Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 5691 No. 1: 8 Sept. 2025
Type: Article
Published: 2025-09-08
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5691.1.1
Page range: 1-44
Abstract views: 158
PDF downloaded: 82

Systematics and biogeography of tube-nosed bats, Murina (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae), from the Philippines with descriptions of six new species

Department of Natural History; Royal Ontario Museum 100 Queen’s Park; Toronto; ON; M5S 2C6; Canada
Biology Department; Lawrence University; Appleton; WI 54911; USA
Department of Natural History; Royal Ontario Museum 100 Queen’s Park; Toronto; ON; M5S 2C6; Canada
Field Museum of Natural History; 1400 S DuSable Lake Drive; Chicago; IL; 60605; USA
Mammalia diversification endemism Miocene phylogeny oceanic islands species limits Southeast Asia

Abstract

Murina is a wide-ranging genus of insectivorous bats that occurs throughout Asia whose known diversity has recently been increasing with the description of 26 new species in the past 20 years. The Philippine archipelago—mostly comprised of islands with oceanic origin and thus a history of isolation—has produced a fauna rich in endemic species, including bats. Here, we describe the morphological and genetic diversity among Murina specimens collected from across the Philippine islands and compare them to representatives from the Southeast Asian mainland and adjacent islands. Our results show that the wide-spread M. cyclotis represents a radiation, beginning around 11 mya, of five distinct Murina species endemic to the Philippines, including three single-island endemics. These five new M. cyclotis group species are mostly allopatric in distribution, except for two species—the smallest and largest that occur in the Philippines—that co-occur on Mindanao Island. Our study documents Murina suilla, a species occurring in Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand, and only occurring on Mindoro and Palawan Islands within the Philippines. Additionally, we describe a new species that is sister to M. suilla and is widespread across the Philippine archipelago. Overall, our study has increased the number of Philippine Murina species from two to seven. As the first phylogeographic analysis of a laryngeal echolocating bat genus within the Philippines, our study provides evidence that the diversification of understory insectivorous bats largely echoes that of fruit bats (Pteropodidae), which is characterized by endemic Philippine lineages that are primarily confined to known biogeographic regions that constitute sets of modern islands that were connected during the last ice age, or to individual oceanic islands. We hypothesize that subsequent phylogeographic investigations of other bat taxa may reveal similar, previously unrecognized, endemic radiations within the highly biodiverse Philippines.

 

References

  1. Almeida, F.C., Giannini, N.P., DeSalle, R. & Simmons, N.B. (2011) Evolutionary relationships of the old world fruit bats (Chiroptera, Pteropodidae): Another star phylogeny? BMC Evolutionary Biology, 11, e281. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-11-281
  2. Almeida, F.C., Simmons, N.B. & Giannini, N.P. (2020) A species-level phylogeny of Old World fruit bats with a new higher-level classification of the family Pteropodidae. American Museum Novitates, 3950, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1206/3950.1
  3. Apan, A., Suarez, L.A., Maraseni, T. & Castillo, J.A. (2017) The rate, extent and spatial predictors of forest loss (2000–2012) in the terrestrial protected areas of the Philippines. Applied Geography, 81, 32–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APGEOG.2017.02.007
  4. Balete, D.S. (2010) Food and roosting habits of the lesser false vampire bat, Megaderma spasma (Chiroptera: Megadermatidae) in a Philippine lowland forest. Asia Life Sciences, Supplement 4, 111–129.
  5. Balete, D.S., Alviola, P.A., Duya, M.R.M., Duya, M.V., Heaney, L.R. & Rickart, E.A. (2011) Chapter 3: The mammals of the Mingan Mountains, Luzon: evidence for a new center of mammalian endemism. Fieldiana Life and Earth Sciences, 2011, 75–87. https://doi.org/10.3158/2158-5520-2.1.75
  6. Balete, D.S. & Heaney, L.R. (1997) Density, biomass, and movement estimates for murid rodents in mossy forest on Mount Isarog, Southern Luzon, Philippines. Ecotropica, 1997, 91–100.
