Abstract
Humanity has always been fascinated by organisms which survive in the most extreme and hostile environments and one such environment, is the hadal depths of the ocean trenches. Life can exist here in a food deprived habitat at enormous pressure and as far from the sun as possible, and yet it thrives. Which kinds of organisms can are found there and where did they come from? Is it a refuge for old phylogenetic lines elsewhere gone extinct or is it a habitat for highly specialized species? Considering that the trenches constitute only a minor part of the deep sea, the trenches have received the lion’s share of scientific attention. The first ‘Trench’ exploration consisted of depth soundings made during the Challenger expedition in 1872-1876, but biological deep sea sampling started in earnest with the Danish Galathea expedition II 1950-1952 which managed to make collections at the deepest parts of the trenches. Even today the trenches hold many mysteries although the focus has changed somewhat from biology to biochemistry, especially carbon sequestration (Shirayama 1997; Takeuchi et al. 1999; Nakamura & Inagaki 2005).
References
Birstein, Y.A. (1970) Additions to the fauna of Isopods (Crustacea, Isopoda) of the Kurile-Kamchatka Trench. Part I. In: Fauna of the Kurile-Kamchatka Trench and its environment. I.P.P. Schirshova (ed.) Academy of Sciences of the USSR, P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, 86, 292–340.
Birstein, Y.A. & Vinogradov, M.E. (1955) Zametki o pitanii glubokovodnykh ryb Kurilo-Kamchatskoi vpadiny. Notes on the feeding of deep-sea fishes in the Kurile-Kamchatka Trench. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 34(4), 842–849.
France, S.C. (1993) Geographic variation among three isolated populations of the hadal amphipod Hirondellea gigas (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Lysianassoidea). Marine Ecology Progress Series, 92, 277–287.
Fujiwara, Y., Kojima, S., Mizota, C., Maki, Y., & Fujikura, K. (2000) Phylogenetic characterization of the endosymbionts of the deepest-living vesicomyid clam, Calytogena fossajaponica, from the Japan Trench. Venus, 59, 307–316.
Fujikura, K., Kojima, S., Tamaki, K., Maki, Y. Hunt, J., & Okutani, T. (1999) The deepest chemosynthesis-based community yet discovered from the hadal zone, 7326 m depth, in the Japan Trench. Marine Ecology Progress Serie, 190, 17–26.
Gardiner, L.F. (1975) The systematics, postmarsupial development, and ecology of the deep-sea family Neotanaidae (Crustacea: Tanaidacea). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 170, 1–265.
Hansen, H.J. (1913) Crustacea, Malacostraca. II. Danish Ingolf Expedition, 3(3), 1–127.
Heptner M.V. (1971) On the Copepod fauna of the Kurile-Kamchatka Trench. The families Euchaetidae, Lucicutiidae, Heterorhabdidae. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii, Akademija Nauk SSSR, 92, 73–161.
Kazuho, H., Kantaro, F., Kyohiko, M., & Hiroyasu, M. (1993) Negative Rheotaxis of Holothurians at about 6500m Depth, Japan Trench. Abstract, Annual meeting of the Geological Society of Japan, 100, 435.
Krøyer, H. (1842) Nye arter af slægten tanais. Naturhistorisk Tidskrift, 4, 167–188.
Kudinova-Pasternak, R.K. (1965) Deep-sea Tanaidacea from the Bougainville Trench of the Pacific. Crustaceana, 8(1), 75–91.
Kudinova-Pasternak, R.K. (1966) Tanaidacea Crustacea of the Pacific ultra-abyssals. Zoologicheskij Zhurnal, 45, 518–535.
Kudinova-Pasternak, R.K. (1970) Tanaidacea of the Kurile-Kamchatka Trench. Trudy Instituta Okeanologiji, Akademija Nauk SSSR, 86, 341–381.
Kudinova-Pasternak, R.K. (1976) Additional notes on the fauna of Tanaidacea (Crustacea, Malacostraca) of the deep water trenches. Trudy Instituta Okeanologij, Akademija Nauk SSSR. 99, 115–125.
Kudinova-Pasternak, R.K. (1977) [published in 1978]. Tanaidacea (Crustacea, Malacostraca) from the deep sea trenches of the western part of the Pacific. Trudy Instituta Okeanologiji, Akademija Nauk SSSR, 108, 115–135.
