Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Type: Article
Published: 2020-08-19
Page range: 231–263
Abstract views: 295
PDF downloaded: 24

Syllidae (Annelida) from East Timor and the Philippines (Pacific Ocean), with the description of three new species of Syllis Savigny in Lamarck, 1818

Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Departamento de Biología (Zoología), Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio global (CIBC-UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Departamento de Biología (Zoología), Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio global (CIBC-UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
Annelida Coral Triangle Timor-Leste taxonomy Polychaeta ectosymbiosis anterior regeneration

Abstract

East Timor is an island located to the south of the Indonesian Archipelago and to the north of Australia, between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is included in the Coral Triangle and houses an amazing quantity of marine biodiversity. However, only two species of Syllidae (Annelida) have been reported up to now: Trypanosyllis migueli and T. devae. Based on a small collection from the Australian Museum, we have identified nine genera and 17 species: Brevicirrosyllis mariae, Opisthodonta morena, Sphaerosyllis densopapillata, Branchiosyllis australis, B. exilis, B. maculata, B. verruculosa, Haplosyllis djiboutiensis, Opisthosyllis brunnea, Syllis alternata, S. broomensis, S. corallicola, S. erikae, S. gerlachi, S. hyalina, S. setoensis and Trypanosyllis luzonensis. This is the first record of S. gerlachi outside the Indian Ocean, and B. mariae, O. morena, S. densopapillata, H. djiboutiensis, S. corallicola and S. erikae have not been previously reported in tropical Asia. A specimen of Parahaplosyllis sp. could not be identified due to its poor condition. Three species belonging to Syllis are herein described as new: S. cambuk n. sp. has a large size body, with anterior segments much wider and shorter than posterior ones, long whip-shaped dorsal cirri and bidentate midbody and posterior chaetae, with both teeth equal in size and shape; Syllis hampirmenyatu n. sp. has three chaetae per posterior parapodium, with short and wide blades appearing to be fused with shafts, but still clearly distinguishable from each other, bidentate, with proximal tooth clearly smaller and thinner than distal one; and S. maganda n. sp. is easily recognizable because of its spectacular orange and blue colouration, only observable in living specimens, with broad transverse red stripes on the dorsum forming a distinctive pattern and red spots on the cirri and prostomium observable in both living and fixed specimens. Additionally, Philippine samples from the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales of Madrid have been examined corresponding to S. maganda n. sp. A Philippine specimen of S. maganda n. sp. had a small unidentified specimen of Haplosyllis attached to a posterior dorsal cirrus, which is the first documented case of such an interaction between two species of Syllidae. This provisionally called Haplosyllis sp. is characterized by its simple chaetae with short spur and two very long, distinct curved teeth, very close to each other. A regenerated prostomium and a stolon were also found in other Philippine specimens of S. maganda n. sp.

 

References

  1. Abd-Elnaby, F.A. (2019) Catalog of Syllidae (Polychaeta) with reference to what was published in the Red Sea and Suez Canal, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries, 23 (5), 235–251.

    https://doi.org/10.21608/EJABF.2019.66153

    Aguado, M.T. & San Martín, G. (2009) Phylogeny of Syllidae (Annelida, Phyllodocida) based on morphological data. Zoologica Scripta, 38, 379–402.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00380.x

    Aguado, M.T., San Martín, G. & Nishi, E. (2006) Two new species of Syllidae (Polychaeta) from Japan. Scientia Marina, 70, 9–16.

    https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2006.70s39

    Aguado, M.T., Nygren, A. & Siddall, M.E. (2007) Phylogeny of Syllidae (Polychaeta) based on combined molecular analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial genes. Cladistics, 23, 552–564.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2007.00163.x

    Aguado, M.T., San Martín, G. & Ten Hove, H. (2008) Syllidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from Indonesia collected by the Siboga (1899-1900) and Snellius II (1984) expeditions. Zootaxa, 1673 (1), 1–48.

    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1673.1.1

    Aguado, M.T., San Martín, G. & Siddall, M.T. (2012) Systematics and evolution of syllids (Syllidae, Annelida). Cladistics, 28, 234–230.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00377.x

    Aguado, M.T., Helm, C., Weidhase, M. & Bleidorn, C. (2014) Description of a new syllid species as a model for evolutionary research of reproduction and regeneration in annelids. Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 15, 1–21.

    https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-014-0183-5

    Aguado, M.T., Murray, A. & Hutchings, P. (2015) Syllidae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zootaxa, 4019 (1), 35–60.

    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4019.1.5

    Alós, C. & San Martín, G. (1987) Descripción de Syllis ferrani n. sp.: nuevo Syllidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) en el Mediterráneo. Publicaciones del Departamento de Zoología, Universidad de Barcelona Facultad de Biología, 13, 35–44. Available from: http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/46767637 (accessed 14 June 2020)

    Álvarez-Campos, P., San Martín, G. & Aguado, M.T. (2012) The genus Branchiosyllis Ehlers, 1887 from Philippines Islands, with the description of two new species. Zootaxa, 3542 (1), 49–68.