  7. Balete, D.S., Heaney, L.R. & Rickart, E.A. (2013) The Mammals of Mt. Irid, Southern Sierra Madre, Luzon Island, Philippines. National Museum of the Philippines: Journal of Natural History, 2013, 15–21.
  8. Balete, D.S., Heaney, L.R. & Rickart, E.A. (2020) A comparison of native and non-native small mammals in adjacent karst and volcanic soil regions in NE Luzon, Philippines. Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology, 14, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.26757/pjsb2020b14011
  9. Balete, D.S., Quidlat, R.S. & Ibañez, J.C. (2006) Non-volant mammals of Mt. Hamiguitan, eastern Mindanao, Philippines. BANWA Archives, 3, 65–80. [2004–2013]
  10. Balete, D.S., Rickart, E.A., Heaney, L.R., Alviola, P.A., Duya, M.V., Duya, M.R.M., Sosa, T. & Jansa, S.A. (2012) Archboldomys (Muridae: Murinae) reconsidered: a new genus and three new species of shrew mice from Luzon Island, Philippines. American Museum Novitates, 3754, 1–60. https://doi.org/10.1206/3754.2
  11. Balete, D.S., Rickart, E.A., Heaney, L.R. & Jansa, S.A. (2015) A new species of Batomys (Muridae, Rodentia) from southern Luzon Island, Philippines. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 128, 22–39. https://doi.org/10.2988/0006-324X-128.1.22
  12. Bickham, J.W., Wood, C.C. & Patton, J.C. (1995) Biogeographic implications of cytochrome b sequences and allozymes in sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka). Journal of Heredity, 86, 140–144. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111544
  13. Birdlife International (2014) Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas in Danger. Available from: https://www.datazone.birdlife.org/sowb/sowbpubs (accessed 9 June 2025)
  14. Chen, J., Liu, T., Deng, H., Ning, X. & Zhou, J. (2017) A new species of Murina bats was discovered in Guizhou Province, China. Cave Research, 2, 1–10.
  15. Daipan, B.P.O. (2021) Patterns of forest cover loss in the terrestrial Key Biodiversity Areas in the Philippines: critical habitat conservation priorities. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 13 (13), 20019–20032. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6904.13.13.20019-20032
  16. Duya, M.R.M., Alviola, P.A., Duya, M.V., Balete, D.S. & Heaney, L.R. (2007) Report on a survey of mammals of the Sierra Madre Range, Luzon Island, Philippines. Banwa, 4 (1), 41–68.
  17. Eger, J.L. & Lim, B.K. (2011) Three new species of Murina from southern China (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Acta Chiropterologica, 13, 227–243. https://doi.org/10.3161/150811011X624730
  18. Esselstyn, J. (2007) A new species of stripe-faced fruit bat (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae: Styloctenium) from the Philippines. Journal of Mammalogy, 88, 951–958. https://doi.org/10.1644/06-MAMM-A-294R.1
  19. Esselstyn, J.A. & Brown, R.M. (2009) The role of repeated sea-level fluctuations in the generation of shrew (Soricidae: Crocidura) diversity in the Philippine Archipelago. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 53, 171–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2009.05.034
  20. Esselstyn, J.A., Evans, B.J., Sedlock, J.L., Khan, F.A.A. & Heaney, L.R. (2012) Single-locus species delimitation: A test of the mixed yule-coalescent model, with an empirical application to Philippine round-leaf bats. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 279, 3678–3686. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0705
  21. Esselstyn, J.A., Garcia, H.J.D., Saulog, M.G. & Heaney, L.R. (2008) A new species of Desmalopex (Pteropodidae) from the Philippines, with a phylogenetic analysis of the teropodini. Journal of Mammalogy, 89, 815–825. https://doi.org/10.1644/07-MAMM-A-285.1
  22. Esselstyn, J.A., Maher, S.P. & Brown, R.M. (2011) Species interactions during diversification and community assembly in an island radiation of shrews. PLoS ONE, 6, e21885. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021885
  23. Esselstyn, J.A., Widmann, P. & Heaney, L.R. (2004) The mammals of Palawan Island, Philippines. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 117, 271–302.
  24. Francis, C.M. (2019) Field Guide to the Mammals of South-east Asia. 2nd Edition. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, London, 408 pp.
