Abstract
Previous osteological characterizations of members of the frog genus Adenomera have been based on selected features. The purpose of this study is to establish a detailed osteological description of four putative species of the genus Adenomera. There is considerable variation, which we postulate corresponds to both intra- and interspecific variation. Osteology should provide a set of characters appropriate for cladistic analyses to help elucidate relationships within the Subfamily Leptodactylinae. Much of the adult osteological variation has a high probability of having evolved through the process of heterochrony.
References
Almeida, A.P. & Angulo, A. (2002) Adenomera aff. marmorata (NCN). Reproduction. Herpetological Review, 33, 197– 198.
Angulo, A., Cocroft, R.B. & Reichle, S. (2003) Species identity in the genus Adenomera (Anura: Leptodactylidae) in southeastern Peru. Herpetologica, 59, 490–504.
Angulo, A. & Icochea, J. (2003) Adenomera cf. andreae (NCN). Vocalization. Herpetological Review, 34, 47–48.
De la Riva, I. (1995) A new reproductive mode for the genus Adenomera (Amphibia: Anura: Leptodactylidae): taxonomic implications for certain Bolivian and Paraguayan populations. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 30, 15–29.
De la Riva, I. (1996) The specific name of Adenomera (Anura: Leptodactylidae) in the Paraguay River Basin. Journal of Herpetology, 30, 556–558.
de Sá, R.O., Heyer, W.R. & Camargo, A. (2006 “2005”) A phylogenetic analysis of Vanzolinius Heyer, 1974 (Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae): Taxonomic and life history implications. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, 63, 707–726.
Emerson, S.B. (1982) Frogs postcranial morphology: Identification of a functional complex. Copeia, 1982, 603–613.
Fabrezi, M. (1992) El carpo de anuros. Alytes, 10, 1–36.
Fabrezi, M. (1993) The anuran tarsus. Alytes, 11, 37–76.
Fabrezi, M. & Alberch, P. (1996) The carpal elements of anurans. Herpetologica, 52, 188–204.
Fink, W.L. (1982) The conceptual relationship between ontogeny and phylogeny. Paleobiology, 8, 254–264.
Fink, W.L. (1988) Phylogenetic analysis and the detection of ontogenetic patterns. In: Mc Kinney, M. L. (Ed), Heterochrony in Evolution: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York, pp. 71–91.
Frost, D.R. (2006) Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference. V2.21 (15 July 2002). Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 4 (17 August 2006). Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA.
Frost, D.R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bain, R.H., Haas, A., Haddad, C.F.B., de Sá, R.O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S.C., Raxworthy, C.J., Campbell, J.A., Blotto, B.L., Moler, P., Drewes, R.C., Nussbaum, R.A., Lynch, J.D., Green, D.M. & Wheeler, W.C. (2006) The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 297, 1–370 + insert.
Gallardo, J.M. (1964) "Leptodactylus prognathus" Boul. y " L. mystacinus" (Burm.) con sus respectivas especies aliadas. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia", Ciencias Zoológicas, 9, 91–121.
Gosner, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica, 16, 183–190.
Heyer, W.R. (1969) Biosystematic studies on the frog genus Leptodactylus. Doctoral dissertation. Faculty of the Graduate School, University of Southern California, 234 pp.
Heyer, W.R. (1973) Systematics of the marmoratus group of the frog genus Leptodactylus (Amphibia, Leptodactylidae). Contributions in Science of the Natural History Museum of the Los Angeles County, 251, 1–50.
Heyer, W.R. (1974) Relationships of the marmoratus species group (Amphibia, Leptodactylidae) within the subfamily Leptodactylinae. Contributions in Science of the Natural History Museum of the Los Angeles County, 253, 1–46.
Heyer, W.R. (1975) A preliminary analysis of the intergeneric relationships of the frog family Leptodactylidae. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 199, i–iii + 1–55.
Heyer, W.R. (1975) Adenomera lutzi (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae), a new species of frog from Guyana. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 88, 315–318.
Heyer, W.R. (1977) A discriminant function analysis of the frogs of the genus Adenomera (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 89, 581–592.
eyer, W.R. (1984) The systematic status of Adenomera griseigularis Henle, with comments on systematic problems in the genus Adenomera (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae). Amphibia-Reptilia, 5, 97–100.
Heyer, W.R. (1998) The relationships of Leptodactylus diedrus (Anura, Leptodactylidae). Alytes, 16, 1–24.
Kwet, A. & Angulo, A. (2002) A new species of Adenomera (Anura, Leptodactylidae) from the Araucaria forest of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil), with comments on the systematic status of southern populations of the genus. Alytes, 20, 28– 43.
Leviton, A.E.; Gibbs, R.H., Jr.; Heal, E. & Dawson, C.E. (1985) Standards in herpetology and ichthyology: Part I. Standard symbolic codes for institutional resource collections in herpetology and ichthyology. Copeia, 1985, 802–832.
Limeses, C., Vignes, I & Tio, M. (1972) Las especies argentinas del género Leptodactylus (Anura, Leptodactylidae). Algunos aspectos anatómicos de posible significación taxonómica. Parte II. Physis, 31, 631–652.
Lynch, J.D. (1971) Evolutionary relationships, osteology, and zoogeography of leptodactyloid frogs. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Natural History University of Kansas, 53, 1–238.
Ponssa, M.L. (2003) Análisis filogenético de las especies del grupo fuscus del género Leptodactylus (Anura: Leptodactylidae). Doctoral dissertation. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Argentina, 188 pp.
Reilly, S.M, Wiley, E.O. & Meinhardt, D.J. (1997) An integrative approach to heterochrony: The distinction between interspecific and intraspecific phenomena. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 60, 119–143.
Trewavas, E. (1933) The hyoid and larynx of the Anura. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 222, 401–527.
Trueb, L. (1973) Bones, frogs and evolution. In: Vial, J. L. (Ed.), Evolutionary biology of the anurans: contemporary research on major problems. Columbia, Univ. Missouri Press, pp. 65–132.
Trueb, L. (1993) Patterns of cranial diversity among the Lissamphibia. In: Hanken, J. & B. K. Hall (Eds.), The Skull 2. The University of Chicago Press, pp. 255–343.
Trueb, L., Púgener, L.A. & Maglia, A.M. (2000) Ontogeny of the bizarre: an osteological description of Pipa pipa (Anura: Pipidae), with an account of skeletal development in the species. Journal of Morphology, 243, 75–104.
Wassersug, R.J. (1976) A procedure for differential staining of cartilage and bone in whole formalin fixed vertebrates. Staining Techniques, 51, 131–134.