Abstract
The shovel-nosed lobster genus Thenus Leach, 1815, long considered to contain only Thenus orientalis (Lund, 1793), is revised and five species recognised. Thenus indicus Leach, 1815, which had been relegated to the synonymy of T. orientalis, is reinstated and a lectotype designated. Three new species T. australiensis, T. unimaculatus and T. parindicus are diagnosed. Specimens of Thenus were collected from various locations throughout the Indo-West Pacific Oceans. Samples were analysed using a concordance approach involving three techniques: morphometrics/morphology, starch gel isozyme electrophoresis, and mitochondrial DNA sequencing of 16S and COI genes. All three investigations supported the recognition of five species. Despite significant genetic divergence, several sympatric species are morphologically similar and identification can be difficult; a key using a combination of live colour patterns and morphometric ratios is presented as an aid to species discrimination.
References
Alcock, A. (1902) A naturalist in Indian Seas or, four years with the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship "Investigator", i– xxiv, 1–328, figs 1–98, 1 map.
Anonymous (1845) "Catalogue of the collection of crustaceans in the cabinet of the Boston Society of Natural History." Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 2, 69–70.
Avise, J.C. & Walker, D. (1998) Pleistocene phylogeographic effects on avian populations and the speciation process. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Ser. B, Biological Science, 265, 457–463.
Babič, K. (1913) Thenus orientalis (Fabricius) in der Adria. Zoologischer Anzeiger, Leiden, 41, 273–274.
Balss, H. (1914) Ostasiatische Decapoden, II. Die Natantia und Reptantia. in, Doflein, F. Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte Ostasiens. Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., 2(10), 1–101, figs 1–50, pl. 1.
Balss, H. (1921) Stomatopoda, Macrura, Paguridea and Galatheidae. In, Results of Dr E. Mjöberg's Swedish Scientific Expeditions to Australia 1910–1913. XXIX. Svenska Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 61(10), 1–24 12 figs.
Barnard, K.H. (1926) Report on a collection of Crustacea from Portuguese East Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 13, 119–129, pls 10, 11.
Barnard, K.H. (1950) Descriptive catalogue of South African decapod Crustacea. Annals of the South African Museum, 38, 1–837.
Barnett, B.M., Hartwick, R.F. & Milward, N.E. (1984) Phyllosoma and nisto stage of the Morton Bay bug, Thenus orientalis (Lund) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Scyllaridae), from shelf waters of the Great Barrier Reef. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 35(2), 143–152.
Barnett, B.M., Hartwick, R.F. & Milward, N.E. (1986) Descriptions of the nisto stage of Scyllarus demani Holthuis, two unidentified Scyllarus species, and the juvenile of Scyllarus martensii Pfeffer (Crustacea: Decapoda: Scyllaridae), reared in the laboratory, and behavioural observations of the nistos of S. demani, S. martensii and Thenus orientalis (Lund). Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 37(5), 595–608.
Bate, C.S. (1888) Report on the Crustacea Macrura collected by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–76. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–1876, Zoology, 24, 1–942, i–xc figs 1–76, pls 1–150.
Ben-Tuvia, A. (1968) Report on the fisheries investigations of the Israel South Red Sea expedition, 1962. Rep. No. 33. Bulletin Sea fisheries Research Station Haifa, 52, 21–55.
Berthold, A.A. (1845) Ueber verschiedene neue oder seltene Reptilien aus Neu Granada und Crustaceen aus China. Nachrichten von der Georg-Augusts Universität und der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, 37–49.
Berthold, A.A. (1847) Ueber verschiedene neue oder seltene Reptilien aus Neu-Granada und Crustaceen aus China. Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, 3, 3–32, pls 1–3.
Billberg, G.J. (1820) Enumeratio Insectorum in Museo Gust. Joh. Billberg. Holmiae [Stockholm], 1–138.
Blaxter, M.L. (2004) The promise of a DNA taxonomy. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society Series B, 359, 669–640.
Blaxter, M.L., Elsworth, B., & Daub, J. (2004) DNA Taxonomy of a neglected animal phylum: an unexpected diversity of tardigrades. Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B, 271 (Suppl. 4), S189–S192.
Bond, J.E. (2004) Systematics of the Californian euctenizine spider genus Apomastus (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Cyrtaucheniidae): the relationship between molecular and morphological taxonomy. Invertebrate Systematics, 18, 361– 376.
Bonde, C.von & Marchand, J.M. (1935) The natural history and utilisation of the Cape Crawfish, Kreef, or Spiny Lobster, Jasus (Palinurus) lalandii (Milne Edwards) Ortmann. Fisheries Bulletin, Fisheries and Marine Biological Survey, Union of South Africa, 1, 1–55, pls 1–8, maps 1–9.
Boone, L. (1935) Crustacea and Echinodermata. Scientific results of the world cruise of the yacht Alva, 1931, William K. Vanderbilt, commanding. Bulletin of the Vanderbilt Marine Museum, 6, 1–263, 96 pls, 13 text–figs.
Borradaile, L.A. (1910) Penaeidae, Stenopidea and Reptantia from the Western Indian Ocean. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology, 13(2), 257–264, 16 pls.
