Abstract
This study represents a detailed taxonomic account of 31 species of Plusiinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from India. The survey and collection of 39 localities from different regions of India between 2015 and 2018. The tribe Argyrogrammatini Eichlin & Cunningham, 1978 with Ctenoplusia Dufey, 1970 was the most species rich genera with seven species, followed by Thysanoplusia Ichinose, 1973 and Chrysodeixis Hubner, 1821 with four and three species respectively. Among 31 species, 15 species are commonly found in Himalayan regions and while other species were distributed from subtropical to tropical region. Five species, T. orichalcea (Fabricius, 1775), Chrysodeixis eriosoma (Doubleday, 1843), C. acuta (Walker, 1858), C. chalcites (Esper, 1789), Trichoplusia ni (Hubner, 1803) are widespread throughout India and reported as serious crop pests. Present study also revealed range expansion of four species viz., Dactyloplusia impulsa (Walker, 1865), Ctenoplusia mutans (Walker, 1865), Ctenoplusia tarassota (Hampson, 1913) and Zonoplusia ochreata (Walker, 1865). Systematic accounts of all 31 species are discussed here with adult images, species diagnostic characters, collection localities, detailed distributions and reported larval host plants. In addition to morphological studies, for the first time, a preliminary barcode library for 25 species of Indian Plusiinae with average intra-specific distance (%), maximum intra-specific distance (%) and distance to nearest neighbor (%) for individual species is provided. Among 25 species, four species barcode data (Ctenoplusia mutans, C. kosemponesis, Plusiopalpa adrasta, Sclerogenia jessica) are novel to world and 18 species barcode sequences were novel to India.
References
Anonymous (2018a) http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/crop_protection/cucurbitae/cucurbitae_5.html (accessed 18 January 2018)
Anonymous (2018b) http://cabweb.org/Archive/Pestofmonth/pest9711.html (accessed 18 January 2018)
Anonymous (2018c) http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/13243.html (accessed 18 January 2018)
Anonymous (2018d) http://www.nbair.res.in/insectpests/Anadevidia-peponis.php (accessed 18 January 2018)
Ayyanna, T., Subbaratnam, G.V. & Dharmaraju, E. (1978) Pest complex on sunflower, Helianthus annus Lin. in Andhra Pradesh. Indian Journal of Entomology, 40 (3), 353–356.
Bhatia, R., Gupta, D. & Pathania, N.K. (1995) Host preference and population build-up of key pests of cole crops. Journalof Insect Science, 8 (1), 59–62.
Boisduval, J.B.A.D. de (1829) Europaeorum Lepidopterorum Index Methodicus. Roret, Paris, 103 pp.
Bretherton, R.F. (1983) Noctuidae and Agaristidae. In: Heath, J. & Maitland, E.A. (Eds.), The moths and butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 10. Noctuidae (Part ii) and Agaristidae. Harley Books, Colchester, pp. 1–459.
Chao, L., Xiaowei, F., Feng, H., Abid, A., Chuanren L. & Wu, K. (2014) Seasonal Migration of Ctenoplusia agnata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) over the Bohai Sea in Northern China. Journal of Economic Entomology, 10 (3), 1003–1008.
https://doi.org/10.1603/EC13534
Chou, I. & Lu, T. (1979) Eight new species of Plusiinae andrevision of some of its known species (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Acta Entomologica Sinica, 22 (1), 61–72.
Clarke, J.F.G. (1941) The preparation of slides of the genitalia of Lepidoptera. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 36, 149–161.
Dey, P., Hausmann, A. & Uniyal, V.P. (2019) Towards creating a DNA barcode reference library of geometrid moths from western Himalaya, India. SPIXIANA, 42 (1), 47–59.
Dufay, C. (1972) Descriptions de nouveaux Plusiinae Africains (Lep. Noctuidae) (Note preliminaire). Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon, 41 (6), 65–72 + 93–104 + 105–111.
https://doi.org/10.3406/linly.1972.9995
Dufay, C. (1978) Descriptions de nouveaux Plusiinae (Lepidoptères, Noctuidae). Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon, 47 (2), 71–76.
https://doi.org/10.3406/linly.1982.10522
Eichlin, T.D. & Cunningham, H.B. (1978) The Plusiinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) of America north of Mexico, emphasizing genitalic and larval morphology. United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin, 1567, 1–222.