Kupriyanova, E.K. (1993) Deep-water serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the Kurile-Kamchatka Trench: I: Genus Hyalopomatus. Zoologicheskij Zhurnal, 72(1), 145–152.
Lang, K. (1968) Deep-sea Tanaidacea. Galathea Reports, 9, 23–209.
Larsen, K. (2005). Deep-Sea Tanaidacea (Peracarida) from the Gulf of Mexico. Crustaceana Monographs. 5. Pp. 387. (Brill, Leiden).
Larsen, K. & Shimomura, M. (2006) Tanaidacea (Crustacea: Peracarida) from Japan. I. Apseudomorpha from the East China Sea and Nansei Islands. I. Zootaxa, 1341, 29–48.
Larsen, K. & Shimomura, M. (2007) Tanaidacea (Crustacea: Peracarida) from Japan. II. Tanaidomorpha from the East China Sea, the West Pacific, and the Nansei Islands. I. Zootaxa, 1464, 1–43.
Lilljeborg, W. (1864) Bidrag till kännndomen om de inom Sverige och Norrige förekommande Crustaceer af Isopodens underordnig och Tanaidernes familj. Inbjudingsskrift. University of Uppsala. Pp 31.
Nakamura, K-i. & Inagaki, F. (2005) Research on seafloor liquid CO2 emission sites and its implication in CO2 sequestration technology (L093-010) Abstracts, Japan Earth and Planetary Science Joint Meeting (CD-ROM).
Naumov, D.V. (1971) Hydromedusae and Scyphomedusae from the Kurile-Kamchatka Trench. Trudy Instituta Okeanologij, Akademiya Nauk SSSR, 92, 9–17.
Okutani, T., & K. Fujikura (2002) Abyssal gastropods and bivalves collected by Shinkai 6500 on slope of the Japan Trench. Venus, 60(4), 211–224.
Okutani T., Fujikura, K., & Kojima, S. (1999) Two new hadal bivalves of the family Thyasiridae from the plate convergent area of the Japan Trench. Venus, 58, 49–54.
Sars, G.O. (1882) Revision af gruppen: Isopoda Chelifera med characteristik af nye herhen hørende arter og slægter. Archiv for Matematik og Naturvidenskab, 7, 1–54.
Sars, G.O. (1896) Isopoda. Parts I & II. Apseudidae, Tanaidae. An Account of the Crustacea of Norway with short descriptions and figures of all the species, II, 1–40.
Shirayama, Y. (1997) Proposal of experimental design to assess the biological impacts caused by the CO2 storage in the deep-sea. In, B. Oremond (ed.) Ocean Storage of CO2. Workshop 4. Practical and experimental approaches. IEA, London, 71–76.
Sieg, J. (1982) Tanaidacea. Pp: 203–205. In: Hurlbert, S.H. & A. Villalobos-Fugueroa. (Eds.). Aquatic biota of Mexico, Central America and the west Indies: San Diego State University, San Diego, California. Pp. 529.
Tadamichi, O. & Tatsuya, H. (1992) Living planktonic foraminiferal fauna from the Japan Trench off Boso Peninsula. Fossils, 52, 12–19.
Takeuchi, K., Kita, J., Shirayama, Y. and Ishizaka, J. (1999) Can we make the biological impacts of CO2 negligible by dilution? 2nd International Symposium on Ocean Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide, NEDO, Tokyo, pp. 29–33.
Vinogradov, M.E. (1955) Kharakter vertikal'nogo raspredelenniya zooplanktona v vodakh Kurilo-Kamchatskoi vladiny. (Vertical distribution of zooplankton in the waters of Kurile-Kamchatka depression). Trudy Instituta Okeanologii, 12, 177.
Vinogradova, N.G. (1969) On the finding of a new aberrant ascidian in the ultraabyssal of the Kurile-Kamchatka Trench. Bulletin Moskovskogo Obshchestva Ispytatelej Prirody, Seria Biologicheskaja, 74(3), 27–43.
Wolff, T. (1956) Crustacea Tanaidacea from depths exceeding 6000 meters. Galathea Reports, 2, 187–241.
Wolff, T. (1977) Diversity and composition of deep-sea benthos. Nature, 267, 780–785.
Zenkevich, L.A. & Beljaev, G.M. (1971) Fauna of the Kurile-Kamchatka Trench. Trudy Instituta Okeanologiji, Akademiya Nauk SSSR. Shirshova, Moscow. Pp. 372.