Bosc, L.A.G. (1801) Histoire naturelle des Crustacés, contenant leur Description et leurs Moeurs, Paris, 296 pp., pls 9– 18.
Branford, J.R. (1980) Notes on the scyllarid lobster Thenus orientalis (Lund, 1793) off the Tokar Delta (Red Sea). Crustaceana, 38(2), 221–224.
Brown, D. & Holthuis, L.B. (1998) The Australian species of the genus Ibacus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Scyllaridae), with the description of a new species and addition of new records. Zoologische Mededelingen, 72 (10), 113–141, figs 1– 3, pls 1–9.
Burton, T.E. (1995) The spermatid pathway and associated reproductive structures of the squat lobster Thenus orientalis (Lund, 1793). Invertebrate Reproduction and Development, 28(1), 53–61.
Burton, T.E. (1996) Comparative spermiomorphism and taxonomic implications within the Genus Thenus (Decapoda: Scyllaridae). Journal of Submicroscopic Cytology and Pathology, 28(4), 499–506.
Casto de Elera, F. (1895) Catálogo sistemático de toda la Faune de Filipinas conocida hasta el presente, y á la vez el de la colección zoológica del Museo de PP. Dominicas del Colegio-Universidad de Santo Tomás de Manila, 676 pp.
Chacko, S. (1967) The central nervous system of Thenus orientalis (Leach). Marine Biology, 1, 113–117.
Chan, T.-Y. (1998) Lobsters. In: Carpenter, K.E. & Niem, V.H. (Eds.), The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific, Volume 2, Cephalopods, crustaceans, holothurians and sharks. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome, pp. 973–1043.
Chan, T.-Y. & Yu, H.-P. (1993) The Illustrated Lobsters of Taiwan, SMC Publishing Inc.: Taipei, 247 pp.
Chhapgar, B.F. & Deshmukh, S.K. (1964) Further records of lobsters from Bombay. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 61(1), 203–207.
Chilton, C. (1911) The Crustacea of the Kermadec Islands. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute (Zoology), 43, 544–573.
Clary, D.O. & Wolstenholme, D.R. (1985) The mitochondrial DNA molecule of Drosophila Yakuba: pp.nucleotide sequence, gene organization, and genetic code. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 22, 252–271.
Courtney, A. J. (1997) A study of the biological parameters associated with yield optimisation of Moreton Bay bugs, Thenus spp. Fisheries Research and Development Corporation (FRDC) Final Report Project #92/102, 45 pp.
Courtney, A. J. (2002) The status of Queensland’s Moreton Bay Bug (Thenus spp.) and Balmain Bug (Ibacus spp.) stocks. Southern Fisheries Centre, Deception Bay, Information Series QI02100. Queensland Government Department of Primary Industries. 18 pp.
Courtney, A.J., Cosgrove, M.G. & Die, D.J. (2001) Population dynamics of Scyllarid lobsters of the genus Thenus spp. on the Queensland (Australia) east coast. I. Assessing the effects of tagging. Fisheries Research (Amsterdam), 53(3), 251–261.
Dalebout, M.L., Baker, C.S. Mead, J.G., Cockcroft, V.G. & Yamada, T.K. (2004) A comprehensive and validated molecular taxonomy of beaked whales, family Ziphiidae. Journal of Heredity, 95, 459–473.
Davie, P.J.F. & Burton, T.E. (2000) Case 3135. Scyllarus orientalis Lund, 1793 (currently Thenus orientalis; Crustacea, Decapoda): proposed designation of a neotype. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 57(2), 84–86.
Dawson, W.R. (1946) On the history of Gray and Hardwicke’s Illustrations of Indian Zoology, and some biographical notes on General Harwicke. Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History, 2(3), 55–69.
de Man, J.G. (1888a) Bericht über die von Herrn Dr. J. Brock im indischen Archipel gesammelten Decapoden und Stomatopoden. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 53(1), 215–600 pls 7–22, 22a.
de Man, J.G. (1888b) Report on the Podophthalmous Crustacea of the Mergui Archipelago, collected for the Trustees of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, by Dr John Anderson, F.R.S., Superintendent of the Museum. Parts I–V. Journal of the Linnaen Society, 22(136–140), 1–312, pls 1–19.
de Man, J.G. (1897) Bericht über die von herrn Schiffscapitän Storm zu Atjeh, an den westlichen Küsten von Malakka, Bornio und Celebes sowie in der Java-See gesammelten Decapoden und Stomatopoden (Part 5). Zoologische Jahrbücher, Systematik, Ökologie, und Geographie der Tiere, 9, 725–788, figs 60–73.
de Man, J.G. (1902a) Over de Crustacea Crustacea ("Weeke Schaalvisschen") in Rumphius' Rariteikamer. Rumphius Gedenbork, uitegeven door het Koloniaal Museum te Haarlem, pp. 98–104.
de Man, J.G. (1916) Families Eryonidae, Palinuridae, Scyllaridae and Nephropsidae. The Decapoda of the Siboga Expedition. Part III. Siboga-Expeditie. Leiden, 39(A2), 1–122, pls 1–4.
de Haan, W. (1841) Crustacea. In: Von Siebold, P.F. Fauna Japonica sive Descriptio Animalium, quae in Itinere per Japoniam, Jussu et Auspiciis Superiorum, qui Summum in India Batava Imperium Tenent, Suscepto, Annis 1823– 1830 Collegit, Notis, Observationibus et Adumbrationibus Illustravit. Leiden: Lugundi-Batavorum, pp. 1–243, pls A–J, L–Q, 1–55, circ. tab. 2.