Folmer, O., Black, M., Hoeh, W., Lutz, R. & Vrijenhoek, R. (1994) DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology, 3 (5), 294–299.
Hampson, G.F. (1913) Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the collection of the British Museum. 13 Catocalinaecontinued, Mominae, Phytometrinae. Printed by order of the Trustees, London, 609 pp.
Harcourt, D.G. (1966) Sequential sampling for use in control of the cabbage looper on cauliflower. Journal of Economic Entomology, 59, 1190–1192.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/59.5.1190
Hashiyama, A., Nomura, M., Jun, K. & Toyoshima, G. (2011) Application of molecular techniques to identification of three Plusiinespecies, Autographa nigrisigna, Macdunnoughia confusa, and Thysanoplusia intermixta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), found in integrated pest management Lettuce fields in Japan. Journal of Economic Entomology, 104 (4), 1280–1285.
https://doi.org/10.1603/EC10442
Hebert, P.D.N., Alina, C., Ball, L.S. &Dewaard, J.E. (2003) Biological identification through DNA barcodes. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 270 (1512), 313–321.
https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2218
Holloway, J.D., Kibby, G. & Piggie, D. (2001) The families of Malesian moths and butterflies. Fauna Malesiana Handbooks 3. Brill, Leiden, 455 pp.
Ichinose, T. (1962) Studies on the genus Plusia (s.l.) (Noctuidae,Plusiinae) IV. On Autographa group and peponis group. Kontyu, 30, 248–251.
Ichinose, T. (1973) A revision of some genera of the Japanese Plusiinae, with descriptions of a new genus and two newsubgenera (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). Kontya, 41 (2), 135–140.
Karuppaiah, V., Soumia, P.S., Shinde, P.S. & Singh, M. (2019) Occurrence of Green Semilooper Chrysodeixis acuta Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Onion (Allium cepa L.) (Amaryllidaceae) . Florida Entomologist, 102 (4), 783–784.
https://doi.org/10.1653/024.102.0418
Keot, S., Saikia, D.K. & Nath, R.K. (2002) Insect pest complexof Brassica vegetables. Journal of the Agricultural ScienceSociety of North-East India, 15 (1), 28–33.
Khan, R.M. & Sharma, S.K. (1971) Some new pest records onsugarbeet in India. Indian Journal of Entomology, 33 (1), 105–106.
Khan, R.M. & Sharma, S.K. (1971) Some new pest records onsugarbeet in India. Indian Journal of Entomology, 33 (1), 105–106.
Kitching, I.J. (1984) A historical review of the higher classification of the Noctuidae (Lepidoptera). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), 49, 153–234.
Kitching, I. (1987) Spectacles and silver Ys: a synthesis of the systematics, cladistics and biology of the Plusiinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology, 54,75–261.
Kitching, I.J. & Rawlins, J.E. (1998) The Noctuoidea. In: Kristensen, N.P. (Ed.), Handbuch der Zologie. 4 (Arthropoda). (2) Insecta. (35) Lepidoptera. Evolution, systematic and Biogeography. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 355–401.
Klots, A.B. (1965) Lepidoptera. In: Tuxen, S.L. (Ed.), “Taxonomic glossary of genitalia in insects”. Jharmunrsgard, Copenhagen, pp. 97–111.
Lafontaine, J.D. & Poole, R.W. (1991) The Moths of America North of Mexico. Fascicle 25.1. Noctuoidea, Noctuidae, Plusiinae. Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, London, 191 pp.
Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae. 10th Edition. Regnum Animale. 1. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp.
Ochsenheimer, F. (1816) Die Schmetterlinge von Europa 4. Fleischer, Leipzig, 223 pp.
Mcdunnough, J. (1944) Revision of the north american generaand species of the phalaenis subfamily Plusiinae (Lepidoptera). Memoirs of the Southern California Academyof Sciences, 2 (2), 175–232.