    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3542.1.2

    Álvarez-Campos, P., San Martín, G. & Aguado, M.T. (2013) A new species and new record of the commensal genus Alcyonosyllis Glasby & Watson, 2001 and a new species of Parahaplosyllis Hartmann-Schröder, 1990 (Annelida: Syllidae: Syllinae) from Philippines Islands. Zootaxa, 3734 (2), 156–168.

    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3734.2.4

    Álvarez-Campos, P., San Martín, G. & Hutchings, P. (2015a) The genus Syllis Lamark, 1818 (Annelida, Syllidae) from Australia. Molecular analysis and re-description of some poorly-known species. Zootaxa, 4052 (2), 297–331.

    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4052.3.2

    Álvarez-Campos, P., Gil, J. & San Martín, G. (2015b) Unveiling the Rosetta Stone of syllids: redescription and neotype designation of Syllis monilaris Savigny in Lamarck, 1818, type species of type genus of family Syllidae Grube, 1850 (Annelida). Zootaxa, 4040 (3), 317–330.

    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4040.3.4

    Álvarez-Campos, P., Giribet,G. & Riesgo, A. (2017a) The Syllis gracilis species complex: A molecular approach to a difficult taxonomic problem (Annelida, Syllidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 109, 138–150.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.12.036

    Álvarez-Campos, P., Giribet,G., San Martín, G., Rouse, G. & Riesgo, A. (2017b) Straightening the striped chaos: systematics and evolution of Trypanosyllis and the case of its pseudo-cryptic type species Trypanosyllis khronii (Annelida, Syllidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 179, 492–540.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12443

    Álvarez-Campos, P., Taboada, S., San Martín, G., Leiva, C. & Riesgo, A. (2018) Phylogentic relationships and evolution of reproductive modes within flattened syllids (Annelida: Syllidae), with the description of a new genus and five new species. Invertebrate Systematics, 32, 224–251.

    https://doi.org/10.1071/IS17011

    Augener, H. (1913) Polychaeta I, Errantia. In: Michaelsen, W. & Hartmeyer, R. (Eds.), Die Fauna Südwest-Australiens. Ergebnisse des Hamburger Südwest-australischen Forschungreise, 1905, 4 (5), 65–304. Available from: https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7160888 (accessed 14 June 2020)

    Augener, H. (1918) Polychaeta. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Meeresfauna Westafrikas. Herausgegeben von W. Michaelsen, Hamburg, 2 (2), 67–625, pls. 2–7.

    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.7400

    Augener, H. (1922) Ueber litorale Polychaeten von Westindien. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschende Freunde zur Berlin, 1922 (3–5), 38–53. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/43656381 (accessed 14 June 2020)

    Augener, H. (1924) Polychaeta II. Polychaeten von Neuseeland. I Errantia. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening København, 75, 241–441. Available from: https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27905496 (accessed 14 June 2020)

    Ba-Akdah, M.A., Satheesh, S., Mohsin, Al-Sofyani, A.M.A., Lucas, Y., Álvarez-Campos, P. & San Martín, G. (2018) Taxonomy of some species of the genus Syllis (Annelida: Syllidae: Syllinae) from the Red Sea found among the first colonizers of an artificial substrate. Marine Biology Research, 14 (8), 790–805.

    https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2018.1531133

    Ben-Eliahu, N.M. (1977) Polychaete cryptofauna from rims of similar intertidal vermetid reefs on the Mediterranean coast of Israel and in the Gulf of Elat: Syllinae and Eusyllinae. Israel Journal of Zoology, 26, 1–58.

    Bock, D.G., MacIsaac, H.J. & Cristescu, M.E. (2012) Multilocus genetic analyses differentiate between widespread and spatially restricted cryptic species in a model ascidian. Proceedings of the Royal Society, 279, 2377–2385.

    https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.2610

    Campoy, A. (1982) Fauna de España. Fauna de Anélidos poliquetos de la Península Ibérica. Publicaciones de la Universidad de Navarra, Serie Zoologica, 7, 1‒400. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10171/11773 (accessed 14 June 2020)

    Cantone, G. (1976) Ricerche sul litorale della Somalia. Annelidi policheti di Bender Mtoni e Mar Uanle. Monitore Zoologico Italiano, 8 (9), 223‒254.

    https://doi.org/10.1080/03749444.1976.10736838

    Capa, M., San Martín, G. & López, E. (2001) Syllinae (Syllidae: Polychaeta) del Parque Nacional de Coiba, Panamá. Revista de Biología Tropical, 49 (1), 103‒115. Available from: https://tropicalstudies.org/rbt/attachments/volumes/vol. 49-1/15-Capa-Syllinae-101-114.pdf (accessed 14 June 2020)

    Caputi, L., Andreakis, N., Mastrototaro, F., Cirino, P., Vassillo, M. & Sordino, P. (2007) Cryptic speciation in a model invertebrate chordate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104 (22), 9364–9369.

