Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Type: Monograph
Published: 2019-08-30
Page range: 1–126
Abstract views: 263
PDF downloaded: 8

Robber flies (Insecta: Diptera: Asilidae) of Wyoming, USA with keys to genera and species

Professor Emeritus, Entomology, Department of Ecosystem Science, College of Agriculture, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071
1105 Myrtle Wood Drive, St. Augustine, FL 32086
Diptera Asiloidea Brachycera Diptera new species classification distribution habitat new records

Abstract

There are 171 species of robber flies recorded for Wyoming, USA, including three newly described species (Cyrtopogon hollandi sp. nov., C. martini sp. nov., and Stenopogon graminis sp. nov.) in this paper, in 10 of the 14 recognized subfamilies. The largest numbers of species belong to the Asilinae (61) followed by Brachyrhopalinae (35), Laphriinae (23), Stenopogoninae (19), Dasypogoninae (9), Stichopogoninae (9), Leptogastrinae (8), Dioctriinae (3), Willistonininae (3), and Trigonomiminae (1). The most species (136) occur in one or more of the shrub/grassland vegetation types, with fewer species occurring in the grassland vegetation types (130), the forest (78 species) and in the shrub (24 species) vegetation types. Keys to subfamilies, genera and species with brief species descriptions are provided; the ecology and ethology of individual species are discussed.

References

  1. Adamović, Z.R. (1963a) Ecology of some asilid-species (Asilidae, Diptera) and their relation to honey bees (Apis mellifica L.). Museum D’Histoire Naturelle de Beograd, Hors Serie, 30, 1–102. [in Serbian, English summary]

    Adamović, Z.R. (1963b) The feeding habits of some asilid species (Asilidae, Diptera) in Yugoslavia. Arhiv za Bioloskih Nauka, Beograd, 15, 41–74.

    Adisoemarto, S. (1967) The Asilidae (Diptera) of Alberta. Quaestiones Entomologicae, 3, 3–90.

    Adisoemarto, S. & Wood, D.M. (1975) The Nearctic species of Dioctria and six related genera (Diptera, Asilidae). Quaestiones Entomologicae, 11, 505–576.

    Artigas, J.N. & Papavero, N.P. (1988) The American genera of Asilidae (Diptera): Keys for identification with an atlas of female spermathecae and other morphological details. I. Key to subfamilies and subfamily Leptogastrinae Schiner. Gayana, Zoologia, 52, 95–114.

    Artigas, J.N. & Papavero, N.P. (1991) The American genera of Asilidae (Diptera): keys to the identification with atlas of female spermathecae and other morphological details. I. Key to subfamilies and subfamily Leptogastrinae Schiner. Gayana Zoologia, 55, 139–144.

    https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2176-7793.v34i1-4p1-55

    Artigas, J.N. & Papavero, N.P. (1997) The American genera of Asilidae (Diptera): Keys for identification with an atlas of female spermathecae and other morphological details. IX.2. Subfamily Asilinae Leach-Efferia—Group. With the proposal of five new genera and a catalogue of the Neotropical species. Arquivos de Zoologia, 34, 65–95.

    https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2176-7793.v34i1-4p65-95

    Back, E.A. (1904) New species of North American Asilidae. The Canadian Entomologist, 36, 289–293.

    https://doi.org/10.4039/ent36289–10

    Back, E.A. (1909) The robber-flies of America north of Mexico belonging to the subfamilies Leptogastrinae and Dasypogoninae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 35, 137–400, 11 pls.

    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.9381

    Baker, N.T. & Fischer, R.L. (1975) A taxonomic and ecologic study of the Asilidae of Michigan. The Great Lakes Entomologist, 8, 31–91.

    Banks, N. (1917) Synopsis of the genus Dasyllis (Asilidae). Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 12, 52–55.

    Barnes, J.K. (2008) The genus Atomosia Macquart (Diptera: Asilidae) in North America north of Mexico. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 110, 701–732.

    https://doi.org/10.4289/07-073.1

    Barnes, J.K. (2010a) Nearctic species related to Diogmites angustipennis Loew (Diptera: Asilidae). Zootaxa, 2545, 1–22.

    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2545.1.1

    Barnes, J.K. (2010b) Revision of Nearctic Stichopogon species (Diptera: Asilidae) with white banded abdomens, including description of Stichopogon venturiensis, new species, from coastal California. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 112, 367–380.

    https://doi.org/10.4289/0013-8797.112.3.367

    Barnes, J.K. (2013) The genus Stichopogon Loew (Diptera: Asilidae) in America North of Mexico. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 115, 9–36.

    https://doi.org/10.4289/0013-8797.115.1.9

    Bedell, P. (2010) Preliminary list of the robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae) of Virginia. Banisteria, No. 36, 3–19.

    Bellardi, L. (1861) Saggio di ditterologia Messicana. Memorie della Reale. Academia delle Scienze di Torino, Series 2, 21, 11–88.