Mehta, P. K., Amit K. & Anjana P. (2008) Seasonal incidence of insect pests associated with musk mallow, Abelmoschus moschatus (Linnaeus) medic in mid hills of Himachal Pradesh. Journal of Insect Science (Ludhiana), 21 (2), 178-181.
Men, U.B., Thakre, H.S. &Fulzele, G.R. (1995) First record ofsix new insects associated with sunflower, Helianthus annuus Linn. in India. PKV Research Journal, 19 (1), 89.
Mohanasundaram, M. (1972) On the new host records for someSouth Indian crop pests.Indian Journal of Entomology, 34 (3), 259–261.
Naresh, J.S. & Malik, V.S. (1986) Observations on the insectpests of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Haryana. Bulletinof Entomology, 27 (1), 75–77.
Patait, D.D., Shetgar, S.S., Subhan, S., Badgujar, A.G. & Dhurgude, S.S. (2008) Seasonal abundance of Lepidopteran pests infestingcabbage in relation to weather parameters. Indian Journalof Entomology, 70 (3), 255–258.
Prasad, D., Singh, K.M. & Katiyar, R.N. (1983) Succession of insectpests in early maturing high yielding variety of pea, Pisumsativum Linn. Indian Journal of Entomology, 45 (4), 451–455.
Prasad, S.K. (1963) Quantitative estimation of damage to cruciferscaused by cabbageworm, cabbage looper, diamondback moth andcabbage aphid. Indian Journal of Entomology, 25, 242–259.
Rabindra, P. & Devendera, P. (2007) Occurrence and succession of insect pests of linseed under agro-climatic condition of Ranchi (Jharkhand). Indian Journal of Entomology, 69 (1), 7–10.
Raga, V., Gravena, S., Bortoli,. S.A., Arai, J. & Wassano,G.N. (1990) Insect survey and arthropod predator activity in tomato crop of determined growth. Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil, 19 (2), 253–271.
Ram, S., Patil, B. D. & Purohit, M. L. (1989) Seasonal incidence of major insect pests of fodder cowpea (Vigna unguiculataL.) in Bundelkhand region. Bulletin of Entomology, 30 (1), 44–47.
Rishi, K., Sucheta & Khokhar, K.S. (2004) Relative abundance of noctuids (Lepidoptera) associated with cotton and other crops in Haryana. Journal of Cotton Research andDevelopment, 18 (1), 99–101.
Robinson, G.S., Ackery, P.R., Kitching, I.J., Beccaloni, G.W. & Hernández, L.M. (2010) HOSTS -A Database of the World’s Lepidopteran Hostplants. Natural History Museum, London. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosts (accessed 9 September 2018)
Ronkay, L., Ronkay, G. & Behounek, G. (2008) A Taxonomic Atlas of the Eurasian and North African Noctuoidea. Plusiinae I Witt Catalogue, 1, 1–348.
Ronkay, L., Ronkay, G. & Behounek, G. (2010) A Taxonomic Atlas of the Eurasian and North African Noctuoidea. Plusiinae II Witt Catalogue, 1, 1–280.
Ronkay, L. (1987) Taxonomic and zoogeographical studies on the subfamily Plusiinae (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). The Palaeotropical, Oriental and Nearctic material of the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen. Annales Historico-Naturales MuseiNationalisHungarici, 79, 167–178.
Sagar, P. & Ramji (1990) Natural enemies of cabbage semilooperon Japanese mint crop at Ludhiana. Indian Perfumer, 34 (1), 44–46.
Sagar, R. & Sagar, P. (1990) Development of cabbage semilooperlarvae on different species of mint in Punjab. Indian Perfumer, 34 (2), 130–132.
Saha, N.N. & Saharia, D. (1983) Insects injurious to soybean inAssam. Journal of Research, 4 (2), 167–169.