  25. Francis, C.M. & Eger, J.L. (2012) A review of tube-nosed bats (Murina) from Laos with a description of two new species. Acta Chiropterologica, 14, 15–38. https://doi.org/10.3161/150811012X654231
  26. Gene Codes Corporation (2007) Sequencher. Version 4.8. Gene Codes Corporation, Ann Arbor, Michigan. [program]
  27. Giannini, N.P. & Simmons, N.B. (2003) A phylogeny of megachiropteran bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) based on direct optimization analysis of one nuclear and four mitochondrial genes. Cladistics, 19, 496–511. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2003.tb00385.x
  28. Giljum, S., Maus, V., Kuschnig, N., Luckeneder, S., Tost, M., Sonter, L.J. & Bebbington, A.J. (2022) A pantropical assessment of deforestation caused by industrial mining. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 119 (38), e2118273119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2118273119
  29. Golroudbary, S.R., Kraslawski, A., Wilson, B.P. & Lundström, M. (2022) Assessment of environmental sustainability of nickel required for mobility transition. Frontiers in Chemical Engineering, 4, 978842. https://doi.org/10.3389/fceng.2022.978842
  30. Goodman, S.M. & Ingle, N.R. (1993) Sibuyan Island in the Philippines–threatened and in need of conservation. Oryx, 27, 174–180. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605300027988
  31. Gracia, A.G., Mohagan, A.B., Burlat, J.C., Yu, W.L., Mondalo, J., Acma, F.M., Lumista, H.P., Calising, R. & Tanalgo, K.C. (2021) Conservation ecology of birds in Mt. Hilong-hilong, a Key Biodiversity Area on Mindanao Island, the Philippines. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 13 (5), 18110–18121. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6760.13.5.18110-18121
  32. Győrössy, D., Csorba, G., Szabadi, K.L., Estók, P., Tu, V.T., Thong, V.D., Furey, N.M., Huang, J.C.C., Tuanmu, M.N., Fukui, D., Zsebők, S. & Görföl, T. (2024) The calls of Vietnamese bats: a major step toward the acoustic characterization of Asian bats. Scientific Reports, 14 (1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-72436-6
  33. Hall, R. (1998) The plate tectonics of SE Asia and the distribution of land and sea. In: Hall, R. & Holloway, J.D. (Eds.), Biogeography and Geological Evolution of SE Asia. Backhuys, Leiden, pp. 99–131.
  34. Hall, R. (2012) Late Jurassic-Cenozoic reconstructions of the Indonesian region and the Indian Ocean. Tectonophysics, 570–571, 1–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.04.021
  35. Hall, R. (2013) The palaeogeography of Sundaland and Wallacea since the Late Jurassic. Journal of Limnology, Supplement 2, 72, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.4081/jlimnol.2013.s2.e1
  36. He, H., Xiao, N. & Zhou, J. (2015) A new species of Murina from China (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Cave Research, 2, 1–6.
  37. Heaney, L.R. (1986) Biogeography of mammals in SE Asia: estimates of rates of colonization, extinction and speciation. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 28, 127–165. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1986.tb01752.x
  38. Heaney, L.R. (1991) An analysis of patterns of distribution and species richness among Philippine fruit bats (Pteropodidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 206, 145–167.
  39. Heaney, L.R., Balete, D.S., Alviola, P. & Rickart, E.A. (2012) Nyctalus plancyi and Falsistrellus petersi (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Northern Luzon, Philippines: Ecology, phylogeny, and biogeographic implications. Acta Chiropterologica, 14, 265–278. https://doi.org/10.3161/150811012X661602
  40. Heaney, L.R., Balete, D.S., Dolar, M.L., Alcala, A.C., Dans, A.T.L., Gonzales, P.C., Ingle, N.R., Lepiten, M.V., Oliver, W.L.R., Ong, P.S., Rickart, E.A., Tabaranza, B.R., Jr. & Utzurrum, R.C.B. (1998) A synopsis of the mammalian fauna of the Philippine Islands. Fieldiana Zoology, New Series, 88, 1–61.