    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.8182

    Bigot, J.M.F. (1878) Diptères nouveaux ou peu connus. Tribu des Asilid. Annales de la Société entomologique de France, 10 (8), Part 10, 401–446.

    Brown, C.J.D. (1929) A morphological and systematical study of Utah Asilidae (Diptera). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 54, 295–320.

    Bromley, S.W. (1929) Notes on the asilid genera Bombomima and Laphria with descriptions of three new species and two new varieties (Diptera). The Canadian Entomologist, 61, 157–161.

    https://doi.org/10.4039/ent61157–7

    Bromley, S.W. (1931a) A preliminary annotated list of the robber flies of Ohio. Bulletin of the Ohio State Museum of Science, 1, 1–19.

    Bromley, S.W. (1931b) New Asilidae with a revised key to the genus Stenopogon Loew (Diptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 24, 427–435.

    https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/24.2.427

    Bromley, S.W. (1934) The robber flies of Texas (Diptera, Asilidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 27, 74–113.

    https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/27.1.74

    Bromley, S.W. (1937) The genus Stenopogon Loew in the United States of America (Asilidae; Diptera) Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 45, 291–309.

    https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/24.2.427

    Bromley, S.W. (1940) New U.S.A. robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae). Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 35, 13–21.

    Bromley, S.W. (1951) Asilid notes (Diptera) with descriptions of thirty new species. American Museum Novitates, 1532, 1–36.

    Bullington, S. & Lavigne, R. (1980) An instance of multiple mating in Asilus gilvipes (Diptera: Asilidae). The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 65, 78–80.

    Bullington, S.W. & Lavigne, R.J. (1992) Ethology of Cyrtopogon montanus wilcoxi James (Diptera: Asilidae) in Wyoming. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 94, 123–131.

    Candan, S., Suludere, Z., Hasbenlí, A., Çaðiran, N., Lavigne, R. & Scarbrough, A. (2004) Ultrastructure of the chorion of Dioctria flavipennis Meigen, 1820 (Diptera: Asilidae: Stenopogoninae) compared with those of fourteen asilid species from the mid-atlantic region of North America. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 106, 811–825.

    Cannings, R.A. (1993) New synonymy of Rhadiurgus variabilis (Zetterstedt) (Diptera: Asilidae) with notes on morphology, natural history, and geographical variation. The Canadian Entomologist, 125, 337–354.

    https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent125337-2

    Cannings, R.A. (1994) Robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae) new to Canada, British Columbia, Yukon and the Northwest Territories: with notes on distribution and habitat. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 91, 19–26.

    Cannings, R.A. (2002) The systematics of Lasiopogon (Diptera: Asilidae). Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, British Columbia, 354 pp.

    Cannings, R.A. (2013) A checklist of the robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae) of British Columbia. Available from: http://www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/Natural_History/Insects-and-Relatives.aspx?id=2435 (accessed 22 January 2014)

    Cannings, R.A. (2014) Chapter 7. The robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae) of western Canadian grasslands. In: Giberson, D.J. & Cácamo, H.A. (Eds.), Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands. Vol. 4. Biodiversity and Systematics. Part 2. 1st Edition. Biological Survey of Canada, pp. 269–297.

    Cole, F.R. (1969) The flies of western North America. University of California Press, Berkeley, 693 pp. [Asilidae, pp. 184–217]

    Cole, F.R. & Lovett, A.L. (1919) New Oregon Diptera. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 9, pp. 229–238 [Asilidae]

    Cole, F.R. & Pritchard, A.E. (1964) The genus Mallophora and related asilid genera in North America (Diptera: Asilidae). University of California Publications in Entomology, 36, 43–100.

    Cole, F.R. & Wilcox, J. (1938) The genera Lasiopogon Loew and Alexiopogon Curran in North America (Diptera-Asilidae). Entomologica Americana, 43, 1–90.

    Coquillett, D.W. (1893a) Synopsis of the asilid genus Anisopogon. The Canadian Entomologist, 25, 20–22.

    https://doi.org/10.4039/ent2520–1

    Coquillett, D.W. (1893b) A new asilid genus related to Erax. The Canadian Entomologist, 25, 175–177.

    https://doi.org/10.4039/ent25175–7

    Coquillet, D.W. (1898) Synopsis of the genus Ospriocerus. Entomological News, 9, 37.

    Coquillett, D.W. (1904) New North American Diptera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 6, 177–186. [Asilidae]

    Cresson, E.T. (1920) Description of a new species of the asilid genus Pogosoma (Diptera) (error for Pogonosoma). Entomological News, 31, 211–215.