    https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0610158104

    Cepeda, D., Martin, D., Britayev, T.A., Al-Aidaroos, A.M. & Lattig, P. (2017) Haplosyllis (Annelida: Syllidae) from Saudi Arabian Red Sea, with the description of a new endosymbiotic species and a dichotomous key for the Indo-Pacific species. Marine Biodiversity, 47, 1123–1129.

    https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-017-0675-6

    Çinar, M.E. & Ergen, Z. (2003) Eusyllinae and Syllinae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from northern Cyprus (eastern Mediterranean Sea) with a checklist of species reported from the Levant Sea. Bulletin of Marine Science, 72 (3), 769–793. Available from: https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/umrsmas/bullmar/2003/00000072/00000003/art00010 (accessed 14 June 2020)

    Claparède, E. (1863) Beobachtungen über Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte wirbelloser Thiere an der Küste von Normandie angestellt. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 120 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10030

    Claparède, E. (1864) Glanures zootomiques parmi les annélides de Port-Vendres (Pyrénées Orientales). Mémoires de la Société de physique d’histoire naturelle de Genève, 17 (2), 463–600.

    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.1972

    Darling, J.A. & Carlton, J.T. (2019) A Framework for Understanding Marine Cosmopolitanism in the Anthropocene. Frontiers in Marine Science, 5, 293.

    https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00293

    Day, J.H. (1967) A monograph on the Polychaeta of Southern Africa. Vol. 29. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, 878 pp.

    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.8596

    Day, J.H. (1973) New polychaeta from Beaufort, with a key to all species recorded from North Carolina. NOAA Technical Reports NMFS Circ, 355, 1–140.

    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.62852

    Day, J.H. & Hutchings, P. (1979) An annotated check–list of Australian and New Zealand Polychaeta, Archiannelida and Myzostomida. Records of the Australian Museum, 32 (3), 80–161.

    https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.32.1979.203

    Ding, Z., Licher, F. & Westheide, W. (1998) New and newly assigned species of the genus Dentatisyllis (Polychaeta, Syllidae, Syllinae), with comments on the reproduction, together with a key and a synoptic table of all species of the genus. Sarsia, 83, 29–43.

    https://doi.org/10.1080/00364827.1998.10413667

    Ehlers, E. (1887) Report on the annelids of the dredging expedition of the U. S. coast survey steamer “Blake”. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 15, 1–335.

    Fauchald, K. & Jumars, P.A. (1979) The diet of worms: A study of polychaete feeding guilds. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 17, 193–284. Available from: https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/3422/OMBARFauchald1979.pdf (accessed 14 June 2020)

    Fauvel, P. (1923) Faune de France 5. Polychètes Errantes. Librairie de la Faculté des Sciences Paul Le Chevalier, Paris, 488 pp.

    Fauvel, P. (1953) The Fauna of India including Pakistan, Ceylon, Burma and Malaya. Annelida Polychaeta. The Indian Press, Allahabad, 507 pp.

    Fukuda, M.V., Nogueira, J.M.M. & San Martín, G. (2015) Eusyllinae and “Incertae sedis” syllids (Annelida: Syllidae) from South America, with a new species from Brazil and a new combination for a Peruvian species. Zootaxa, 3936 (4), 507–537.

    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3936.4.3

    Fukuda, M.V., San Martín, G., Carerrette, O. & Paresque, K. (2016) On a new species of the rare syllid genus Exogonoides Day, 1963 (Annelida, Phyllodocida, Syllidae). Zootaxa, 4144 (2), 291–295.

    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4144.2.11

    Gardiner, S.L. (1976) Errant polychaete annelids from North Carolina. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, 91 (3), 77–220. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/24334544 (accessed 14 June 2020)

    Glasby, C.J. (2000) Family Syllidae. In: Beesley, P.L., Ross, G.J.B. & Glasby, C.J. (Eds.), Polychaetes & Allies: The Southern Synthesis. Fauna of Australia. Vol. 4ª Polychaeta, Myzostomida, Pogonophora, Echiura, Sipuncula. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, pp. 161–167.

    Glasby, C. & Hakim, I. (2017) History of collection and discovery of polychaetes (Annelida), including a bibliography, from the Indo-Malay-Philippines Archipelago and surrounding seas. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 65, 545–558.

    Góngora-Garza, O., García-Garza, M.E. & de León-González, J.A. (2011) Two new species of Branchiosyllis (Polychaeta: Syllidae) from Western Mexico. Proceedings of Biological Society of Washington, 124 (4), 378–385.

    https://doi.org/10.2988/11-22.1

    Grantham, H.S., Watson, J.E.M., Mendes, M., Santana, F., Fernandez, G., Pinto, P., Riveiro, L. & Barreto, C. (2011) National Ecological Gap Assessment for Timor-Leste 2010. Prepared on behalf of the United Nations Development Program and the Department of Protected Areas and National Parks of Timor-Leste by CNRM Solutions Pty Ltd, Byron Bay, New South Wales, 151 pp.

