Abstract
The biogeography of the Glandulocaudinae (former Glandulocaudini) is reviewed. The major pattern of diversification presented by this group of freshwater fishes can be clearly associated to the main aspects of the tectonic evolution of the southern portion of the Cis-Andean South American Platform. The phylogenetic relationships within the group suggest that the clade represented by Lophiobrycon is the sister-group of the more derived clade represented by the genus Glandulocauda and Mimagoniates. Lophiobrycon and Glandulocauda occur in areas of the ancient crystalline shield of southeastern Brazil and their present allopatric distribution is probably due to relict survival and tectonic vicariant events. Populations of Glandulocauda melanogenys are found in contiguous drainages in presently isolated upper parts of the Tietê, Guaratuba, Itatinga, and Ribeira de Iguape basins and this pattern of distribution is probably the result of river capture caused by tectonic processes that affected a large area in eastern and southeastern Brazil. The species of Mimagoniates are predominantly distributed along the eastern and southeastern coastal areas, but M. microlepis is additionally found in the rio Iguaçu and Tibagi basins. Mimagoniates barberi occurs in both SW margin of the upper rio Paraná basin and the lower Paraguay and Mimagoniates sp. occurs in the upper Paraguay river basin. Tectonic activations of the Continental Rift of Southeastern Brazil along the eastern margin of the Upper Paraná basin promoted population fragmentation responsible of the present day distribution presented by Glandulocauda melanogenys. We hypothesize that occurrence of Mimagoniates along the lowland area around the Paraná basin was due to a single or a multiple fragmentation of populations along the W-SW border of the upper Paraná Basin, probably due to the major tectonic origin of the Chaco-Pantanal wetland foreland basins since the Miocene as well as Cenozoic tectonic activity along the borders of the upper Paraná basin, such as in the eastern Paraguay, in the Asunción Rift. Distributional pattern of Mimagoniates suggests that its initial diversification may be related to the tectonic evolution of the Chaco-Pantanal foreland basin system and a minimum age of 2.5 M.Y are proposed for this monophyletic group. Previous hypotheses on sea level fluctuations of the late Quaternary as being the main causal mechanism promoting cladogenesis and speciation of the group are critically reviewed. Phylogeographic studies based on molecular data indicate significant differences among the isolated populations of M. microlepis. These findings suggest that a much longer period of time and a paleogeographic landscape configuration of the Brazilian southeastern coastal region explain the present observed phylogenetic and biogeographic patterns.References
Abreu, J.G.N. & Calliari, J.L. (2005) Paleocanais na plataforma continental interna do Rio Grande do Sul: evidências de uma drenagem fluvial pretérita. Revista Brasileira de Geofísica. 23(2), 123–132.
Almeida, F.S., Fungaro, M.H.P. & Sodré, L.M.K. (2001) RAPD and isoenzyme analysis of genetic variability in three allied species of catfish (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) from the Tibagi River, Brazil. Journal of Zoology, 253, 113–120.
Almeida, F.F.M. & Carneiro, C.D.R. (1998) Origem e evolução da Serra do Mar. Revista Brasileira de Geociências, 28(2), 135–150.
Almeida, F.F.M., Brito Neves, B.B. & Carneiro, C.D.R. (2000) The origin and evolution of the South American Platform. Earth-Science Reviews, 50(2000), 77–111.
Antonini, P., Gasparon, M., Comin-Chiaramonti, P. & Gomes, C.B. (2005) Post-Paleozoic magmatism in Eastern Paraguay: Sr-Nd-Pb isotope compositions.pp57–69 In: Comin-Chiaramonti, P. & C. B. Gomes (Eds.) Mesozoic to Cenozoic alkaline magmatism in the Brazilian Platform. Edusp, São Paulo, 750p.