Deshmukh, V.D. (2001) Collapse of sand lobster fishery in Bombay waters. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 48(1), 71–76.
Desjardins, J. (1831) Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence of the Zoological Society of London, 1, 46.
Desmarest, A.G. (1823) Crustacés Malacostracés. In: Levrault, F.G. & Le Normant (Eds.) Dictionnaire des Sciences naturelles. Vol. 4 pp. 138–425, atlas, pls 1–58.
Desmarest, A.G. (1825) Considérations générales sur la classe des Crustacés, et description des espèces de ces animaux qui vivent dans la mer, sur les côtes ou dans les eaux douces de la France. Paris, pp. i–xix, 1–446.
Estampador, E.P. (1937) A check list of Philippine crustacean decapods. Philippine Journal of Science, 62(4), 465–559.
Fabricius, J.C. (1798) Supplementatione Entomologiae Systematicae. Hafniae: Proft et Storch, ii, 572 pp.
Farris, J.S. (1988) Hennig86 version 1.5 manual; software and MSDOS program. Folmer, O., Black, M., Hoeh, W., Lutz, R. & Vrijenhoek, R. (1994) DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology, 3, 294–299.
Gibbes, L.R. (1850a) On the Carcinological Collections of the Cabinets of natural History in the United States. With an Enumeration of the Species contained therein, and Descriptions of new Species. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 3, 167–201.
Gibbes, L.R. (1850b) Catalogue of the Crustacea in the cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, August 20th, 1847, with notes on the most remarkable. (With additions and observations by the committee). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1850, 22–30.
Goetze, E. (2003) Cryptic speciation on the high seas; global phylogenetics of the copepod family Eucalanidae. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A, 370, 2321–2331.
Gordon, I. (1935) On two new species of Crustacea from Christmas Island. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 16, 629–637, 37 figs.
Graham, K.J., Liggins, G.W., Wildforster, J. & Kennelly, S.J. (1993) Relative abundances and size compositions of prawns and by-catch species on New South Wales prawn grounds during surveys V–VIII (May 1991–May 1992). Kapala Cruise Report No. 112 (NSW Fisheries, Cronulla).
Haswell, W.A. (1882) Catalogue of the Australian Stalk- and Sessile-eyed Crustacea. Australian Musuem, Sydney. 326 pp., 4 pls.
Hebert, P.D.N., Cywinska, A., Ball, S.L. & deWaard J.R. (2003a) Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 270, 313–322.
Hebert, P.D.N., Ratnasingham, S. & deWaard, J.R. (2003b) Barcoding animal life: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 divergences among closely related species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 270, 596–599.
Hebert, P.D.N, Stoeckle, M.Y., Zemlak, T.S. & Francis, C.M. (2004a) Identification of birds through DNA barcodes. PLoS Biology 2, e312.
Hebert, P.D.N., Penton, E.H., Burns, J.M., Janzen, D.H. & Hallwachs, W. (2004b) Ten species in one: DNA barcoding reveals cryptic species in the neotropical skipper butterfly Astraptes fulgerator. PNAS, 101 (41), 14812–14817.
Heller, C. (1865) Crustaceen. In: Reise der Österreichischen Fregatte ‘Novara’ um die Erdre, in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859, unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von Wüllerstorf-Urbair. Zoologischer Theil, 2(3), pp. 1–280 pls 1–25.
Henderson, J.R. (1893) A contribution to Indian Carcinology. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology, 5(1), 325–458, pls 36–40.
Henschel, A.G.E.T. (1833) Vita G. E. Rumphii, Plinii Indici. Accedunt Specimen Materiae Rumphianae Medicae Clavisque Herbarii et Thesauri Amboinensis, i–xiv, 1–215, 1 pl.
Herbst, J.F.W. (1793) Versuch einer Naturgeschichte der Krabben und Krebse nebst einer Systematischen Beischreibung ihrer Verschieden Arten, Berlin & Stralsund, Vol. 2, Pt 3, pp. 79–98, pls 30–33.
Herklots, J.A. (1861) Symbolae Carcinologicae. I. Catlogue des Crustacés qui ont servi de base au système carcinologique de M. W. de Haan, rédigé d'après la collection du Musée des Pays-Bas et les Crustacés de la faune du Japon. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereniging, 4, 116–156.
Herrnkind, W.F., Halusky, J. & Kanciruk, P. (1976) A further note on phyllosoma larvae associated with medusae. Bulletin of Marine Science, 26(1), 110–112.
Hilgendorf, F. (1879) Die von Herrn W. Peters in Moçambique gesammelten Crustaceen, bearbeitet von Herrn Dr. F. Hilgendorf. Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1878, 782–851, pls 1–4.
Hinsch, G.W. & McKnight, C.E. (1988) The vas deferens of the Spanish lobster, Scyllarus chacei. International Journal of Invertebrate Reproduction & Development, 13, 267–280.
