Abstract
The Anillinus langdoni–species group is characterized and two new species are described, Anillinus cieglerae Sokolov and Carlton sp. nov. and A. pusillus Sokolov and Carlton sp. nov., both from Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The langdoni–group includes four species at present, three apparently endemic to the Great Smoky Mountains and adjacent mountains of western North Carolina/Tennessee, and a fourth from South Mountains of middle North Carolina. They are distinguished mainly using characters of the male genitalia and to a lesser extent, differences in shapes of female spermathecae. Phylogenetic analyses based on aedeagal morphology and COI gene sequences yielded conflicting results, with the later providing a phylogeny that was more parsimonious with expectations based on geographic distributions. Speciation within the group may derive from ecological constraints and altitudinal fluctuations of habitat corridors during past climate changes combined with the impact of local watersheds as fine scale isolating mechanisms.References
Barr, T.C. (1962) The genus Trechus (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechini) in the southern Appalachians. Coleopterists Bulletin, 16, 65–92.
Clarke, T.E., Levin, D.B., Kavanaugh, D.H. & Reimchen, T.E. (2001) Rapid evolution in the Nebria gregaria group (Coleoptera: Carabidae) and the paleogeography of the Queen Charlotte Islands. Evolution, 55, 1408–1418.
Clary, D.O. & Wolstenholme, D.R. (1985) The mitochondrial DNA molecule of Drosophila yakuba: nucleotide sequence, gene organization, and genetic code. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 22, 252–271.
Dajoz, R. (2005) Les Coléoptères terricoles de trois stations du sud des Appalaches (États Unis): structure des peuplements et description de trois espèces nouvelles. Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, 110, 201–212.
Donabauer, M. (2005a) New species of the Trechus (Microtrechus) uncifer-group from the southern Appalachians (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Österreichischer Entomologen, 57, 51–62.
Donabauer, M. (2005b) New species and subspecies of the Trechus (Microtrechus) nebulosus-group from the southern Appalachians (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechinae). Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Österreichischer Entomologen, 57, 65–92.
Emerson, B.C., Oromi, P. & Hewitt, G.M. (2000) Interpreting colonization of the Calathus (Coleoptera: Carabidae) on the Canary Islands and Madeira through the application of the parametric bootstrap. Evolution, 54, 2081–2090.
Erwin, T.L. & Kavanaugh, D.H. (1981) Systematics and zoogeography of Bembidion Latreille: I. The carlhi and erasum groups of western North America (Coleoptera: Carabidae, Bembidiini). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplementum, 15, 33–72.
Gusarov, V. (2002) A revision of Nearctic species of the genus Geostiba Thomson, 1858 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae). Zootaxa, 81, 1–88.
Kim, C.G., Tominaga, O., Su, Z.H. & Osawa, S. (2000) Differentiation within the genus Leptocarabus (excl. L. kurilensis) in the Japanese Islands as deduced from mitochondrial ND5 gene sequences (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Genes and Genetic Systems, 75, 335–342.
Kimura, M. (1980) A simple method for estimating evolutionary rate of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 16, 111–120.
Lunt, D.H., Zhang, D.-X., Szymura, J.M. & Hewitt, G.M. (1996) The insect cytochrome oxidase I gene: evolutionary patterns and conserved primers for phylogenetic studies. Insect Molecular Biology, 5, 153–165.
Maddison, D.R. (1993) Systematics of the holarctic beetle subgenus Bracteon and related Bembidion (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 153, 143–299.
Marek, P. E., & D. H. Kavanaugh. (2005) The evolutionary relationships of North American Diplous Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Patrobini) inferred from morphological and molecular evidence. Invertebrate Systematics, 19, 145–168.
Posada D. & Buckley, T.R.. (2004) Model selection and model averaging in phylogenetics: advantages of Akaike information criterion and Bayesian approaches over likelihood ratio tests. Systematic Biology, 53, 793–808.
Posada D. & Crandall, K.A. (1998) MODELTEST: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics, 14, 817–818.
Sokolov, I.M., Carlton, C.E. & Cornell, J.F. (2004) Review of Anillinus, with descriptions of 17 new species and a key to soil and litter species (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechinae: Bembidiini). Coleopterists Bulletin, 58, 185–233.
Swofford, D.L. (2002) PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis using Parsimony (*and Other Methods). Version 4. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
Thompson, J.D., Gibson, T.J., Plewniak, F., Jeanmougin, F. & Higgins, D.G. (1997) The ClustalX windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Research, 24, 4876–4882.
Will, K.W. & Rubinoff, D. (2004) Myth of the molecule: DNA barcodes for species cannot replace morphology for identification and classification. Cladistics, 20, 47–55.
Zhang D.-X. & Hewitt, G.M. (1996) Assessment of the universality and utility of a set of conserved mitochondrial COI primers in insects. Insect Molecular Biology, 6, 143–150.
Zhang, A.B., Kubota, K., Takami, Y., Kim, J.L., Kim, J.K. & Sota, T. (2005) Species status and phylogeography of two closely related Coptolabrus species (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in South Korea inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences. Molecular Ecology, 14, 3823–3841.