kükenthal. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 19 (520), 526–534.
Kirkpatrick, R. (1903) Descriptions of South African sponges. Part II.Marine Investigations in South Africa, 2 (14), 171–180.
Kobluk, D.R. & van Soest, R.W.M. (1989) Cavity-dwelling sponges in a Southern Caribbean coral reef and their paleontological implications. Bulletin of Marine Science, 44 (3), 1207–1235.
Laubenfels, M.W. de (1936a) A discussion of the sponge fauna of the Dry Tortugas in particular and the West Indies in general, with material for a revision of the families and orders of the Porifera. Carnegie Institute of Washington (Tortugas Laboratory Paper N° 467), 30, 1–225.
Laubenfels, M.W. de (1936b) A comparison of the shallow-water sponges near the Pacific end of the Panama Canal with those at the Caribbean end. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 83 (2993), 441–466.
Laubenfels, M.W. de (1950) The Porifera of the Bermuda Archipelago. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 27(1), 1–154.
Laubenfels, M.W. de (1954) Occurrence of sponges in an aquarium. Pacific Science, 8, 337–340.
Laubenfels, M.W. de (1955a) Porifera. Pp. E21-E112. In: Moore, R.C. (Ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part E, Archaeocyatha and Porifera. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, New York & Lawrence, Kansas, i–xviii, E1–E122.
Laubenfels, M.W. de (1955b) The sponges of Onotoa. Pacific Science, 9 (2), 137–143.
Laubenfels, M.W. de (1956) Preliminary discussion of the sponges of Brasil. Contribuições Avulsas Instituto Oceanografico São Paulo, 1, 1–4.
Lee, W.L. (2001) Four new species of Forcepia (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida, Coelosphaeridae) from California, and synonymy of Wilsa de Laubenfels, 1930, with Forcepia Carter, 1874. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 52 (18), 227–244.
Lehnert, H. & Heimler, W. (2001) Description of the North Jamaican Timea micraster n.sp. (Porifera: Demospongiae: Hadromerida: Timeidae). Beaufortia, 51 (12), 213–220.
Lehnert, H.& van Soest, R.W.M. (1996) North Jamaican deep fore-reef sponges. Beaufortia, 46 (4), 53–81.
Lendenfeld, R. Von (1897) Spongien von Sansibar. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 21, 93–133.
Lévi, C. (1956) Spongiaires des côtes de Madagascar. Mémoires de l’Institut scientifique de Madagascar, (A) 10, 1–23.
Lévi, C. (1961) Résultats scientifiques des Campagnes de la ‘Calypso’. Campagne 1954 dans l’Océan Indien (suite). 2. Les spongiaires de l’Ile Aldabra. Annales de l’Institut océanographique, 39 (1), 1–32.
Lévi, C. (1969) Spongiaires du Vema Seamount (Atlantique Sud). Bulletin du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, (2) 41 (4), 952–973.
Lindgren, N.G. (1898) Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Spongienfauna des Malayischen Archipels und der chinesischen Meere. Zoologische Jahrbücher Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Thiere, 11, 283–378.
Little, F.J. Jr. (1963) The sponge fauna of the St. George’s Sound, Apalache Bay, and Panama City Regions of the Florida Gulf Coast. Tulane Studies in Zoology, 11 (2), 31–71.
Lundbeck, W. (1905) Porifera. (Part II.) Desmacidonidae (pars). The Danish Ingolf-Expedition, 6 (2), 1–219.
Maldonado,M. (2002) Family Pachastrellidae. Pp.141–162. In: Hooper, J.N.A., van Soest,R.W.M. (Eds) Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publ., New York, 1708 pp.
Meesters, E., Knijn, R., Willemsen, P., Pennartz, R. Roebers, G. & van Soest, R.W.M. (1991) Sub-rubble communities of Curaçao and Bonaire coral reefs. Coral Reefs, 10 (4), 189–197.
Mothes, B., Campos, M.A. de, Lerner, C.B. & da Silva, C.M.M. (2006) Esponjas (Porifera, Demospongiae) da plataforma continental ao largo do Estado do Amapá, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 23 (3), 667–677.
Mothes, B., Santos, C.P. & Campos, M.A. (2004). Timea bioxyasterina sp.n., a new species from the Northeastern coast of Brazil (Demospongiae, Hadromerida). Zootaxa, 443, 1–8.
Nichols, S.A. & Barnes, P.A.G. (2005) A molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of the marine sponge genus Placospongia (Phylum Porifera) indicate low dispersal capabilities and widespread crypsis. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 323, 1 –15.
Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1978). Report on a collection of sponges from the Bay of Naples. III Hadromerida, Axinellida, Poecilosclerida, Halichondrida, Haplosclerida. Bollettino dei Musei e degli Istituti Biologici della Università di Genova, 45, 7–89.
Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1983) A collection of Mediterranean Demospongiae (Porifera) with, in appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the Mediterranean Sea. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, 84, 445–621.
Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1986) A collection of West Indian Demospongiae (Porifera). In appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the West Indies. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, 86, 65–216.
Rua, C.P.J., Mattos, A. & Solé-Cava (2006) Cryptic speciation and correspondence between spiculation and molecular markers in Placospongia. P. 197, In: Book of Abstracts 7th International Sponge Symposium, Biodiversity, Innovation, Sustainability. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro.
Rützler, K. (1986) Phylum Porifera (Sponges). Pp. 111–126, In: W. Sterrer (Ed.) Marine Fauna and Flora of Bermuda. John Wiley & Sons, New York, i–xxx, 1–742.