Assine, M.L. (2004) A bacia sedimentar do Pantanal Mato-Grossense. Pp. 61–74 In: Mantesso-Neto, V., Bartorelli, A, Carneiro, C.D.R. & Brito-Neves, B.B. (Eds.). Geologia do continente Sul-Americano: Evolução da obra de Fernando Flávio Marques de Almeida. São Paulo, Editora Beca, 673p.
Berrocal, J. & Fernandes, C.C. (1996) Seismicity in Paraguay and neighboring regions. Pp.57–66 In: Comin-Chiaramonti, P. & Gomes, C.B. (Eds.) Alkaline magmatism in central-eastern Paraguay: relationships with coeval magmatism in Brazil.Edusp, São Paulo, 458p.
Bizzi, L.A., Schobbenhaus,C. Gonçalves, J.H., Baars, F.J., Delgado, I.M, Abram, M.B., Neto, R.L., Matos, G.M.M. & Santos, J.O.S. (2001) Geology, Tectonics and Mineral Resources of Brazil: Geographic Information System (GIS) and maps at the 1:2500000 scale. CPRM, Brasília, 4 CD-Rom. ISBN: 85-7499-006-X.
Castro, R.M.C., Ribeiro, A.C., Benine, R.C. & Melo, A.L.A. (2003) Lophiobrycon weitzmani, a new genus and species of glandulocaudine fish (Characiformes: Characidae) from the rio Grande drainage, upper rio Paraná system, southeastern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology, 1(1): 11–20.
Castro, R.M.C. Casatti, L., Santos, H.F., Ferreira, K.M., Ribeiro, A.C., Benine, R.C., Dardis, G.Z.P., Melo, A.L.A., Stopiglia, R., Abreu, T.X., Bockmann, F.A., Carvalho, M., Gibran, F.Z. & Lima, F.C.T. (2003) Estrutura e composição da ictiofauna de riachos do Rio Paranapanema, sudeste e sul do Brasil. Biota Neotropica, São Paulo, 3(1):1–31.
Castro, R.M.C. Casatti, L., Santos, H.F., Melo, A.L.A., Martins, L.S. F., Ferreira, K.M., Gibran, F.Z., Benine, R.C., Carvalho, M., Ribeiro, A. C., Abreu, T. X., Bockmann, F. A., Pelição, G. Z., Stopiglia, R. & Langeani, F. (2004).Estrutura e composição da ictiofauna de riachos da bacia do Rio Grande no Estado de São Paulo, sudeste do Brasil. Biota Neotropica, São Paulo,4(1),1–39.
Castro, R.M.C., Casatti, L., Santos, H.F., Vari, R.P., Melo, A.L.A., Martins, L.S.F., Abreu, T.X., Benine, R.C., Gibran, F. Z., Ribeiro, A.C., Bockmann, F.A., Carvalho, M., Pelição, G.Z., Ferreira, K.M., Stopiglia, R.& Akama, A. (2005) Structure and composition of the stream ichthyofauna of four tributary rivers of the upper Rio Paraná basin, Brazil. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, München, 16(3), 193–214.
Cordani, U.G., Sato, K, Teixeira, W., Tassinari,C.C.G.& M.A.S. Basei, M.A.S. (2000) Crustal evolution of the South American platform. Pp. 19–40. In: Cordani, U. G., E. J. Milani, A. Thomaz-Filho, & D. A. Campos (Eds). Tectonic evolution of South America. 31st International Geological Congress. Rio de Janeiro, Academia Brasileira de Ciências, e Departamento Nacional da Produção Mineral (DNPM), 856p.
Cox, K.G. (1989) The role of mantle plumes in the development of continental drainage patterns. Nature, 342, 873–876.
Hearn, P.Jr., Here, T, Schruben, P., Sherrill, D., LaMar, C. & P. Tsushima, (2000) Global GIS Database: Digital Atlas of Central and South America. U.S. Geological Survey, Digital Data Series DDS-62-A.
Hollingsworth, P.M. & Ennos, R.A. (2004). Neighbour joining trees, dominant markers and population genetic structure. Heredity, 92, 490–498.