    Gravier, C. (1900) Contribution à l’étude des annélides polychètes de la Mer Rouge. Première partie. Nouvelles Archives du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 4ª Série, 2, 137–282, pls. 9–14.

    Grube, A.E. (1840) Actinien, Echinodermen und Würmer des Adriatischen- und Mittelmeers nach eigenen Sammlungen beschrieben. Verlag J.H. Bon, Königsberg, 92 pp.

    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.23025

    Grube, A.E. (1850) Die Familien der Anneliden. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, Berlin, 16 (1), 249–364. Available from: https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/6958350 (accessed 14 June 2020)

    Grube, A.E. (1855) Beschreibungen neuer oder wenig bekannter Anneliden. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, Berlin, 21 (1), 81–136, pls. 3–5.

    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.13989

    Grube, A.E. (1860) Beschreibung neuer oder wenig bekannter Anneliden. Fünfter Beitrag. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, Berlin, 26 (1), 71–118, pls. 3–4. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7153453 (accessed 14 June 2020)

    Grube, A.E. (1863) Beschreibung neuer oder wenig bekannter Anneliden. Sechster Beitrag. Archive für Naturgeschichte, Berlin, 29, 37–69, pls. 4–6.

    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.9306

    Harlock, R. & Laubier, L. (1966) Notes on Branchiosyllis uncinigera (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960), new to the Mediterranean. Israel Journal of Zoology, 15, 18–25. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00212210.1966.10688226?needAccess=true (accessed 14 June 2020)

    Hartmann-Schröder, G. (1960) Polychaeten aus dem Roten Meer. Kieler Meeresforschungen, 16 (1), 69–125.

    Hartmann-Schröder, G. (1965) Zur Kenntnis des Sublittorals der chilenischen Küste, unter besonder Berücksichtigung der Polychaeten und Ostracoden. Die Polychaeten des Sublitorals. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 62, 59–305.

    Hartmann-Schröder, G. (1971) Die gattung Opisthodonta Langerhans (Syllidae, Polychaeta): Wiederbeschreibung von O. morena Langerhans aus dem Westlichen Mittelmeer und aus dem Roen Meer und von O. pterochaeta Southern, neufund in der Nordsee vor der Niederländischen küste. Zoologische Mededelingen, 45 (8), 107–105.

    Hartmann-Schröder, G. (1979) Teil 2. Die Polychaeten der tropischen Nordwestküste Australiens (zwischen Derby in Norden und Port Hedland in Süden). Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 76, 75–218.

    Hartmann-Schröder, G. (1980) Teil 4. Die Polychaeten der tropischen Nordwestküste Australiens (zwischen Port Samson in Norden und Exmouth im Süden). Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 77, 41–110.

    Hartmann-Schröder, G. (1981) Teil 6. Die Polychaeten der tropisch–subtropischen Westküste Australiens (zwischen Exmouth im Norden und Cervantes im Süden). Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 78, 19– 96.

    Hartmann-Schröder, G. (1982) Teil 8. Die Polychaeten der subtropischen–antiborealen Westküste Australiens (zwischen Cervantes im Norden und Cape Naturaliste im Süden). Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 79, 51–118.

    Hartmann-Schröder, G. (1983) Teil 9. Die Polychaeten der antiborealen Südwestküste Australiens (zwischen Dunsborough im Norden und Denmark im Süden). Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 80, 123–167.

    Hartmann-Schröder, G. (1984) Teil 10. Die Polychaeten der antiborealen Südküste Australiens (zwischen Albany im Westen und Ceduna im Osten). Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 81, 7–62.

    Hartmann-Schröder, G. (1986) Teil 12 Die Polychaeten der antiborealen Südküste Australiens (zwischen Wallaroo im Westen und Port MacDonnell im Osten). Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 83, 31–70.

    Hartmann-Schröder, G. (1989) Teil 14. Die Polychaeten der antiborealen und subtropisch–tropischen Küste Südost–Australien zwischen Lakes Entrance (Victoria) im Süden und Maclean (New South Wales) im Norden. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 86, 11–63.

    Hartmann-Schröder, G. (1990) Teil 15. Die Polychaeten der subtropisch–tropischen und tropischen Ostküste Australiens zwischen Lake Macquarie (New South Wales) im Süden und Gladstone (Queensland) im Norden. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 87, 41–87.

    Hartmann-Schröder, G. (1991) Teil 16. Die Polychaeten der subtropisch–tropischen bis tropischen Ostküste Australiens zwischen Maclean (New South Wales) und Gladstone (Queensland) sowie von Heron Island (Grobes Barriere–Riff). Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 88, 17–71.