Hoffmann, C.K. (1874) Crustacés et Echinodermes de Madagascar et de l’île de la Réunion, In: Pollen, F.P.L. & Van Dam, D.C. (Eds.) Recherches sur la Fauna de Madagascar et de ses dépendances, part 5. Leiden: E.J. Brill. Pp. i– xvii, i–xxxi, ix–xvi, 1–58 pls, 1–10.
Holthuis, L.B. (1946) Biological Results of the Snellius Expedition. 1. The Stenopodidae, Nephropsidae, Scyllaridae, Palinuridae. Temminckia (Leiden), 7, 1–178.
Holthuis, L.B. (1968) The second Israel South Red Sea Expedition, 1965, Report No. 7. The Palinuridae and Scyllaridae of the Red Sea. Zoologische Mededelingen, 42, 281–301, figs.
Holthuis, L.B. (1985) A revision of the family Scyllaridae (Crustacea: Decapoda: Macrura). 1. Subfamily Ibacinae. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 218, 1–130, figs 1–27.
Holthuis, L.B. (1991) FAO Species Catalogue. Marine lobsters of the World — FAO Fisheries Synopsis, 125(13), 292.
Hossain, M.A. (1974) On the squat lobster, Thenus orientalis (Lund) off Visakhaptnam (Bay of Bengal). Current Sci ence, 44(5), 161–162.
Hossain, M.A. (1978a) Appearance and development of sexual characters of sand lobsters, Thenus orientalis (Lund) (Decapoda: Scyllaridae) from Bay of Bengal. Bangladesh Journal of Zoology, 6(1), 31–42.
Hossain, M.A. (1978b) Telson setae and sexual dimorphism of the sand lobster, Thenus orientalis (Lund). Current Science (Bangalore), 47(17), 644–645.
Hossain, M.A. (1979) On the fecundity of the sand lobster, Thenus orientalis from Bay of Bengal. Bangladesh Journal of Scientific Research Part A, 2, 25–32.
Hurston, E. (1895) Rámésvaram Island and fauna of the Gulf of Manaar. Bulletin of the Madras Government Museum, 3, 79–138, pls 4–7, 2 maps.
Hossain, M.A., Shyamasundari, K. & Hanumantha, R.K. (1975) On the landing of sand lobster, Thenus orientalis (Lund). Seafood Export Journal, 7(4), 1–6.
Imai, H., Cheng, J.-H., Hamasaki, K. & Numachi, K.-I. (2004) Identification of four mud crab species (genus Scylla) using ITS-1 and 16S rDNA markers. Aquatic Living Resources 17, 31–34.
Imai, H. & Takeda, M. (2005) A natural hybrid mud crab (Decapoda, Portunidae) from Japan. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 25(4), 620–624.
International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature (2002) Opinion 1988 (Case 3135). Scyllarus orientalis Lund, 1793 (currently Thenus orientalis; Crustacea, Decapoda): neotype designated. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 59(1), 53.
Isarankura, A.P. (1971) Assessment of stocks of demersal fish off the west coasts of Thailand and Malaysia. IOFC/DEV/ 71/20. F.A.O., Rome.
Ito, M. (1986) Mariculture-related laboratory studies on the early life histories of scyllarid lobsters (Crustacea: Decapoda: Scyllaridae): two forms of Thenus Leach and Scyllarus demani Holthius. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Queensland.
Ivanov, B.G. & Krylov, V.V. (1980) Length-weight relationships in some common prawns and lobsters (Macrura, Natantia and Reptantia) from the Western Indian Ocean. Crustaceana, 38(3), 279–289.
Jacklyn, P.M. & Ritz, D.A. (1986) Hydrodynamics of swimming in scyllarid lobsters. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 101(1–2), 85–99.
Jennrich. R. I. (1977) Stepwise discriminant analysis. In: Enslein, K., Ralston, A. & Wilf, H.S. (Eds.) Statistical methods for digital computers. New York: Wiley.
Johnston, D.J. (1994) Functional morphology of the membranous lobe within the preoral cavity of Thenus orientalis (Crustacea: Scyllaridae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 74(4), 787–800.
Johnston, D.J. & Alexander, C.G. (1999) Functional morphology of the mouthparts and alimentary tract of the slipper lobster Thenus orientalis (Decapoda: Scyllaridae). Marine and Freshwater Research, 50(3), 213–223.
Johnston, D.J. & Yellowlees, D. (1998) Relationship between dietary preferences and digestive enzyme complement of the slipper lobster Thenus orientalis (Decapoda: Scyllaridae). Journal of Crustacean Biology, 18(4), 656–665.
Johnston, D., Hermans, J.M. & Yellowlees, D. (1995) Isolation and characterization of a trypsin from slipper lobster, Thenus orientalis (Lund). Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 324(1), 35–40.
Johnston, D.J, Alexander, C.G. & Yellowlees, D. (1998) Epithelial cytology and function in the digestive gland of Thenus orientalis (Decapoda: Scyllaridae). Journal of Crustacean Biology, 18(2), 271–278.
Johnson, N.K. & Cicero, C. (2004) New mitochondrial DNA data affirm the importance of Pleistocene speciation in North American birds. Evolution, 58, 1122–1130.