  41. Heaney, L.R., Balete, D.S., Duya, M.R.M., Duya, M.V., Jansa, S.A., Steppan, S.J. & Rickart, E.A. (2016a) Doubling diversity: A cautionary tale of previously unsuspected mammalian diversity on a tropical oceanic island. Frontiers of Biogeography, 8.2, e29667. https://doi.org/10.21425/F5FBG29667
  42. Heaney, L.R., Balete, D.S., Gee, G.V., Lepiten-Tabao, M.V., Rickart, E.A. & Tabaranza, B.R. (2005) Preliminary report on the mammals of Balbalasang, Kalinga Province, Luzon. Sylvatrop, 13 (2003), 51–62.
  43. Heaney, L.R., Balete, D.S. & Rickart, E.A. (2016b) The Mammals of Luzon Island: biogeography and natural history of a Philippine fauna. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 287 pp.
  44. Heaney, L.R., Balete, D.S., Rickart, E.A., Utzurrum, R.C.B. & Gonzales, P.C. (1999) Mammalian diversity on Mount Isarog, a threatened center of endemism on southern Luzon Island. Fieldiana Zoology, New Series, 95, 1–62. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.3369
  45. Heaney, L.R., Dolar, M.L., Balete, D.S., Esselstyn, J.A., Rickart, E.A. & Sedlock, J.L. (2010) Synopsis of Philippine mammals. Available from: http://www.fieldmuseum.org/philippine_mammals/ (accessed 14 October 2024)
  46. Heaney, L.R., Gonzales, P.C., Utzurrum, R.C.B. & Rickart, E.A. (1991) The mammals of Catanduanes Island: implications for the biogeography of small land-bridge islands in the Philippines. Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Forum on Karst Ecosystems and World Heritage, 104, 399–415.
  47. Heaney, L.R., Heideman, P.D., Rickart, E.A., Utzurrum, R.B. & Klompen, J.S.H. (1989) Elevational zonation of mammals in the central Philippines. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 5, 259–280. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467400003643
  48. Heaney, L.R., Kyriazis, C.C., Balete, D.S., Steppan, S.J. & Rickart, E.A. (2018) How small an island? Speciation by endemic mammals (Apomys, Muridae) on an oceanic Philippine island. Journal of Biogeography, 45, 1675–1687. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.13352
  49. Heaney, L.R. & Rickart, E.A. (1990) Correlations of clades and clines: geographic, elevational, and phylogenetic distribution patterns among Philippine mammals. In: Peters, G. & Hutterer, R. (Eds.), Vertebrates in the Tropics. Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, pp. 321–332.
  50. Heaney, L.R. & Roberts, T.E. (2009) New perspectives on the long-term biogeographic dynamics and conservation of Philippine fruit bats. In: Fleming, T.H. & Racey, P. (Eds.), Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation of Island Bats. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 17–58.
  51. Heaney, L.R., Tabaranza, B., Jr. Rickart, E.A., Balete, D.S. & Ingle, N.R. (2006) The mammals of Mt. Kitanglad Nature Park, Mindanao, Philippines. Fieldiana Zoology, 112, 1–63. https://doi.org/10.3158/0015-0754(2006)186[1:TMOMKN]2.0.CO;2
  52. Helgen, K.M., Kock, D., Gomez, R.K.S.C., Ingle, N.R. & Sinaga, M.H. (2007) Taxonomy and natural history of the Southeast Asian fruit-bat genus Dyacopterus. Journal of Mammalogy, 88, 302–318. https://doi.org/10.1644/06-MAMM-A-276R.1
  53. Hill, J.E. (1992) Order Chiroptera. In: Corbet, G.B. & Hill, J.E. (Eds.), The mammals of the Indomalayan region: a systematic review. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 54–161.
  54. Ingle, N.R. & Heaney, L.R. (1992) A key to the bats of the Philippine Islands. Fieldiana Zoology, New Series, 69, 1–44.