Savela M. (2018) Lepidoptera and some other life forms. Online Database. Available from: http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ (accessed 19 April 2018)
Sekhar, P.R. & Rai, P.S. (1991) Incidence of different caterpillarson safflower and assessment of grain loss due to Prospalta conducta Walker (saDLepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Karnataka,India. Tropical Pest Management, 37 (1), 9.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09670879109371528
Shantibala, T., Singh, T.K. & Shah, M.A.S. (2007) Insect pestcomplex of pea crop (Pisum sativum Linn.) and theirsuccession in agro-ecosystem of Manipur. Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology, 27 (1), 75–81.
Shashank, P.R & Longjam, R. (2014) Checklist of subfamily Plusiinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from India. Indian journal of Entomology, 76 (3), 229–240.
Shashank, P.R., Chakravarthy, A.K., Raju, B.R. & Bhanu, K.R.M. (2014) DNA barcoding reveals the occurrence of cryptic species in host-associated population of Conogethes punctiferalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology, 49, 283–295.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13355-014-0248-0
Sivasankaran, K., Ignacimuthu, S., Gabriel, P.M. & Prabakaran, S. (2012) A checklist of Noctuidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea) of India. Records zoological Survey of India, 111(3): 79-101.
Smith, J.B. (1893) Catalogue of the lepidopterous subfamily Noctuidae found in boreal america. United States National Museum Bulletin, No. 44, 1–424.
Sondhi, Y., Sondhi, S., Shashank, P.R. & Kunte, K. (2018) Moth diversity (Lepidoptera: Heterocera) of Shendurney and Ponmudi in Agastyamalai Biosphere Reserve, Kerala, India, with notes on new records. Tropical Lepidoptera Research, 28 (2), 66–89.
Sudbrink, D.L., Harris, F.A., Robbins, J.T., English, P.J. & Willers, J.L. (2003) Evaluation of remote sensing to identify variability in cotton plant growth and correlation with larval densities of beet armyworm and cabbage looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Florida Entomologist, 86 (3), 290–294.
https://doi.org/10.1653/0015-4040(2003)086[0290:EORSTI]2.0.CO;2
Sukhpalvir, S., Gurdip, S. & Bajaj, R.K. (2003) Incidence of semilooper, Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper) on different hybridsof sunflower at Ludhiana. Insect Environment, 9 (4), 188–190.
Tripathi, S.R. & Akhtar, S. (1988) Population dynamics of acabbage noctuid Plusia eriosoma (Doubleday) (Lepidoptera)in response to certain ecological parameters. Annals of Entomology, 6 (1), 41–45.
Tripathi, S.R. & Tripathi, A.K. (1988) Development and growthof larva and pupa of Plusia eriosoma (Doubleday) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in relation to larval diets. Journalof Advanced Zoology, 9 (1), 11–14.
Twinkle, Shashank, P.R & Chattopadhyay, P.C. (2018) Taxonomy of agriculturally important Plusiinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Indian Journal of Entomology, 80 (3), 748–760.
https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-8172.2018.00188.8
Twinkle, S., Shashank P.R. & Chattopadhyay, P.C. (2018) DNA Barcoding and morphological characterization of moth Antoculeora ornatissima (Walker, 1858) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), A new range record from western Himalayan region of India. Journal of threatened taxa, 10 (13), 12817–12820.
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4127.10.13.12817-12820
Twinkle, S. & Shashank, P.R. (2018) A new record of Ctenoplusia kosemponensis (Strand, 1920) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Plusiinae) from Karnataka, India. Advances in Bioresearch, 9(5), 23–25.
Uematsu, H. (1980) The effect of temperature on the development of Argyrogramma albostriata(Bremer et Grey) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology, 15, 347–349.
https://doi.org/10.1303/aez.15.347
Vadivelu, S., Mohanasundaram, M. & Rao, P.V.S. (1975) Recordof parasites and predators on some South Indian crop pests. Indian Journal of Entomology, 37 (1), 100–101.
Walker, F. (1857) s.n. List of specimens of Lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum, 12, 765–982.
Walker, F.(1858) s.n. List of specimens of Lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum, 15, 1521–1888.
Zahiri, R. & Fibiger, M. (2008) The Plusiinae of Iran (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae). SHILAP Revista de lepidopterología, 36 (142), 1–39 .