Jones, C.M. (1988) The Biology and Behaviour of Bay Lobsters, Thenus spp. (Decapoda: pp.Scyllaridae), in Northern Queensland. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Queensland.
Jones, C.M. (1990) Morphological characteristics of bay lobsters, Thenus species, Leach (Decapoda, Scyllaridae), from north-eastern Australia. Crustaceana, 59(3), 265–275.
Jones, C.M. (1993) Population structure of Thenus orientalis and T. indicus (Decapoda: Scyllaridae) in northeastern Australia. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 97(2), 143–155.
Kabli, L.M. & Kagwade, P.V. (1996) Morphometry and conversion factors in the sand lobster Thenus orientalis (Lund) from Bombay waters. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 43(3), 249–254.
Kagwade, P.V. & Kabli, L.M. (1991) Embryonic development of larvae on the pleopods of the spiny lobster Panulirus polyphagus (Herbst) and the sand lobster Thenus orientalis (Lund) from Bombay waters. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 38(2), 73–82.
Kagwade, P.V. & Kabli, L.M. (1996a). Age and growth of the sand lobster Thenus orientalis (Lund) from Bombay waters. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 43(3), 241–247.
Kagwade, P.V. & Kabli, L.M. (1996b). Reproductive biology of the sand lobster Thenus orientalis (Lund) from Bombay waters. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 43(1), 13–25.
Kailola, P.J., Williams, M.J., Stewart, P.C., Reichelt, R.E., McNee, A. & Grieve, C. (Eds.) (1993) Australian Fisheries Resources. Bureau of Resource Sciences, Department of Primary Industries and Energy & the Fisheries Research and Development Corporation, Canberra. i–x, 422 pp.
Kaleemur, Rahman M. & Subramoniam, T. (1989) Molting and its control in the female sand lobster Thenus orientalis (Lund). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 128(2), 105–115.
Keenan, C.P., Davie, P.J.F. & Mann, D.L. (1998) A revision of the genus Scylla De Haan, 1833 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Portunidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 46(1), 1–29.
Klicka, J. & Zink, R.M. (1997) The importance of recent ice ages in speciation: A failed paradigm. Science, 277, 1666– 1669.
Knowlton, N. (1986) Cryptic and sibling species among the decapod Crustacea. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 6, 356– 363.
Knowlton, N. (1993) Sibling species in the sea. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 24, 189–216.
Knowlton, N. (2000) Molecular genetic analyses of species boundaries. Hydrobiologia, 420, 73–90.
Kumar, S., Tamura, K., & Nei, M. (1993) MEGA — Molecular Evolutionary Genetic Analysis. Version 1.01. The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.
Kumar, S., Tamura, K. & Nei, M. (2004) MEGA3: Integrated software for molecular evolutionary genetics analysis and sequence alignment. Briefings in Bioinformatics, 5, 150– 163.
Lal Mohon, R.S. (1976) Some aspects of the biology of the mud lobster Thenus orientalis from Mandapam. Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress 63(4): 109 (Abstract).
Lanchester, W.F. (1901) On the Crustacea collected during the "Skeat" Expedition to the Malay Peninsula, together with a Note on the Genus Actaeopsis. Part I. Brachyura, Stomatopoda and Macrura. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1901(2), 533–574, pls 33, 34.
Latreille, P.A. (1802) Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, des Crustacés et des Insectes. Paris: F. Dufart, Vol. 3, 467 pp.
Latreille, P.A. (1818) Crustacés. In: Crustacés, Arachnides et Insectes. Atlas. Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois régnes de la nature. Pp. 1–39, pls 268–397.
Latreille, P.A. (1825) Familles naturelles du règne animal, exposées succinctement et dans un ordre analytique, avec l'indication de leurs genres. Baillère, Paris. 570 pp.
Latreille, P.A. (1829) Les Crustacés, les Arachnides et les Insectes, distribués en familles naturelles, 2nd ed., Le Règne Animal, distribué d'après son organisation, pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée. Paris, 1–584.
Lau, C.J. (1987) Feeding behaviour of the Hawaiian slipper lobster, Scyllarides squammosus, with a review of decapod crustacean feeding tactics on molluscan prey. Bulletin of Marine Science, 41(2), 378–391.
Leach, W.E. (1815) A tabular view of the external characters of four classes of animals, which Linné arranged under Insecta; with the distribution of the genera composing three of these Classes into Orders. &c. and descriptions of several new genera and species. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 11, 306–400.
Leach, W.E. (1816) ANNULOSA. Class I. CRUSTACEA. In: Supplement to the 4th, 5th and 6th editions of Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 1, Part 2. London. Pp. 401–453, pls XX–XXVI.
Lee, C.E. (2000) Global phylogeography of a cryptic copepod species complex and reproductive isolation between genetically proximate “populations”. Evolution, 54, 2014–2027.
Lee, M.S.Y. (2004) The molecularisation of taxonomy. Invertebrate Systematics, 18, 1–6.
Liu, F.G. (1981) Observation on the first stage phyllosoma larvae of scyllarid lobster, Thenus orientalis (Leech). Bulletin of Taiwan Fisheries Research Institute, 33, 733–740.