  55. Jones, K.E., Purvis, A., MacLarnon, A., Bininda-Emonds, O.R.P. & Simmons, N.B. (2002) A phylogenetic supertree of the bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera). Biological Reviews, 77, 223–259. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1464793101005899
  56. Justiniano, R., Schenk, J.J., Balete, D.S., Rickart, E.A., Esselstyn, J.A., Heaney, L.R. & Steppan, S.J. (2015) Testing diversification models of endemic Philippine forest mice (Apomys) with nuclear phylogenies across elevational gradients reveals repeated colonization of isolated mountain ranges. Journal of Biogeography, 42, 51–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12401
  57. Kingston, T., Jones, G., Akbar, Z. & Kunz, T.H. (1999) Echolocation signal design in Kerivoulinae and Murininae (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Malaysia. Journal of Zoology, 249, 359–374. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952836999009917
  58. Kumar, S., Stecher, G. & Tamura, K. (2016) MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 7.0 for Bigger Datasets. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 33, 1870–1874. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw054
  59. Lim, B.K., Engstrom, M.D., Bickham, J.W. & Patton, J.C. (2008) Molecular phylogeny of New World sheath-tailed bats (Emballonuridae: Diclidurini) based on loci from the four genetic transmission systems in mammals. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 93, 189–209. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00942.x
  60. Mallari, N.A.D., Tabaranza, B.R., Jr. & Crosby, M.J. (2001) Key Conservation Sites in the Philippines. Bookmark, Inc., Makati City, 485 pp.
  61. Mammal Diversity Database (2025) Mammal Diversity Database. Version 2.0.. Zenodo. [data set] https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505
  62. Mou, X., Qian, Y., Li, M., Li, B., Luo, X. & Li, S. (2024) A new species of Murina (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Yunnan, China. Animals, 14 (16), e2371. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162371
  63. Mou, X., Qian, Y., Wang, W., Zhang, W., Wang, J. & Song, L. (2025) A new ‘cyclotis-morphotype’ species of tube-nosed bat (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae: Murina) from China. Animals, 15 (1), e75. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15010075
  64. Musser, G.G. & Carleton, M.D. (2005) Superfamily Muroidea. In: Wilson, D. & Reeder, D. (Eds.), Mammal Species of the World, A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, pp. 894–1531.
  65. Nesi, N., Tsagkogeorga, G., Tsang, S.M., Nicolas, V., Lalis, A., Scanlon, A.T., Riesle-Sbarbaro, S.A., Wiantoro, S., Hitch, A.T., Juste, J., Pinzari, C.A., Bonaccorso, F.J., Todd, C.M., Lim, B.K., Simmons, N.B., McGowen, M.R. & Rossiter, S.J. (2021) Interrogating phylogenetic discordance resolves deep splits in the rapid radiation of Old World fruit bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). Systematic Biology, 70, 1077–1089. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syab013
  66. Ochoa, J., Mijares, A.S.B., Piper, P.J., Reyes, M.C. & Heaney, L.R. (2021) Three new extinct species from the endemic Philippine cloud rat radiation (Rodentia, Muridae, Phloeomyini). Journal of Mammalogy, 102, 909–930. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyab023
  67. Peterson, A.T. & Heaney, L.R. (1993) Genetic differentiation in Philippine bats of the genera Cynopterus and Haplonycteris. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 49, 203–218. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1993.tb00900.x
  68. Petrosky, A.L., Rowsey, D.M. & Heaney, L.R. (2021) Molecular assessment of dietary niche partitioning in an endemic island radiation of tropical mammals. Molecular Ecology, 30, 5858–5873. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.16158
  69. Plaza, J.L. & Sanguila, M.B. (2015) Preliminary report on the anurans of Mount Hilong-hilong, Agusan Del Norte, Eastern Mindanao, Philippines. Asian Herpetological Research, 6, 18–33.