    Hutchings, P. & Kupriyanova, E. (2018) Cosmopolitan polychaetes – fact or fiction? Personal and historical perspectives. Invertebrate Systematics, 32, 1–9.

    https://doi.org/10.1071/IS17035

    Imajima, M. (1966a) The Syllidae (Polychaetous Annelids) from Japan (V). Syllinae (2). Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 14 (4), 253–294.

    https://doi.org/10.5134/175446

    Imajima, M. (1966b) The Syllidae (Polychaetous Annelids) from Japan (IV) Syllinae (1). Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 14, 218–252.

    https://doi.org/10.5134/175436

    Imajima, M. & Hartman, O. (1964) The Polychaetous Annelids of Japan. Part I. Allan Hancock Foundation Publication Occasional Paper, 26, 1–237.

    Jumars, P.A., Dorgan, K.M. & Lindsay, S.M. (2015) Diet of Worms Emended: An Update of Polychaete Feeding Guilds. The Annual Review of Marine Science, 7, 497–520.

    https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010814-020007

    Kaiser, H., Lopes-Carvalho, V., Ceballos, J., Freed, P., Heacox, S., Lester, B., Richards, S. J., Trainor, C. R., Sanchez, C. & O’Shea, M. (2011) The herpetofauna of Timor-Leste: a first report. ZooKeys, 109, 19–86.

    https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.109.1439

    Kinberg, J.G.H. (1865) Annulata nova. Öfversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar, Stockholm, 21, 559–574.

    Kudenov, J. & Harris L. (1995) Family Syllidae Grube, 1850. In: Blake, J., Hilbig, B. & Scott, P.H. (Eds.), Taxonomic Atlas of Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California, pp. 1–97.

    Lamarck, J.B. (1818) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebrés, presentant les caractères generaux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leurs classes, leurs familles, leurs genres, et la citation des principales espèces qui s’y rapportent; precedes d’une introduction offrant la détermination des caractères essentiels de l’animal, sa distinction du vegetal et des autres corps naturelles, enfin l’exposition des principes fondamentaux de la zoologie. Vol. 5. Deterville, Paris, 612 pp. Available from: http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12886879 (accessed 14 June 2020)

    Langerhans, P. (1879) Die Würmfauna von Madeira. Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 33, 267–316.

    Lattig, P. & Martin, D. (2009) A taxonomic revision of the genus Haplosyllis Langerhans, 1887 (Polychaeta: Syllidae: Syllinae). Zootaxa, 2220 (1), 1–40.

    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2220.1.1

    Lattig, P. & Martin, D. (2011a) Two new endosymbiotic species of Haplosyllis (Polychaeta: Syllidae) from the Indian Ocean and Red Sea, with new data on H. djiboutiensis from the Persian Gulf. Italian Journal of Zoology, 78 (1), 112–123.

    https://doi.org/10.1080/11250003.2011.569373

    Lattig, P. & Martin, D. (2011b) Sponge associated Haplosyllis (Polychaeta: Syllidae: Syllinae) from the Caribbean Sea, with the description of four new species. Scientia Marina, 75, 733–738.

    https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2011.75n4733

    Lattig, P., San Martín, G. & Martin, D. (2007) Taxonomic and morphometric analyses of the Haplosyllis spongicola complex (Polychaeta: Syllidae: Syllinae) from Spanish seas, with re-description of the type species and descriptions of two new species. Scientia Marina, 71 (3), 551–570.

    https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2007.71n3551

    Lattig, P., Martin, D. & San Martín, G. (2010a) Syllinae (Syllidae: Polychaeta) from Australia. Part 4. The genus Haplosyllis Langerhans, 1879. Zootaxa, 2552 (1), 1–36.

    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2552.1.1

    Lattig, P., Martin, D. & Aguado, M.T. (2010b) Four new species of Haplosyllis (Polychaeta: Syllidae: Syllinae) from Indonesia. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, 90, 789–798 .

    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315409990981

    Laubier, L. (1966) Le coralligène de l’Albères. Monographie biocenotique. Annales de l’Institut Océanographique, 43 (2), 137–316.

    Lee J.W. & Rho, B.J. (1994) Systematic studies on Syllidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the South Sea and the East Sea in Korea. The Korean Journal of Systematic Zoology, 10, 131–144.

    Licher, F. (1999) Revision der Gattung Typosyllis Langerhans, 1879 (Polychaeta: Syllidae). Morphologie, Taxonomie und Phylogenie. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 551, 1–336.

    Lohman, D.J., de Bruyn, M., Page, T., von Rintelen, K., Hall, R., Ng, P.K.L., Shih, H.T., Carvalho G.R. & von Rintelen, T. (2011) Biogeography of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Annual Review of Ecology and Evolutionary Systematics, 42, 205–226.

    https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102710-145001

    Lucas, Y., San Martín, G. & Fiege, D. (2017) Two new species of Branchiosyllis Ehlers, 1887 (Annelida: Polychaeta: Syllidae) and redescription of Branchiosyllis exilis (Gravier, 1900), from Socotra Archipelago (Yemen, Indian Ocean). Marine Biodiversity, 48 (4), 1519–1527.

    https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-017-0657-8

    Lucas, Y., San Martín, G. & Fiege, D. (2020) New species and records of the genus Syllis Savigny in Lamarck, 1818 (Annelida: Syllidae) from Socotra Archipelago (Indian Ocean). Zootaxa, 4742 (1), 073–088.