Hovenkamp, P. (1997) Vicariance events, not areas, should be used in biogeographical analysis. Cladistics, 13, 67–79.
Justus, J.O. (1990) Hidrografia. Pp. 189–218 In: Mesquita, O.V. (coordenador). Geografia do Brasil, Região Sul. IBGE, Rio de Janeiro, 420 p.
Lundberg, J.G., L.G. Marshall, J. Guerrero, B. Horton, M.C.S.L. Malabarba & F. Wesselingh. (1998) The stage for Neotropical fish diversification: A history of tropical South American rivers. Pp 13–48. In: Malabarba, L.R., R.E. Reis, R.P. Vari, Z.M.S. Lucena & C.A.S. Lucena (Eds.). Phylogeny and classification of Neotropical fishes. Porto Alegre, Edipucrs, 603p
McQuarrie, Horton, N., Zandt, B.K., Beck, G.S. & DeCelles, P.G. (2005). Lithospheric evolution of the Andean fold–thrust belt, Bolivia, and the origin of the central Andean plateau. Tectonophysics, 399 (2005). 15– 37.
Menezes, N.A. & Weitzman, S.H. (1990) Two new species of Mimagoniates (Teleostei: Characidae: Glandulocaudinae), their phylogeny and biogeography and a key to the glandulocaudinae fishes of Brazil and Paraguay. Proceeding of the Biological Society of Washington, 103(2), 380–426.
Menezes, N.A. &. Weitzman, S.H. (in preparation). Systematics of the neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology.
Morrone, J. & Crisci, J.V. (1995) Historical Biogeography: Introduction to Methods. Annual Review in Ecology and Systematics 26:373–401.
Nelson, G. (1985) A decade of challenge the future of biogeography. Earth Sciences History, 4(2): 187–196.
Petri, S. & Fúlvaro, V.J. (1983) Geologia do Brasil. São Paulo, Edusp, 631p.
Potter, P.E. (1997) The Mesozoic and Cenozoic paleodrainage of South America: A natural history. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 10(5–6), 331–344.
Ribeiro, A.C. (2006) Tectonic history and the biogeography of the freshwater fishes from the coastal drainages of eastern Brazil: an example of faunal evolution associated with a divergent continental margin. Neotropical Ichthyology, 4(2), 225–246.
Ribeiro, A.C., Lima, F.C.T., Riccomini, C. & Menezes, N.A. (2006) Fishes of the Atlantic Rainforest of Boracéia: testimonies of the Quaternary fault reactivation within a Neoproterozoic tectonic province in Southeastern Brazil. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 17(2), 157–164.
Riccomini, C., Velázquez, V.F. & Gomes, C.B. (2001) Cenozoic lithospheric faulting in the Asunción Rift, eastern Paraguay. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 14:625–630.
Riccomini, C. & Assumpção, M.(1999). Quaternary tectonics in Brazil. Episodes, 22(3), 221–225.
Riccomini, C.L., Sant’Anna, G. & Ferrari, A.L. (2004) Evolução geológica do rift continental do sudeste do Brasil. Pp. 383–405. In: Mantesso-Neto,V., Bartorelli,A., Carneiro, C.D.R. & Brito-Neves, B.B (Eds.). Geologia do continente Sul-Americano: Evolução da obra de Fernando Flávio Marques de Almeida. São Paulo, Editora Beca, 673p.
Saadi, A. (1993) Neotectônica da plataforma brasileira: esboço e interpretações preliminaries. Geonomos 1(1):1–15.
Saadi, A., Machette, M.N., Haller, K.M., Dart, R.L., Bradley, L. & Souza, A.M.P.D. (2002) Map and database of Quaternary faults and lineaments in Brazil. U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 02-230. (available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr-02-230).
Saadi, A., Bezerra, F. H. R., Costa, R. D., Igreja, H. L. S. & Franzinelli, E. (2005) Neotectônica da Plataforma Brasileira Pp. 211 – 234. In: Souza, C. R. G., Suguio, K., Oliveira, A. M. S. & Oliveira, P.E. (Eds.). Quaternário do Brasil. Ribeirão Preto, Holos, 378p.