Lucas, H. (1851) Histoire naturelle des Crustacés, des Arachnides et des Myriapodes; précédée de l'Histoire naturelle des Annélides, par M. le Vomte de Castelnau. Pp. 1–601, pls 1, 1–7, 1–20, 1–13, 1–3, 1, 1.
Lund, N.T. (1793) Slaegten Scyllarus. Iagttagelser til Insekterens. Skrifter af Naturhistorie-Selskabet. Kiøbenhavn, 2(2), 17–22.
Macpherson, E. & Machordom, A. (2005) Use of morphological and molecular data to identify three new sibling species of the genus Munida Leach, 1820 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Galatheidae) from New Caledonia. Journal of Natural History, 39(11), 819–834.
Maki, M. & Tsuchiya, H. (1923) A monograph of the decapod Crustacea of Formosa. Report of the Department of Agriculture, Government of Research Institute of Taihoku Formosa, No. 3,1–11, 1–215, 1–4, pls 1–24. [In Japanese].
Mallet, J. & Willmott, K. (2003) Taxonomy: renaissance or Tower of Babel? Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 18, 57– 59.
Marshall, T.C., Grant, E.M. & Haysom, N.M. (1959) Know your fishes. An illustrated Guide to the principal commercial fishes and crustaceans of Queensland. Department of Harbours and Marine: Brisbane. i–x, 137 pp., 2 pls.
Matthews, D.C. (1954) A comparative study of the spermatophores of three Scyllarid lobsters (Parribacus antarcticus, Scyllarides squammosus and Scyllarus martensii). Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 95(2), 205–215.
Mayr, E. (1963) Animal Species and Evolution. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 797 pp.
Meier, R., Shiyang, K., Vaidya, G. & Ng, P.K.L. (2006) DNA barcoding and taxonomy in Diptera: a tale of high intraspecific variability and low identification success. Systematic Biology, 55, 715–728.
Miers, E.J. (1880) On a collection of Crustacea from the Malaysian Region. Part I. Crustacea Oxyrhyncha and Cyclome topa, except Telphusidea. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 5(27), 226–239, pl. 13.
Mikami, S. (2005). Moulting behaviour responses of Bay lobster, Thenus orientalis, to environmental manipulation. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 39(2), 287–292.
Mikami, S., Greenwood, J.G. & Gillespie, N.C. (1995) The effect of starvation and feeding regimes on survival, intermoult period and growth of cultured Panulirus japonicus and Thenus sp. phyllosomas (Decapoda, Panlinuridae and Scyllaridae). Crustaceana, 68(2), 160–169.
Mikami, S. & Greenwood, J.G. (1997a) Influence of light regimes on phyllosomal growth and timing of moulting in Thenus orientalis (Lund) (Decapoda: Scyllaridae). Marine and Freshwater Research, 48(8), 777–782.
Mikami, S. & Greenwood, J.G. (1997b) Complete development and comparative morphology of larval Thenus orientalis and Thenus sp. (Decapoda: Scyllaridae) reared in the laboratory. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 17(2), 289–308.
Milne Edwards, H. (1837a) Les Crustacés. Livraison 33. In: Cuvier, G. (ed.) Le Règne Animal, distribué d'après son organisation, pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux, et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée. Paris: Déterville, 278 pp., Atlas, pls 1–80.
Milne Edwards, H. (1837b) Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés, comprenant l'anatomie, la physiologie et la classification de ces animaux. Paris: Libraire Encyclopedique de Roret, Vol. 2, 532 pp., Atlas 32 pp., 42 pls
Mohan, R.S. Lal. (1976) Some aspects of the fishery and biology of the mud lobster, Thenus orientalis from Mandapam. Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress 1976, 3rd Sesion (abstract only).
Moritz, C. & Cicero, C. (2004) DNA Barcoding: Promise and Pitfalls. PLoS Biology, 2(10),e279–e354.
Mutagyera, W.B. (1984) On Thenus orientalis and Metanephrops andamanicus (Macrura, Scyllaridae and Nephropidae) off Kenya coast. East Africa Agriculture and Forestry Journal, 45(2), 142–145.
Nei, M., Tajima, F. & Tateno, Y. (1983) Accuracy of estimated phylogenetic trees from molecular data. II. Gene frequency data. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 19, 153–170.
Neumann, R. (1878) Systematische Uebersicht der Gattungen der Oxyrhynchen: Catalog der podophthalmen Crustaceen des Heidelberger Museums. Beschreibung einiger neuer Arten. Leipzig, 39 pp.
Nobili, G. (1900) Decapodi e Stomatopodi Indo-Malesi. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale (di Genova) Giacomo Doria, 40, 473–523 figs 1–4.
Nobili, G. (1903) Crostacei di Singapore. Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della R. Università di Torino, 18(455), 1–39, 1 pl.
Nobili, G. (1906a) Faune carcinologique de la Mer Rouge. Decapodes et Stomatopodes. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris, 4, 1–347, figs 1–12, pls 1–11.
Nobili, G. (1906b) Crustacés Décapodes et Stomatopodes. In: Mission G. Bonnier et Ch. Pérez (Golfe Persique 1901).
Bulletin Scientifique de la France et de la Belgique. Paris, 40, 13–159, figs 1–3, pls 2–7.