    Curran, C.H. (1922) New Diptera in the Canadian National Collection. The Canadian Entomologist, 54, 277–287.

    https://doi.org/10.4039/ent54277–12

    Curran, C.H. (1923) Studies in Canadian Diptera. I. Revision of the asilid genus Cyrtopogon and allied genera. The Canadian Entomologist, 55 , 92–95 + 116–125 + 132–14 + 169–174 + 185–190.

    https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent5592-4

    Curran, C.H. (1924) Four apparently undescribed Diptera from Canada. The Canadian Entomologist, 56, 250–254.

    https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent56250-10

    Curran, C.H. (1927) Descriptions of Nearctic Diptera. The Canadian Entomologist, 59, 79–92.

    https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent5979-4

    Curran, C.H. (1931) New American Asilidae (Diptera). American Museum Novitates, No. 487, 1–25.

    Curran, C.H. (1934) The Families and Genera of North American Diptera. C.H. Curran, New York City, 512 pp. [pp. 167–184, Asilidae]

    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6825

    Curran, C.H. (1942) American Diptera. Art. 3. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 80, 51–84.

    Dennis, D.S. (1979) Ethology of Holcocephala fusca in Virginia (Diptera: Asilidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 81, 366–378.

    Dennis, D.S., Barnes, J.K. & Knutson, L. (2008) Pupal cases of Nearctic robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae). Zootaxa, 1868, 1–98.

    Dennis, D.S., Barnes, J.K. & Knutson, L. (2013) Review and analysis of information on the biology and morphology of immature stages of robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae). Zootaxa, 3673 (1), 001–064.

    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3673.1.1

    Dennis, D.S. & Lavigne, R.J. (1975) Comparative behavior of Wyoming Robber flies II (Diptera: Asilidae). University of Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station Science Monograph, No. 30, 1–68.

    Dennis, D.S. & Lavigne, R.J. (1976a) Ethology of Efferia varipes with comments on species coexistence (Diptera: Asilidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 49, 48–62.

    Dennis, D.S. & Lavigne, R.J. (1976b) Ethology of Leptogaster parvoclavus in Wyoming (Diptera: Asilidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 78, 208–222.

    Dennis, D.S. & Lavigne, R.J. (1976c) Descriptions and notes on the pupae and pupal cases of ten species of Wyoming robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 78, 277–303.

    Dennis, D.S. & Lavigne, R.J. (1976d) Oviposition of Cyrtopogon inversus (Diptera: Asilidae). The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 52, 288–290.

    Dennis, D.S. & Lavigne, R.J. (1979) Ethology of Machimus callidus with incidental observations on M. occidentalis in Wyoming (Diptera: Asilidae). The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 55, 208–221.

    Dennis, D.S. & Lavigne, R.J. (2007) Hymenoptera as prey of robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae) with new prey records. Journal of the Entomological Research Society, 9, 23–42.

    Dennis, D.S., Lavigne, R.J. & Bullington, S.W. (1986) Ethology of Efferia cressoni with a review of the comparative ethology of the genus (Diptera: Asilidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 88, 42–55.

    Dennis, D.S., Lavigne, R.J. & Dennis, J.G. (2009) Lepidoptera as prey of robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae) with unpublished records. Journal of the Entomological Research Society, 11, 71–84.

    Dennis, D.S., Lavigne, R.J. & Dennis, J.G. (2010) Hemiptera (Heteroptera/Homoptera) as prey of robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae) with unpublished records. Journal of the Entomological Research Society, 12, 27–47.

    Dennis, D.S., Roehrkasse, G.P. & R. J. Lavigne, R.J. (1975) Prey recognition by Efferia frewingi (Diptera: Asilidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 68, 404–408.

    https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/68.3.404

    Dikow, T. (2003) Family-group names in the Asilidae (Diptera). Studia dipterologica, 10, 459–471.

    Dikow, T. (2009a) A phylogenetic hypothesis for Asilidae based on a total evidence analysis of morphological and DNA sequence data (Insecta: Diptera: Brachycera: Asiloidea). Organisms, Diversity & Evolution, 9, 165–188.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ode.2009.02.004

    Dikow, T. (2009b) Phylogeny of Asilidae inferred from morphological characteristics of imagines (Insecta: Diptera: Brachycera: Asiloidea). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, No 319, 1–175.

    https://doi.org/10.1206/603.1

    Drukewitz, S.H., Fuhrmann, N., Undheim, E.A.B., Blanke, A., Giribaldi, J., Mary, R., Laconde, G., Dutertre, S. & Von Reumont, B.M. (2018) A dipteran’s novel sucker punch: Evolution of arthropod atypical venom with a neurotoxic component in robber flies (Asilidae, Diptera). Toxins, 10 (29), 1–23.

    https://doi:10.3390/toxins10010029

    Enderlein, G. (1914) Dipterologische Studien. XII. Zur Kenntnis der Asiliden-subfamilies. Dasypogoninae and Archilaphriinae. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, 33, 151–174.