Saitou N. & M. Nei, M. (1987) The neighbor-joining method: A new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 4, 406–425.
Sambrook J. & D.W. Russell, D.W. (2001) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.
Sant’Anna, J.F.M.. Almeida, M.C., Vicari, M.R., Shibatta, O.A., & Artoni, R.F. (2006) Levantamento rápido de peixes em uma lagoa marginal do rio Imbituva na bacia do alto rio Tibagi, Paraná, Brasil. Publicações da UEPG, Ciências, Biologia e Saúde, Ponta Grossa, 12 (1): 39–46.
Serra, J.P., Carvalho, F.R & Langeani, F. (2007). Ictiofauna do rio Itatinga in Parque das Neblinas, Bertioga, Estado de São Paulo: composition and biogeography. Biota Neotropica, 7(1),131–136. Avaliable at http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v7n1/pt/abstract?article+bn01707012007
Swofford, D.L. (2000. PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and Other Methods) Version 4.0b4a. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Suguio, K. (2001) Geologia do Quaternário e mudanças ambientais: (passado + presente = futuro?). Paulo’s comunicações e artes gráficas, São Paulo, 366 pp.
Telles, M.P.C., Monteiro, M.S.R., Rodrigues, F.M., Soares T.N., Resende, L.V., Amaral, A.G. & Marra, P.R. (2001) Marcadores RAPD na análise de divergência genética entre raças de bovinos e número de locos necessários para a estabilidade da divergência estimada. Ciência Animal Brasileira, 2(2), 87–95.
Torres, R.A., Motta, T.S., Nardino, D.N., Adam, M.L. & Ribeiro, J. (2007) Chromosomes, RAPDs and evolutionary trends of the Neotropical fish Mimagoniates microlepis (Teleostei: Characidae: Glandulocaudinae) from coastal and continental regions of the Atlantic forest, Southern Brazil. Acta Zoologica 88: (Doi: 10.1111/j.1463–6395.2007.00314.x)
Trouw, R., Heilbron, M., Ribeiro, Paciullo, A.F., Valerino, C.M., Almeida, J.C.H, Tupinambá, M & Andreis, R.R.. (2000) The central segment of the Ribeira Belt. Pp. 287–310 in Cordani, U.G., Milani, E.J, .Thomaz-Filho, A. & Campos, D.A. (eds.), Tectonic evolution of South America. 31st International Geological Congress. Rio de Janeiro.
Uba, C. E., Heubeck, C. & Hulka, C. (2006) Evolution of the late Cenozoic Chaco foreland basin, Southern Bolivia. Basin Research 18, 145–170.
Weitzman, S.H. & Menezes, N.A.(1998) Relationships of the tribes and genera of the Glandulocaudinae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae) with a description of a new genus, Chrysobrycon. Pp. 171–192. In: Malabarba, L. R., Reis, R.E., Vari, R.P. Lucena, Z.M.S. & C. A. S. Lucena, C.A.S. (Eds.). Phylogeny and classification of Neotropical fishes. Porto Alegre, Edipucrs, 603p.
Weitzman, S.H., Menezes, N.A. & Weitzman, M.J. (1988) Phylogenetic biogeography of the Glandulocaudini (Teleostei: Characiformes, Characidae) with comments on the distribution of other freshwater fishes in eastern and southeastern Brazil. Pp. 379–427. In: Vanzolini, P.E., & W. R. Heyer (Eds.). Proceedings of a workshop on Neotropical distribution patterns. Rio de Janeiro. Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 488 p.
Weitzman, S. H., Menezes, N.A., Evers H. & Burns, J.R. (2005) Putative relationships among inseminating and externally fertilizing characids, with a description of a new genus and species of Brazilian inseminating fish bearing an anal-fin gland in males (Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology, 3(3).329–360.