    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.4

    Maciolek, N. (2020) Anguillosyllis (Annelida: Syllidae) from multiple deep-water locations in the northern and southern hemispheres. Zootaxa, 4793 (1), 1–73.

    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4793.1.1

    Magalhäes, W.F. & Bailey-Brock, J.H. (2014) Polychaete assemblages associated with the invasive green alga Avrainvillea amadelpha and surrounding bare sediment patches in Hawaii. Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 71, 161–168.

    https://doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.2014.71.13

    Malaquin, A. (1893) Recherches sur les syllidiens. Mémoires de la Société des Sciences, de l’Agriculture et des Arts de Lille, 4ème Série, 18, 1–477.

    Martin, D. & Britayev, T.A. (1998) Symbiotic polychaetes: Review of known species. Oceanography and Marine Biology, 36, 217–340.

    Martin, D. & Britayev, T.A. (2018) Symbiotic polychaetes revisited: An update of the known species and relationships (1998–2017). Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Anual Review, 56, 371–448.

    https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429454455-6

    Mikac, B. & Musco, L. (2010) Faunal and biogeographic analysis of Syllidae (Polychaeta) from Rovinj (Croatia, Northern Adriatic Sea). Scientia Marina, 74 (2), 353–370.

    https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2010.74n2353

    Monro, C.C.A. (1933) The Polychaeta Errantia collected by Dr. C. Crossland at Colón, in the Panama Region, and the Galapagos Island during the Expedition of the S.Y. “St. George”. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1, 1–96.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1933.tb01578.x

    Monro, C.C.A. (1939) On some tropical Polychaeta in the British Museum, mostly collected by Dr. C. Crossland at Zanzibar, Tahiti and the Marquesas (II. Families Syllidae and Hesionidae). Novitates Zoologicae, 41, 383–393. Available from: http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34053626#page/429/mode/1up (accessed 14 June 2020)

    Moore, J.P. (1908) Some polychaetous annelids of the northern Pacific coast of North America. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 60, 321–364. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/6396551 (accessed 14 June 2020)

    Nogueira, J.M.M. & San Martín, G. (2002) Species of Syllis Lamarck, 1818 (Polychaeta: Syllidae) living in corals in the state of Sao Paulo, southeastern Brazil. Beaufortia, 52 (7), 57–93.

    Nygren, A. & Sundberg, P. (2003) Phylogeny and evolution of reproductive modes in Autolytinae (Syllidae, Annelida). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 29, 235–249.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/s1055-7903(03)00095-2

    O´Shea, M., Sanchez, C., Heacox, S., Kathriner, A., Lopes-Carvalho, V., Varela-Ribeiro, A., Soares-Afranio, Z., Lemos de Araujo, L. & Kaiser, H. (2012) First Update to Herpetofaunal Records from Timor-Leste. Asian Herpetological Research, 3 (2), 114–126.

    https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1245.2012.00114

    Pamungkas, J., Glasby, C.J., Read, G.B., Wilson, S.P. & Costello, M.J. (2019) Progress and perspectives in the discovery of polychaete worms (Annelida) of the world. Helgoland Marine Research, 73, 4.

    https://doi.org/10.1186/s10152-019-0524-z

    Paresque, K., Fukuda, M.V. & Nogueira, J.M.M. (2016) Branchiosyllis, Haplosyllis, Opisthosyllis and Trypanosyllis (Annelida: Syllidae) from Brazil, with the Description of Two New Species. PLoS ONE, 11 (5), e0153442.

    https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153442

    Pérès, J.M. (l954) Contribution à l’étude des Annélides Polychètes de la Méditerranée occidentale. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d’Endoume, 13, 83–155.

    Pérez-Portela, R., Arranz, V., Rius, M. & Turon, X. (2013) Cryptic speciation or global spread? The case of a cosmopolitan marine inverte-brate with limited dispersal capabilities. Scientific Reports, 3, 3197.

    https://doi.org/10.1038/srep03197

    Perkins, T.H. (1981) Syllidae (Polychaeta), principally from Florida, with descriptions of a new genus and twenty-one new species. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 93 (4), 1080–1172. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34599967#page/578/mode/1up (accessed 14 June 2020)

    Pillai, T.G. (1965) Annelida polychaeta from the Philippines and Indonesia. The Ceylon Journal of Science (Biological Sciences), 5 (2), 110–177. Available from: http://dl.nsf.ac.lk/handle/1/7733 (accessed 14 June 2020)

    Pleijel, F. (2001) Syllidae (Grube 1850). In: Rouse, G.W. & Pleijel, F. (Eds.), Polychaetes. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 102–105.