    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.10607

    Enderlein, G. (1936) Asilidae 30. Familie. In: Brohmer, P., Ehrmann, P. & Ulmer, G. (Eds.), Die Tierwelt Mittelenropas, 6, pp. 91–96. [Asilidae]

    Evans, H.E. (1966) The comparative ethology and evolution of the sand wasps. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Masschusetts, 526 pp.

    https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674333369

    Evans, H.E. (1970) Ecological-behavioral studies of the wasps of Jackson Hole, Wyoming. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, 140, 451–511.

    Fisher, E.M. (2009) Chapter 45. Asilidae (Robber Flies, Assassin Flies, Moscas Cazadoras, Moscas Ladronas) In: Brown, B.V., Borkent, A., Cumming, J.M., Wood, D.M., Woodley, N.E. & Zumbado, M.A. (Eds.), Manual of Central American Diptera: Volume 1. National Research Council of Canada, Research Press, Ottawa, Ontario, pp. 585–632.

    Fisher, E.M. & Wilcox, J. (1997) Catalog of the robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae) of the Nearctic Region. California Department of Food & Agriculture, Sacramento, 56 pp. [unpublished]

    Geller-Grimm, F. (2003) A world catalogue of the genera of the family Asilidae (Diptera). Studia dipterologica, 10, 473–526.

    Geller-Grimm, F. (2018) Robber flies (Asilidae), database, catalog of species. Available from: http:/www.geller-grimm.de/catalog/species.htm (accessed 23 March 2018)

    Hardy, G.H. (1926) A new classification of Australian robberflies belonging to the subfamily Dasypogoninae (Diptera, Asilidae). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 51, 305–312.

    Hardy, G.H. (1930) Fifth contribution towards a new classification of Australian Asilidae (Diptera). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 55, 249–260.

    Hastings, J.M., Dodson, G.N. & Heckman, J.L. (1994) Male perch selection and the mating system of the robber fly, Promachus albifacies (Diptera: Asilidae). Journal of Insect Behavior, 7, 829–841.

    https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01997129

    Hine, J.S. (1906) Two new species of Diptera belonging to Asilinae. Ohio Naturalist, 7, 29–30.

    Hine, J.S. (1909) Robberflies of the genus Asilus. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 2, 136–172.

    https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/2.2.136

    Hine, J.S. (1911a) New species of Diptera of the genus Erax. Ohio Naturalist, 11, 307–311.

    Hine, J.S. (1911b) Robberflies of the genera Promachus and Proctacanthus. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 4, 153–172.

    https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/4.2.153

    Hine, J.S. (1918) Descriptions of seven species of Asilus (Family Asilidae). Ohio Naturalist, 18, 319–322.

    Hine, J.S. (1919) Robberflies of the genus Erax. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 12, 103–157.

    https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/12.2.103

    Hull, F.M. (1957) Some new species of robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae). Psyche, 64, 70–75.

    https://doi.org/10.1155/1957/29278

    Hull, F.M. (1958) New genera of robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 18, 317–324.

    Hull, F.M. (1962) Robber flies of the world. The genera of the family Asilidae. U. S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 224. (Pts. 1 & 2), 1–907. [U. S. Govt. Printing Office]

    https://doi.org/10.5479/si.03629236.224

    James, M.T. (1934) Taxonomic notes on some Colorado Asilidae. Pan–Pacific Entomologist, 10, 83–86.

    James, M.T. (1937) New Colorado Asilidae (Diptera). Entomological News, 48, 12–15.

    James, M.T. (1942) Additions to the “robber flies of Colorado.” Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 15, 124–126.

    Jaennicke, J.F. (1867) Neue exotische Dipteren. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 6, 354–366 [Asilidae]

    Johnson, C.W. (1900) Some notes and descriptions of seven new species and one new genus of Diptera. Entomological News, 11, 323–328.

    Johnson, C.W. (1903) A new genus and four new species of Asilidae. Psyche, 10, 111–113.

    https://doi.org/10.1155/1903/25137

    Jones, P.R. (1907) A preliminary list of the Asilidae of Nebraska with description of new species. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 33, 273–286.

    Kahan, D. (1964) The toxic effect of the bite and the proteolytic activity of the saliva and stomach contents of the robber flies (Diptera, Asilidae). Israel Journal of Zoology, 13, 47–57.

    Kirk-Spriggs, H. & Sinclair, B.J. (Eds.) (2017) Manual of Afrotropical Diptera. Vol. 1. Introductory chapters and keys to Diptera families. Suricata 4. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, 420 pp.

    Kondratieff, B.C. (2011) Insect survey of Sheridan Local Training Area, Wyoming, 2010. Wyoming Army National Guard. Center for the Environmental Management of Military Lands (CEMML), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. CEMML Technical Publication Series, 11-01 (Appendix 1 & 2), 11–12 & 8.