Ortmann, A.E. (1891) Die Decapoden-Krebse des Strassburger museums, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der von Herrn Dr. Döderlein bei Japan und bei den Liu-Kiu-Inseln gesammelten und z. Z. im Strassburger Museum aufbewahrten Formen, II: Versuch einer Revision der Gattungen Palaemon sens. strict. und Bithynis. Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abteilung für Systematik, 5, 693–750, pl. 47.
Page, T.J., Choy, S.C. & Hughes, J.M. (2005) The taxonomic feedback loop: symbiosis of morphology and molecules, Biology Letters (2005) 1, 139–142.
Pauly, D. (1979) Theory and management of tropical multispecies stocks. A review, with emphasis on the Southeast Asian demersal fisheries. ICLARM Studies and Reviews No. 1, International Center for Living Aquatic Resource Management, Manila.
Petiver, J. (1713) Aquatilium Animalium Amboinae, 1–4, pls 1–22.
Prasad, R.R. & Tampi, P.R.S. (1968) On the distribution of palinurid and scyllarid lobsters in the Indian Ocean. Journal of the Marine Biological Assocation of India, 10(1), 78–87.
Prasath, E.B., Rahman, M.K. & Subramoniam, T. (1994) Egg incubation and brooding behaviour of the female sand lobster Thenus orientalis (Lund) (Crustacea: Decapoda). In: Chou, L.M., Munro, A.D., Lam, T.J., Chen, T.W., Cheong, L.K.K., Ding, J.K., Hooi, K.K., Khoo, H.W., Phang, V.P.E., Shim, K.F. & Tan, C.H. (Eds.). The third Asian fisheries forum: proceedings of the Third Asian Fisheries Forum 26–30 October 1992, Singapore. Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines, 1994, pp. 480–483.
Radhakrishnan, E.V., Deshmukh, V.D., Manisseri, M.K., Rajamani, M., Kizhakudan, J.K. & Thangaraja, R. (2005) Status of the major lobster fisheries in India. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 39(3), 723– 732.
Raghu Prasad, R., Tampi, P.R.S. & George, M.J. (1975) Phyllosoma larvae from the Indian Ocean collected by the Dana expedition 1928–1930. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 17(2), 56–107.
Ramadan, M.M. (1938) The Astacura and Palinura. Science Reports of the John Murray Expedition 1933–1934, 5(5), 123–136, figs 1–7.
Risso, A. (1816) Histoire naturelle des Crustacés des environs de Nice. Paris, pp. 84–175, pls 1–3.
Ritz, D.A. & Jacklyn, P.M. (1985) Believe it or not — bugs fly through the water. Australian Fisheries, 44(6), 35–37.
Rosenberg, G. (1996) Lumping and splitting. http://www.conchologistsofamerica.org/articles/y1996/9606_rosenberg.asp (acessed 11 April 2006) [hard copy published in June 1996 issue of American Conchologist but not seen].
Rothlisberg, P.C., Jackson, C.J., Phillips, B.F. & McWilliam, P.S. (1994). Distribution and abundance of scyllarid and palinurid lobster larvae in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 45(3), 337–349.
Rumphius, G.E. (1705) D'Amboinsche Rariteitkamer, behelzende eene beschryvinge van allerhande zoo weeke als harde schaalvisschen, te weeten raare Krabben, Kreeften, en diergelyke Zeedieren, als mede allerhande Hoorntjes en Schulpen, die men in d'Amboinsche Zee vindt: daar beneven zommige Mineraalen, Gesteenten, en soorten van Aarde, die in d'Amboinsche, en zommige omleggende Eilanden gevonden worden: Verdeelt in drie bocken, &c. Rumpf, Georg Eberhard, 1627–1702. Amsterdam, Vol. 1, 340 pp., 60 pls.
Rumphius, G.E. (1741) loc.cit. [reprinted].
Saeger, J., Martosubroto, P. & Pauly, D. (1976) First report of the Indonesian-German demersal fisheries project. Results of a trawl survey in the Sunda Shelf area. Jakarta Marine Fisheries Research Reports/Contributions to the Demerersal Fisheries Project No. 1.
Santucci, R. (1926) Fillosomi di Scillaridi esotici nel mediterraneo. Monitore Zoologico Italiano, Firenze, 37, 19–23, figs 1–4.
Sekiguchi, H. (1988) Life histories of the scyllarid and palinurid lobsters — 14. Aquabiology (Tokyo), 10(2), 96–99.
Sekiguchi, H. (1990) Life histories of the scyllarid and palinurid lobsters — 29. Aquabiology (Tokyo) 12(5), 379–384.
Serène, R. (1937) Inventaire des Invertébrés marins de l'Indochine (1re Liste). Institut Océanographique de Nhatrang, Indochine, 30e Note, 1–83.
Shindo, S. (1973) General review of the trawl fishery and the demersal fish stocks of the South China Sea. F.A.O. Fisheries Technical Paper, No. 120.
Shirota, A. & Ratanachote, A. (1973) Preliminary observation on the distribution and catch of the shovel-nosed lobster, Thenus orientalis Lund in South China Sea. Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Centre, Bangkok. Shojima, Y. (1963) Scyllarid phyllosomas' habit of accompanying the jelly-fish. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 29(4), 349–353.