    Ribeiro, R.P., Ponz-Segrelles, G., Bleidorn, C. & Aguado, M.T. (2019) Comparative transcriptomics in Syllidae (Annelida) indicates that posterior regeneration and regular growth are comparable, while anterior regeneration is a distinct process. BMC Genomics, 20, 855.

    https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-019-6223-y

    Ruíz-Ramírez, J.D. & Harris, L.H. (2008) Branchiosyllis salazari sp. n. (Polychaeta, Syllidae) del Caribe noroccidental y comentarios sobre el material tipo de B. exilis (Gravier, 1900). Animal Biodiversity and Conservation, 31.2, 1–9. Available from: http://abc.museucienciesjournals.cat/files/ABC-31-2-pp-1-9.pdf (accessed 14 June 2020)

    Rullier, F. (1972) Annélides Polychètes de Nouvelle-Calédonie recueillies par Y. Plessis et B. Salvat. Expédition Française sur les récifs coralliens de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. Editions de la Foundation Singer-Polignac, 6, 1–169.

    Salazar-Vallejo, S.I., Carrera-Parra, L.F., Muir, A.I., De León-González, J.A., Piotrowski, C. & Sato, M. (2014) Polychaete species (Annelida) described from the Philippine and China Seas. Zootaxa, 3842 (1), 1–68.

    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3842.1.1

    San Martín, G. (1991) Syllinae (Polychaeta: Syllidae) from Cuba and the Gulf of México. Bulletin of Marine Science, 48, 236–241.

    San Martín, G. (1992) Syllis Savigny in Lamarck, 1818 (Polychaeta: Syllidae: Syllinae) from Cuba, the Gulf of Mexico, Florida and North Carolina, with a revision of several species described by Verrill. Bulletin of Marine Science, 51 (2), 167–196. Available from: https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/umrsmas/bullmar/1992/00000051/00000002/art00004 (accessed 14 June 2020)

    San Martín, G. (2003) Annelida Polychaeta II. Syllidae. In: Ramos Sánchez, M.A., Alba Tercedor, J., Belles i Ros, X., Gosálbez i Noguera, J., Guerra Sierra, A., Macpherson Mayol, F., Martín Piera, F., Serrano Marino, J., Templado González, J. (Eds.), Fauna Ibérica. Vol. 21. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, pp. 1–554.

    San Martín, G. (2005) Exogoninae (Polychaeta: Syllidae) from Australia with the description of a new genus and twenty-two new species. Records of the Australian Museum, 57, 39–152.

    https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1438

    San Martín, G. & Viéitez, J.M. (1984) Anélidos poliquetos de los rizomas de Posidonia oceanica en las costas del Cabo de Palos (Murcia, Espana). In: Boudouresque, C.F., Jeudy de Grissac, A. & Oliver, J. (Eds.). International Workshop on Posidonia oceanica beds. G. I. S. Posidonie Publication 1. G. I. S. Posidonie Publ., Marseille, pp. 149–157.

    San Martín, G. & Bone, D. (2001) Syllidae (Polychaeta) de praderas de Thalassia testudinum en el Parque Nacional de Morrocoy (Venezuela). Revista de Biología Tropical, 49 (2). 609–620.

    San Martín, G. & Hutchings, P.A. (2006) Eusyllinae (Polychaeta, Syllidae) from Australia with the description of a new genus and fifteen new species. Records of the Australian Museum, 58 (3), 257–370.

    https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.58.2006.1466

    San Martín, G. & Aguado, M.T. (2014) Handbook of Zoology. A natural history of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom. Annelida: Polychaetes. Syllidae Grube, 1850. Handbook of Zoology online, De Gruyter, 25–33.

    San Martín, G., Hutchings, P. & Aguado, M.T. (2008a) Syllinae (Polychaeta, Syllidae) from Australia. Part. 1. Genera Branchiosyllis, Eurysyllis, Karroonsyllis, Parasphaerosyllis, Plakosyllis, Rhopalosyllis, Tetrapalpia n. gen., and Xenosyllis. Records of Australian Museum, 60, 119–160.

    https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.60.2008.1494

    San Martín, G., Hutchings, P. & Aguado, M.T. (2008b) Syllinae (Polychaeta, Syllidae) from Australia. Part. 2. Genera Inermosyllis, Megasyllis n. gen., Opisthosyllis, and Trypanosyllis. Zootaxa, 1840 (1), 1–53.

    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1840.1.1

    San Martín, G., López, E. & Aguado, M.T. (2009) Revision of the genus Pionosyllis (Polychaeta: Syllidae: Eusyllinae), with a cladistic analysis, and the description of five new genera and two new species. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 89, 1455–1498.

    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315409003099

    San Martín, G., Hutchings, P. & Aguado, M.T. (2010) Syllinae (Polychaeta: Syllidae) from Australia. Part 3. Genera Alcyonosyllis, Genus A, Parahaplosyllis, and Trypanosyllis (Trypanobia). Zootaxa, 2493 (1), 35–48.