    Kondratieff, B.C. & Schmidt, J.P. (2005) Insect surveys of Lander and Lovell Local Training Areas, 2004-2005. Wyoming Army National Guard. Center for Environmental Management of Military Lands (CEMML), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. CEMML Technical Publication Series, 05-14 (Appendix 1 & 2), 4–5 + 31–32 & 4 + 28–29.

    Kondratieff, B.C., Myers, L. & Bovin, P.P. (2007) Insect survey of Sheridan Local Training Areas, 2006–2007. Wyoming Army National Guard. Center for Environmental Management of Military Lands (CEMML), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. CEMML Technical Publication Series, 07-05, 41–42.

    Kondratieff, B.C., Heinold, B.D. & Conrad, K.R. (2008) Insect survey of the Gray Rocks Ranch, Camp Guernsey, Platte County, Wyoming. Wyoming Army National Guard. Center for Environmental Management of Military Lands (CEMML), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, CEMML Technical Publication Series, 08-13, 45–46.

    Küchler, A.W. (1970) Potential natural vegetation. In: Gerlach, A.C. (Ed.), The National Atlas of the U.S.A. U. S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey. Reston, Virginia, pp. 89–91.

    Lavigne, R.J. (1963a) Notes on the behavior of Stenopogon coyote Bromley with a description of the eggs (Diptera: Asilidae). The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 39, 103–107.

    Lavigne, R.J. (1963b) Description of the eggs of Leptogaster salvius Martin (Diptera: Asilidae). The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 39, 176.

    Lavigne, R.J. (1964) Notes on the distribution and the ethology of Efferia bicaudata (Diptera: Asilidae), with a description of the eggs. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 57, 341–344.

    https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/57.3.341

    Lavigne, R.J. (1968) Notes on two species of Asilus (Diptera: Asilidae) associated with animal burrows, with a redescription of Asilus gilvipes Hine. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 41, 334–339.

    Lavigne, R.J. (1969) A new species of Lasiopogon from Wyoming (Diptera: Asilidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 42, 363–365.

    Lavigne, R.J. (1970a) Courtship and predatory behavior of Cyrtopogon auratus and C. glarealis (Diptera: Asilidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 43, 163–171.

    Lavigne, R.J. (1970b) Courtship and predation behavior of Heteropogon maculinervis (Diptera: Asilidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 43, 270–273.

    Lavigne, R. J. (1971) Backomyia seminoensis sp. n. from Wyoming with ethological notes on B. limpidipennis. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 44, 337–342

    Lavigne, R.J. (1972) Ethology of Ablautus rufotibialis on the Pawnee Grasslands IBP Site. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 45, 271–274.

    Lavigne, R.J. (1992) Orthoptera as prey of robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae)—new records. Metalepta, 14, 5–6.

    Lavigne, R.J. (1993) Notes on the ethology of Dicolonus sparsipilosum Back (Diptera: Asilidae). The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 69, 12–14.

    Lavigne, R.J. (2003) Evolution of courtship behaviour among the Asilidae (Diptera)

    with a review of courtship and mating. Studia dipterologica, 9 (2002), 703–742.

    Lavigne, R.J., Bloom, M.H. & Neys, W.A. (1968) Adult behavior of Tabanus reinwardtii and Chrysops fulvaster (Diptera: Tabanidae). University of Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station Science Monograph, 12, 1–37.

    Lavigne, R.J. & Bullington, S.W. (1981) New species of Cyrtopogon from Wyoming. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 74, 414–418.

    https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/74.4.414

    Lavigne, R.J. & Bullington, S.W. (1984) Ethology of Laphria fernaldi (Back) (Diptera: Asilidae) in southeast Wyoming. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 86, 326–336.

    Lavigne, R.J. & Bullington, S.W. (2001) Evidence for territoriality by males of Laphria fernaldi (Back) (Diptera: Asilidae). Studia Dipterologica, 8, 415–421.

    Lavigne, R.J. & Bullington, S.W. (2005) Notes on the ethology of Bohartia martini Adisoemarto and Wood (Diptera: Asilidae) in Wyoming, USA. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 107, 968–970.

    Lavigne, R.J., Bullington, S.W. & Stephens, G. (1993) Ethology of Holopogon seniculus (Diptera: Asilidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 86, 91–95.

    https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/86.1.91

    Lavigne, R.J. & Dennis, D.S. (1975) Ethology of Efferia frewingi (Diptera: Asilidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 68, 992–996.

    https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/68.6.992

    Lavigne, R.J. & Dennis, D.S. (1994) New records of Coleoptera as prey for Asilidae (Diptera) in Wyoming and Colorado. The Coleopterists Bulletin, 48, 131–139.

    Lavigne, R.J. & Dennis, D.S. (2017) A checklist of the robber flies (Insecta: Diptera: Asilidae) of Wyoming, U.S.A. Zootaxa, 4238 (3), 335–365.