  70. Rickart, E.A., Balete, D.S., Alviola, P.A., Veluz, M.J. & Heaney, L.R. (2016) The mammals of Mt. Amuyao: A richly endemic fauna in the Central Cordillera of northern Luzon Island, Philippines. Mammalia, 80, 579–592. https://doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2015-0132
  71. Rickart, E.A., Balete, D.S., Timm, R.M., Alviola, P.A., Esselstyn, J.A. & Heaney, L.R. (2019) Two new species of shrew-rats (Rhynchomys: Muridae: Rodentia) from Luzon Island, Philippines. Journal of Mammalogy, 100, 1112–1129. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyz066
  72. Rickart, E.A., Heaney, L.R., Balete, D.S. & Tabaranza, B.R. (2011) Small mammal diversity along an elevational gradient in northern Luzon, Philippines. Mammalian Biology, 76, 12–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2010.01.006
  73. Rickart, E.A., Heaney, L.R., Heideman, P.D. & Utzurrum, R.C.B. (1993) The distribution and ecology of mammals on Leyte, Biliran and Maripipi Islands, Philippines. Fieldiana Zoology, New Series, 72, 1–62. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.3152
  74. Rickart, E.A., Mercier, J.A. & Heaney, L.R. (1999) Cytogeography of Philippine bats. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 112, 453–469.
  75. Roberts, T.E. (2006a) History, ocean channels, and distance determine phylogeographic patterns in three widespread Philippine fruit bats (Pteropodidae). Molecular Ecology, 15, 2183–2199. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02928.x
  76. Roberts, T.E. (2006b) Multiple levels of allopatric divergence in the endemic Philippine fruit bat Haplonycteris fischeri (Pteropodidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 88, 329–349. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00616.x
  77. Rohlf, F.J. (2009) NTSYSpc: numerical taxonomy system. 2nd Edition. Exeter Publishing, Setauket, New York, 49 pp.
  78. Rowsey, D.M., Duya, M.R.M., Ibañez, J.C., Jansa, S.A., Rickart, E.A. & Heaney, L.R. (2022) A new genus and species of shrew-like mouse (Rodentia: Muridae) from a new center of endemism in eastern Mindanao, Philippines. Journal of Mammalogy, 103, 1259–1277. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyac057
  79. Rowsey, D.M., Heaney, L.R. & Jansa, S.A. (2018) Diversification rates of the “Old Endemic” murine rodents of Luzon Island, Philippines are inconsistent with incumbency effects and ecological opportunity. Evolution, 72, 1420–1435. https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.13511
  80. Ruedi, M., Stadelmann, B., Gager, Y., Douzery, E.J.P., Francis, C.M., Lin, L.K., Guillén-Servent, A. & Cibois, A. (2013) Molecular phylogenetic reconstructions identify East Asia as the cradle for the evolution of the cosmopolitan genus Myotis (Mammalia, Chiroptera). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 69, 437–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.08.011
  81. Sarmiento, R.T. & Demetillo, M.T. (2017) Rapid assessment on tree diversity of Nickel Mining sites in Carrascal, Surigao del Sur, Philippines. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences, 10 (4), 201–207.
  82. Schmieder, D.A., Kingston, T., Hashim, R. & Siemers, B.M. (2012) Sensory constraints on prey detection performance in an ensemble of vespertilionid understorey rain forest bats. Functional Ecology, 26, 1043–1053. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2012.02024.x
  83. Sedlock, J.L. (2001a) Autecology and the conservation of insectivorous bats on Mt. Makiling, Philippines. Silliman Journal, 42, 163–201.
  84. Sedlock, J.L. (2001b) Inventory of insectivorous bats on Mount Makiling, Philippines using echolocation call signatures and a new tunnel trap. Acta Chiropterologica, 3, 163–178.