    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2493.1.3

    San Martín G., Álvarez-Campos P. & Aguado M.T. (2013) The genus Branchiosyllis Ehlers, 1887 (Annelida, Syllidae, Syllinae) from off the American coasts, with the description of a new species from Venezuela. Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences, 8 (3), 166–179. Available from: https://panamjas.org/pdf_artigos/PANAMJAS_8(3)_166-179.pdf (accessed 14 June 2020)

    San Martín, G., Álvarez-Campos, P. & Hutchings, P. (2017) The genus Syllis Savigny in Lamarck, 1818 (Annelida: Syllidae: Syllinae) from Australia (second part): Four new species and re-description of twelve previously described species. Zootaxa, 4237 (2), 201–243.

    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4237.2.1

    Sardá, R., Ávila, C. & Paul, V.J. (2002) An association between a syllid polychaete, Haplosyllis basticola n. sp., and the sponge Ianthella basta. Micronesica, 34 (2), 165–175.

    Siddall, M.E. & Aguado, M.T. (2006) Molecular phylogenetic evidence of a haplosporidian parasite infecting the polychaete Syllis nipponica (Imajima, 1966). Parasitology Research, 99, 309–312.

    https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-006-0171-6

    Simon, C., San Martín, G. & Robinson, G. (2014) Two new species of Syllis (Polychaeta: Syllidae) from South Africa, one of them viviparous, with remarks on larval development and vivipary. Journal of the Biological Marine Association of the United Kingdom, 94 (4), 729–746.

    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315413001926

    Spalding, M.D., Fox, H.E., Allen, G.R., Davidson, N., Ferdaña, Z.A., Finlayson, M., Halpern, B.S., Jorge, M.A., Lombana, A., Lourie, S.A., Martin, K.D., McManus, E., Molnar, J., Recchia, C.A. & Robertson, J. (2007) Marine Ecoregions of the World: A Bioregionalization of Coastal and Shelf Areas. Bioscience, 57 (7), 573–583.

    https://doi.org/10.1641/B570707

    Storch, V. (1966) Drei neue Polychaeten aus dem litoral des Roten Meeres. Kieler Meeresforschungen, 22, 171–175.

    Treadwell, A.L. (1924) Reports on certain Invertebrates and fishes of the Barbados-Antigua Expedition from the University of Iowa of 1918: Polychaetous Annelids. University of Iowa Studies in Natural History, 10 (4), 3–23, pls. I–II. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15291771 (accessed 14 June 2020)

    Treadwell, A.L. (1925) Polychaetous Annelids of tropical central Pacific. Bulletin of Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 27 (1), 113–119.

    Uebelacker, J.M. (1982) Review of some little-known species of Syllids (Annelidda: Polychaeta) described from the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean by Hermann Augener in 1924. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 95 (3), 583–593. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34964897#page/611/mode/1up (accessed 14 June 2020)

    Uebelacker, J.M. (1984) Family Syllidae Grube, 1850. In: Uebelacker, J.M. & Johnson, P.G. (Eds.), Taxonomic guide to the polychaetes of the northern Gulf of Mexico. Vol. IV. Barry A. Vittor and Associates, Mobile, Alabama, pp. 1–151.

    Verrill, A.E. (1900) Additions to the Turbellaria, Nemertina, and Annelida of the Bermudas, with revisions of some New England genera and species. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 10 (2), 595–671. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27731368 (accessed 14 June 2020)

    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.7035

    Weidhase, M., Beckersb, P., Bleidornacd, C. & Aguado, M.T. (2016) Nervous system regeneration in Typosyllis antoni (Annelida: Syllidae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 269, 57–67.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2017.07.004

    Westheide, W. (1974) Interstitielle Fauna von Galapagos. XI. Pisionidae, Pilargidae, Syllidae. Mikrofauna Meeresbodens, 44, 195–338.

    Westheide, W. & Schmidt, H. (2003) Cosmopolitan versus cryptic meiofaunal polychaete species: an approach to a molecular taxonomy. Helgoland Marine Research, 57, 1–6.

    https://doi.org/10.1007/s10152-002-0114-2

    White, A.T., Aliño, P.M., Cros, A., Ahmad-Fatan, N., Green, A.L., Teoh, S., Laroya, L., Peterson, N., Tan, S., Tighe, S., Venegas-Li, R., Walton, A. & Wen, W. (2014) Marine Protected Areas in the Coral Triangle: Progress, Issues, and Options. Coastal Management, 42, 87–106.

    https://doi.org/10.1080/08920753.2014.878177

    Wilson, J., Darmawan, A., Subijanto, J., Green, A. & Sheppard, S. (2011) Scientific design of a resilient network of marine protected areas. Lesser Sunda Ecoregion, Coral Triangle. Asia Pacific Marine Program, Report 2/11, 1–96. Available from: http://www.reefresilience.org/pdf/LSE_MPA_Design.pdf (accessed 14 June 2020)