    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4238.3.2

    Lavigne, R., Dennis, D.S. & Gowen, J.A. (2000) Asilid literature update 1956–1976 including a brief review of robber fly biology. University of Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station Science Monograph, 36, 1–134. [Internet: http://www.uwyo.edu/ces/PUBS/SM-36.pdf]

    Lavigne, R.J. & Holland, F.R. (1969) Comparative behavior of eleven species of Wyoming robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae). University Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station Science Monograph, 18, 1–61.

    Lavigne, R.J., Nelson, C.R. & Schreiber, E.T. (1994) New prey records for Proctacanthus (Diptera: Asilidae) with comments on prey choice. Entomological News, 105, 85–97.

    Lavigne, R.J. & Pfadt, R.E. (1964) The role of rangeland grasshoppers as scavengers. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 37, 1–4.

    Lavigne, R.J. & Pfadt, R.E. (1965) Insects collected on Wyoming rangeland in connection with grasshopper-egg sampling. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 38, 61–66.

    Lavigne, R.J. & Pfadt, R.E. (1966) Parasites and predators of Wyoming rangeland grasshoppers. University Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station Science Monograph, 3, 1–31.

    Lavigne, R.J. & Pogue, M. (2009) Ethology of Omninablautus nigronotum (Wilcox) (Diptera: Asilidae) in Wyoming. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 111, 1–6.

    https://doi.org/10.4289/0013-8797-111.1.1

    Lavigne, R.J., Pogue, M. & Johnson, P. (1983) Ethology of Laphystia rufofasciata Curran (Diptera: Asilidae) in Wyoming. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 85, 121–127.

    Lavigne, R.J., Pogue, M. & Stephens, G. (1980) Use of marked insects to demonstrate multiple mating in Efferia frewingi (Diptera: Asilidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 82, 454–456.

    Lavigne, R.J., Rogers, L. & Lavigne, F. (1976) Ethology of Efferia benedicti (Diptera: Asilidae) in Wyoming. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 78, 145–153.

    Lehr, P.A. (1964) (On the nutrition and significance of robber flies). Trudy nauchnoissledovaniya Instituta Zaschti Rasteniy, KazASKhN, Alma-Ata, 8, 213–244. [in Russian, English translation by Karriker & Lavigne (Translation 12) at http://www.geller‑grimm.de/catalog/transla.htm]

    Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. 10th Edition. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp. [pp. 605–606, Asilidae]

    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.156772

    Linnaeus, C. (1763) Centuria insectorum rariorum. Upsaliae, p. 30 (Asilus aestuans).

    Loew, H. (1847) Ueber die europäischen Raubfliegen (Diptera Asilica). Linnaea Entomologica, 2, 384–568.

    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11475

    Loew, H. (1848) Ueber die europäischen Raubfliegen (Diptera Asilica). Linnaea Entomologica, 3, 386–495.

    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11475

    Loew, H. (1849) Ueber die europäischen Raubfliegen (Diptera Asilica). Linnaea Entomologica, 4, 1–155.

    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11475

    Loew, H. (1862) Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 6, 188–193. [Asilidae]

    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.9606

    Loew, H. (1866) Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 10, 1–54.

    https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.18660100103

    Loew, H. (1872) Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 16, 62–74. [Asilidae]

    https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.47918720208

    Loew, H. (1874) Neue nordamerikanische Dasypogonina. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 18, 353–377.

    https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.18740180322

    Macquart, P.J.M. (1834) Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Diptères. Vol. 1. Suite à Buffon, edited by Roret, Paris, 43 pp. [pp. 275–317, Asilidae]

    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.14274

    Macquart, P.J.M. (1838) Diptères Exotiques Nouveaux ou peu connus. Mémoires de la Société royale des Sciences, de l’Agriculture et des Arts de Lille, 1, 14–156. [Asilidae]

    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.51482

    Martin, C.H. (1957) A revision of the Leptogastrinae in the United States (Diptera, Asilidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 3, 343–386.

    Martin, C.H. (1959) The Holopogon complex of North America, excluding Mexico, with the descriptions of a new genus and a new subgenus (Diptera, Asilidae). American Museum Novitates, 1980, 1–40.

    Martin, C.H. (1965) Distribution patterns and corrected identification of asilid species reported as common to North and South America. (Diptera: Asilidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 91, 1–37.

    Martin, C.H. (1968) A revision of Ospriocerus (Diptera: Asilidae). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 35, 401–424.

    Martin, C.H. (1975) The generic and specific characters of four old and six new Asilini genera in the western United States, Mexico and Central America (Diptera: Asilidae). Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, No. 119, 1–107.

    Martin, C.H. & Wilcox, J. (1965) Family Asilidae. In: A catalog of Diptera of North America. USDA Agriculture Handbook, No. 276, pp. 360–401.

    McAlpine, J.F., Peterson, B.V., Shewell, G.E., Teskey, H.J., Vockeroth, J.R. & Wood, D.M. (Coords.) (1981) Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 1. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada Monograph 27. Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, 674 pp.