  85. Sedlock, J.L., Heaney, L.R., Balete, D.S. & Ruedi, M. (2020) Philippine bats of the genus Kerivoula (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae): Overview and assessment of variation in K. pellucida and K. whiteheadi. Zootaxa, 4755 (3), 454–490. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4755.3.2
  86. Sedlock, J.L., Jose, R.P., Vogt, J.M., Paguntalan, L.M.J. & Cariño, A.B. (2014) A survey of bats in a karst landscape in the central Philippines. Acta Chiropterologica, 16, 197–211. https://doi.org/10.3161/150811014X683390
  87. Sedlock, J.L. & Weyandt, S.E. (2009) Genetic divergence between morphologically and acoustically cryptic bats: Novel niche partitioning or recent contact? Journal of Zoology, 279, 388–395. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00634.x
  88. Sedlock, J.L., Weyandt, S.E., Cororan, L., Damerow, M., Hwa, S.H. & Pauli, B. (2008) Bat diversity in tropical forest and agro-pastoral habitats within a protected area in the Philippines. Acta Chiropterologica, 10 (2), 349–358. https://doi.org/10.3161/150811008X414926
  89. Sikes, R.S. & The Animal Care and Use Committee of the American Society of Mammalogists (2016) 2016 Guidelines of the American Society of Mammalogists for the use of wild mammals in research and education. Journal of Mammalogy, 97, 663–688. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyw078
  90. Simmons, N.B. &Cirranello, A.L. (2024) Bat Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographical Database. Version 1.5. [https://batnames.org]
  91. Soisook, P., Karapan, S., Satasook, C. & Bates, P.J.J. (2013a) A new species of Murina (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from peninsular Thailand. Zootaxa, 3746 (4), 567–579. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3746.4.4
  92. Soisook, P., Karapan, S., Satasook, C., Thong, V.D., Khan, F.A.A., Maryanto, I., Csorba, G., Furey, N., Aul, B. & Bates, P.J.J. (2013b) A Review of the Murina cyclotis complex (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) with descriptions of a new species and subspecies. Acta Chiropterologica, 15, 271–292. https://doi.org/10.3161/150811013X678928
  93. Soisook, P., Thaw, W.N., Kyaw, M., Oo, S.S.L., Pimsai, A., Suarez-Rubio, M. & Renner, S.C. (2017) A new species of Murina (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from sub-Himalayan forests of northern Myanmar. Zootaxa, 4320 (1), 159–172. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4320.1.9
  94. Son, N.T., Csorba, G., Tu, V.T., Thong, V.D., Wu, Y., Harada, M., Oshida, T., Endo, H. & Motokawa, M. (2015) A new species of the genus Murina (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Central Highlands of Vietnam with a review of the subfamily Murininae in Vietnam. Acta Chiropterologica, 17, 201–232. https://doi.org/10.3161/15081109ACC2015.17.2.001
  95. Steppan, S.J., Zawadzki, C. & Heaney, L.R. (2003) Molecular phylogeny of the endemic Philippine rodent Apomys (Muridae) and the dynamics of diversification in an oceanic archipelago. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 80, 699–715. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2003.00274.x
  96. Tamura, K., Battistuzzi, F.U., Billing-Ross, P., Murillo, O., Filipski, A. & Kumar, S. (2012) Estimating divergence times in large molecular phylogenies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109, 19333–19338. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1213199109
  97. Temminck, C.J. (1840) 1835–1841. Monographies de Mammalogie, ou description de quelques genres de Mammifères, dont les espèces ont été observées dans les différens musées de l’Europe. Tome Second. E. d’Ocagne et A. Bertrand, Paris and C.C. van der Hock, Leiden, 392 pp., pls. XXVI–LXX.
  98. Temminck, C.J. (1853) Esquisses Zoologie sur la Cote de Guine. 1. MammiferesBrill, . Leiden, xvi + 256 pp.
  99. Wang, X., Han, X., Csorba, G., Wu, Y., Chen, H., Zhao, X., Dong, Z., Yu, W. & Lu, Z. (2025) A new species of tube-nosed bat (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae: Murina) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. Journal of Mammalogy, 10(1), 178–186. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyae104
  100. Wang, X., Liang, X., Li, Y., Csorba, G., Hu, Y., He, K., Wu, Y. & Yu, W. (2024) Phylogenetic conflict between species tree and mitochondrial gene trees in Murininae (Mammalia, Chiroptera) and validation of the genus Harpiola. Zoologica Scripta, 54 (3), 305–316. https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12708
  101. Yu, W.H., Csorba, G. & Wu, Y. (2020) Tube-nosed variations—a new species of the genus Murina (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from China. Zoological Research, 41, 70–77. https://doi.org/10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.009
  102. Zeng, X., Chen, J., Deng, H., Ning, X. & Zhou, J. (2018) A new species of Murina from China (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Ekoloji, 27, 9–16.

How to Cite

Eger, J.L., Sedlock, J.L., Lim, B.K. & Heaney, L.R. (2025) Systematics and biogeography of tube-nosed bats, Murina (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae), from the Philippines with descriptions of six new species. Zootaxa, 5691 (1), 1–44. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5691.1.1