Siebold, G.T. de [P.F.von] (1824) De historiae naaturalis in Japonia statu, nec non de augmento emolumentisque in decursu perscrutationum exspectandis Disserttio, cui accedunt Spicilegia Faune Japonicae. Batavia, 16 pp.
Simon, C., Franke, A. & Martin, A. (1991) The polymerase chain reaction: DNA extraction and amplification. In: Hewitt, G.M., Johnson, A.W.B & Young, J.P.W. (Eds.), Molecular Techniques in Taxonomy. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 329–355.
Stearns, F. (1891) List of the Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea, and Crustacea at present in the private collection of Frederick Stearns, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A. pp. i–viii. [citation fide Holthuis, 1946]
Stebbing, T.R.R. (1893) A History of Crustacea. Recent Malacostraca, pp. i–xvii, 1–466, textfigs 1–32, pls 1–19.
Stebbing, T.R.R. (1915) South African Crustacea (Part VIII). Annals of the South African Museum, 15, 57–104, pls 8–25.
Stebbing, T.R.R. (1920) South African Crustacea, (Part X of S.A. Crustacea, for the Marine Investigations in South Africa). Annals of the South African Museum, 17(4), 231–272, pls 18–27.
Stephensen, K. (1923) Decapoda-Macrura excl. Sergestidae. Reports Danish Oceanographical Expeditions 1908–10 Mediterranean, 2(D3), 1–85, figs, 1–27, maps 1–8.
Suvatti, C. (1937) A Check-List of Aquatic Fauna in Siam (excluding Fishes). 116 pp.
Swofford, D.L. (1993) Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (PAUP), Version 3.1.1 University of Illinois, Champaign.
Tajima, F. & Nei, M. (1984) Estimation of evolutionary distance between nucleotide sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 1, 269–285.
Tautz, D., Arctander, P., Minelli, A., Thomas, R.H. & Vogler, A.P. (2003) A plea for DNA taxonomy. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 18, 70–74.
Tennent, J.E. (1861) Sketches of the Natural History of Ceylon with Narratives and Anecdotes illustrative of the Habits and Instincts of the Mammalia, Birds, Reptiles, Fishes, Insects, &c. Including a Monograph of the Elephant and a Description of the Modes of capturing and training it. Pp. i–xxiii, 1–500, textfigs and pls.
Thompson, D.A.W. (1901) A Catalogue of Crustacea and of Pycnogonida contained in the Museum of University College, Dundee. Pp. 1–56.
Wadley, V. & Evans, D. (1991) Crustaceans from the deepwater trawl fisheries of Western Australia. CSIRO Division of Fisheries, Australia, 44 pp.
Walker, A.D. (1887) Notes on a collection of Crustacea from Singapore. Journal of the Linnaean Society of London, Zoology, 20, 107–117, pls 6–9.
Wang, G., Zhu, D. & Li, S. (1998) Preliminary study on the temperature-specific rates of embryonic development of the flathead lobster Thenus orientalis (Lund.). Marine Science Bulletin (Tianjin), 17(3), 39–44.
Westheide, W. & Schmidt, H. (2003) Cosmopolitan versus cryptic meiofaunal polychaete species: an approach to a molecular taxonomy. Helgolander Marine Research, 57, 1–6.
White, A. (1847) List of the Specimens of Crustacea in the Collection of the British Museum. London: British Museum, pp. i–viii, 1–143.
Wiens, J.J. (1999) Polymorphism in systematics and comparative biology. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 30, 327–362.
Will, K.W. & Rubinoff, D. (2004) Myth of the molecule: DNA barcodes for species cannot replace morphology for identification and classification. Cladistics, 20, 47–55.
Zhu, D.-F., Li, S.-J. & Wang, G.-Z. (2000a) Study on the chromosome of the squat lobster, Thenus orientalis (Lund). Journal of Xiamen University Natural Science, 36(6), 844–848.
Zhu, D.-F., Wang, G.-Z. & Li, S.-J. (2000b) Sperm ultrastructure of the squat lobster, Thenus orientalis (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoological Research, 21(5), 387–391.
Zhu, D.-F., Wang, G.-Z. & Li, S.-J. (2000c) Observations on the embryonic development of Thenus orientalis. Journal of Fisheries of China, 24(6), 494–499.
Zhu, D.-F., Li, S.-J., Wang, G.-Z. & Ye, H.-H (2000d) Anatomical and histological studies on the male reproductive system of Thenus orientalis. Chinese Journal of Zoology, 35(6), 5–8.
Zhu, D.-F., Li, S.-J. & Wang, G.-Z. (2001a) Structures of ovary and ovarian follicle in flathead lobster, Thenus orientalis (Lund, 1793) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Scyllarida). Acta Oceanologica Sinica (English Edition), 20(2), 241–250.
Zhu, D.-F., Li, S.-J. & Wang, G.-Z. (2001b) Studies on some characteristics of the reproductive biology in the squat lobster, Thenus orientalis. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 20(2), 41–46.
Zhu, D.-F., Li, S.-J. & Wang, G.-Z. (2002) Ultrastructure of spermatogenesis in the squat lobster (Thenus orientalis). Acta Zoologica Sinica, 48(1), 100–106.