    McAtee, W.L. (1918) Key to the Nearctic species of the genus Laphria (Diptera, Asilidae). Ohio Journal of Science, 19, 143–170.

    Meigen, J.W. (1803) Versuch einer neuen Gattungseintheilung der europäischen zweiflugeligen Insekten. Magazine fur Insektenkunde, 2, 269–270.

    Melander, A.L. (1923a) Studies in Asilidae (Diptera). Psyche, 30, 207–219.

    https://doi.org/10.1155/1923/83461

    Melander, A.L. (1923b) The genus Cyrtopogon (Diptera; Asilidae). Psyche, 30, 102–119.

    https://doi.org/10.1155/1923/54960

    Melander, A.L. (1923c) The genus Lasiopogon (Diptera, Asilidae). Psyche, 30, 135–145.

    https://doi.org/10.1155/1923/20592

    Melin, D. (1923) Contributions to the knowledge of the biology, metamorphosis and distribution of the Swedish asilids in relation to the whole family of asilids. Zoologiska Bidrag från Uppsala, 8, 1–317.

    Miller, E.L. (1978) A checklist of the Diptera in the South Dakota State University insect collection. I. Orders Nematocera and Brachycera. Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Sciences, 57, 32–45.

    Musso, J.J., Garnier, R. & Legier, F. (1978) Comparaison de la toxicité du venin de quelques Asilides (Dipt., Brachycera) sur le criquet migrateur. Annals de la Société de France, New Series, 14, 177–184. [in French]

    Nelson, C.R. (1987) Robber flies of Utah (Diptera: Utah). Great Basin Naturalist, 47, 38–90.

    O’Neil, K.M. (1992) Temporal and spatial dynamics of predation in a robber fly (Efferia staminea) population (Diptera: Asilidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 70, 1546–1552.

    https://doi.org/10.1139/z92-213

    Osten-Sacken, C.R. (1877) Art. XIII.—Western Diptera: Descriptions of new genera and species of Diptera from the region west of the Mississippi and especially from California. Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, 3, 284–311 + 350–354. [Asilidae]

    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.57939

    Osten-Sacken, C.R. (1878) Catalogue of the described Diptera of North America. Second Edition. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 16, 65–83 + 229–235. [Asilidae]

    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.1728

    Osten-Sacken, C.R. (1887) Insecta. Diptera. Biologia Centrali-Americana, 1, 167–213. [Asilidae]

    Pape, T., Blagoderov, V. & Mostovski, M.B. (2011) Order Diptera Linnaeus, 1758, in animal biodiversity: an outline of higher level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa, 3148 (1), 222–229.

    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.42

    Parks, L. (1968) Synopsis of robberfly genera allied to Efferia and Eicherax, including a new genus (Diptera: Asilidae). The Pan–Pacific Entomologist, 44, 171–179.

    Pineda, P. M. & Kondratieff, B.C. (2001a) Invertebrate surveys of Sheridan, Lander and Lovell Local Training Areas. CEMML Technical Publication Series 01-29. Wyoming Army National Guard. Center for Environmental Management of Military Lands (CEMML), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 5 pp. [pp. 54–55, 81. 96, 108]

    Pineda, P. & Kondratieff, B.C. (2001b) Invertebrate survey of Camp Guernsey, Platte County, Wyoming. Center for Environmental Management of Military Lands, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. CEMML Technical Publication Series, 01-16, 53.

    Pritchard, A.E. (1935) New Asilidae from the southwestern United States (Diptera). American Museum Novitates, No. 813, 1–13.

    Rogers, L.E. & Lavigne, R.J. (1972) Asilidae of the Pawnee National Grasslands, in northeastern Colorado. University Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station Science Monograph 25. University of Wyoming, University of Wyoming, Wyoming, 35 pp.

    Rondani, A.C. (1856) Dipterologiae Italicae Prodromus. Vol. 1. Ex Tipographia A. Stocchii, Parmae, 6 pp. [pp. 32, 156–160]

    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.8160

    Say, T. (1823) Description of dipterous insects of the United States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 3, pp. 47–53, 73–74. [Asilidae]

    Scarbrough, A.G., Stevens, L.E. & Nelson, C.R. (2012) The albibarbis-complex of Efferia Coquillett, 1910 from the Grand Canyon region, southwestern U.S.A., with three new species and new distribution records (Diptera: Asilidae). The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 88, 58–86.

    https://doi.org/10.3956/2012-07.1

    Schiner, J.R. (1862) Asilidae IX. Familie. Fauna Austriaca. Die fliegen Diptera. Part 1. Druck und Verlag voc Carl Gerold’s Sohn, Wien, xxxviii + 42 pp. [pp. i–xxxviii + 117–158, Asilidae]

    Schiner, J.R. (1867) Neue oder weniger bekannte Asiliden des K. zoologischen Hofkabinettes in Wien. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Asiliden. Verhandlungen der zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 17, 355–412.