Rützler, K. (2002a) Family Placospongiidae Gray, 1867. Pp. 196–200. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.) Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges, 1. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow.
Rützler, K. (2002b) Family Timeidae Topsent, 1928. Pp. 266–267. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.) Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges, 1. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow.
Rützler, K., Díaz, M.C., van Soest, R.W.M., Zea, S., Smith, K.P., Alvarez, B. & Wulff (2000) Diversity of sponge fauna in mangrove ponds, Pelican Cays, Belize. Atoll Research Bulletin, 476, 230–248.
Rützler, K., Piantoni, C. & Díaz, M.C. (2007) Lissodendoryx: rediscovered type and new tropical western Atlantic species (Porifera: Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida: Coelosphaeridae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 87 (6), 1491–1510.
Samaai, T. (2006) Biodiversity "hotspots", patterns of richness and endemism, and distribution of marine sponges in South Africa based on actual and interpolation data: A comparative approach. Zootaxa, 1358, 1–37.
Samaai, T, Keyzers, R. & Davies-Coleman, M. (2004) A new species of Strongylodesma Lévi, 1969 (Porifera; Demospongiae; Poecilosclerida; Latrunculiidae) from Aliwal Shoal on the east coast of South Africa. Zootaxa, 584, 1–11.
Sarà, M. (1959) Specie nuove di Demospongie provenienti da acque superficiali del golfo di Napoli. Annuario dell’ Istituto e Museo de Zoologia dell’ Università di Napoli, 11 (7), 1–22.
Sarà, M. & Bavestrello, G. (1996) West Indies genera Columnitis, Tectitethya and Nucleotethya new genus, with description of new species (Porifera, Tethyidae). Bulletin of Marine Science, 59 (2), 370–392.
Sarà, M. & Siribelli, L. (1960) La fauna di Poriferi delle ‘secche’ del Golfo di Napoli. 1. La ‘secca’ della Gaiola. Annuario dell’Istituto e Museo de Zoologia dell’Università di Napoli, 12 (3), 1–93.
Schmidt, O. (1870) Grundzüge einer Spongien-Fauna des atlantischen Gebietes. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, p. iii–iv, 1–88.
van Soest, R.W.M. (1984) Marine sponges from Curaçao and other Caribbean localities. Part III. Poecilosclerida. Studies on the Fauna of Curaçao and other Caribbean Islands, 62 (191), 1–173.
van Soest, R.W.M. (2002a) Family Chondropsidae Carter, 1886. Pp. 521–527. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.) Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges, 1. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow.
van Soest, R.W.M. (2002b) Family Coelosphaeridae Dendy, 1922. Pp. 528–546. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.) Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges, 1. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow.
van Soest, R.W.M., Hooper, J.N.A. & Hiemstra, F. (1991). Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of the marine sponge genus Acarnus (Porifera: Poecilosclerida). Beaufortia 42(3), 49–88.
van Soest, R.W.M., Zea, S. & Kielman, M. (1994) New species of Zyzzya, Cornulella, Damiria, and Acheliderma (Porifera: Poecilosclerida), with a review of fistular genera of Iophonidae. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 64 (3), 163–192.
van Soest, R.W.M., Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J.N.A., de Voogd, N.J., Rützler, K., Alvarez de Glasby, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A., Vacelet, J., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K.R. & Klautau, M. (2008) World Porifera Database. Available online at http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera. Consulted on 2008-11-15.
Sollas, W.J. (1888) Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H.M.S. Challenger, during the years 1873–1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger, 1873–1876. Zoology, 25 (63), 1–458.
Topsent, E. (1888) Contribution à l’étude des Clionides. Archives de Zoologie expérimentale et générale, (2) 5bis, 1–165.
Topsent, E. (1893) Nouvelle série de diagnoses d’éponges de Roscoff et de Banyuls. Archives de Zoologie expérimentale et générale, (3) 1 (Notes et Revue 10), xxxiii–xliii.
Topsent, E. (1901) Éponges nouvelles des Açores. Mémoires de la Société zoologique de France, 14, 448–466
Topsent, E. (1928) Spongiaires de l’Atlantique et de la Méditerranée provenant des croisières du Prince Albert ler de Monaco. Résultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I de Monaco, 74, 1–376.
Topsent, E. (1934) Éponges observées dans les parages de Monaco.(Première partie) Bulletin de l’Institut océanographique, Monaco, 650, 1–42.
Vacelet, J. &Vasseur, P. (1965) Spongiaires des grottes et surplombs des récifs de Tuléar (Madagascar). Recueil des Travaux de la Station marine d’Endoume, 2–4, 71–123.
Vosmaer, G.C.J. & Vernhout, J.H (1902) The Porifera of the Siboga-Expedition. I. The genus Placospongia. In: Weber, M. (Ed.), Siboga-Expeditie. Uitkomsten op zoologisch, botanisch, oceanographisch en geologisch gebied verzameld in Nederlandsch Oost-lndië 1899–1900aan boord H.M. ‘Siboga’ onder commando van Luitenant ter Zee 1e kl. G.F. Tydeman. 9 (Monographie Via). E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1–17.
Wiedenmayer, F. (1977b) Shallow-water sponges of the western Bahamas. Experientia Supplementum, 28, 1–287.
Zea, S. (1987) Esponjas del Caribe Colombiano. Catálogo Cientifico, Bogotá, Colombia, 1–286.