    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.24105

    Schreiber, E.T. & Lavigne, R.J. (1986) Ethology of Asilus gilvipes (Hine) (Diptera: Asilidae) associated with small mammal burrows in southeastern Wyoming. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 88, 711–719.

    Scudder, S.H. (1878) The fossil insects of the Green River Shales (Authors Edition). Extracted from the Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey, 4, 751–752.

    Skevington, J.H. (1999) New Canadian records of Asilidae (Diptera) from an endangered Ontario ecosystem. The Great Lakes Entomologist, 32, 257–265.

    Tucker, E.S. (1907) Some results of desultory collecting of insects in Kansas and Colorado. Kansas University Science Bulletin, 4, 51–112.

    Walker, F. (1849) List of the Specimens of Dipterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Part 2. Edward Newman, London, 186 pp. [pp. 299–484, Asilidae]

    Walker, F. (1851) Insecta saundersiana: or characters of undescribed insects in the collection of William Wilson Saunders, Esq. Vol. 1. Part 2. John van Voorst, Patternoster Row, London, 73 pp. [pp. 84–156, Asilidae]

    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.66010

    Wiedemann, C.R.W. (1821) Diptera Exotica. Kiliae, 1, 179–242. [Asilidae]

    Wiedemann, C.R.W. (1828) Aussereuropäische zweiflügelige Insekten, als Fortsetzung des Meigenschen Werkes. 1. in der Schulzischen Buchhandlung, Hamm, XXXII + 608 pp., VI Tafs. [pp. 364–536, 568–572, 584–588, Asilidae]

    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.14603

    Wilcox, J. (1936a.) A new robber fly, with a key to species of Callinicus and Chrysoceria (Diptera: Asilidae). Entomological News, 47, 208–210.

    Wilcox, J. (1936b) Asilidae new and otherwise, from the Southwest, with a key to the genus Stichopogon. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 12, 201–212.

    Wilcox, J. (1936c) Laphria vultur Osten-Sacken and two related species (Diptera ‑ Asilidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 68, 7–11.

    https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent687-1

    Wilcox, J. (1937) Asilidae new and otherwise, from the Southwest, with a key to the genus Stichopogon. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 13, 37–45. [continued from volume 12]

    Wilcox, J. (1960) Laphystia Loew in North America (Diptera: Asilidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 53, 328–346.

    https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/53.3.328

    Wilcox, J. (1965a) New Heteropogon Loew, with a key to species and the description of a new genus (Diptera: Asilidae). Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 64, 207–222.

    Wilcox, J. (1965b) Proctacanthella Bromley (Diptera: Asilidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 38, 106–110

    Wilcox, J. (1966a) New species and keys to the species of Ablautus Loew and Omninablautus Pritchard (Diptera: Asilidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 98, 637–682.

    https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent98673-7

    Wilcox, J. (1966b) Efferia Coquillett in America north of Mexico. (Diptera: Asilidae). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 34, 85–234.

    Wilcox, J. (1971) The genera Stenopogon Loew and Scleropogon Loew in America north of Mexico (Diptera: Asilidae). Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, No. 89, 1–134.

    Wilcox, J. & Martin, C.H. (1936) A review of the genus Cyrtopogon in North America (Diptera: Asilidae). Entomologica Americana, 16, 1–94.

    Williston, S.W. (1883) On the North American Asilidae (Dasypogoninae, Laphriinae), with a new genus of Syrphidae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 11, 1–35, 2 pls.

    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.40953

    Williston, S.W. (1884) On the North American Asilidae (Dasypogoninae, Laphriinae), with a new genus of Syrphidae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 11, 1–35.

    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.40953

    Williston, S.W. (1886) Dipterological notes and descriptions. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 13, 287–291. [Asilidae] https://doi.org/10.2307/25076477

    Williston, S.W. (1893a) List of Diptera of the Death Valley Expedition. In: Riley, C.V., Report on Insects, Death Valley Expedition, A biological survey of parts of California, Nevada, Arizona, and Utah. U.S. Department of Agriculture, North American Fauna, No. 7, pp. 253–259.

    Williston, S.W. (1893b) New or little known Diptera. Kansas University Quarterly, 2, 59–78.

    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.25908

    Wood, G.C. (1981) Asilidae. In: McAlpine, J.F., Peterson, B.V., Shewell, G.E., Vockeroth, J.R. & Wood, D.M. (Coords.), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 1. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada Monograph 27. Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, pp. 549–573.

    Wulp, F.M. van der (1869) Nog iets over Noord-Amerikaansche Diptera. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 4, 80–86.

    Zetterstedt, J.W. (1838) Insecta Lapponica Descripta. Section 3. L. Voss, Lipsiae, 5 pp. [pp. 505–509, Asilidae]