Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Type: Articles
Published: 2010-03-22
Page range: 1–54
Abstract views: 193
PDF downloaded: 6

Definition of families, subfamilies, genera and subgenera of the Eutardigrada, and keys to their identification

Dipartimento di Biologia Animale “Marcello La Greca” dell’Università di Catania, Via Androne 81, 95124 Catania, Italy
Dipartimento di Biologia Animale “Marcello La Greca” dell’Università di Catania, Via Androne 81, 95124 Catania, Italy
Tardigrada Eutardigrada definitions families genera dichotomous keys

Abstract

The systematic arrangement of the Eutardigrada has radically changed since 1969 due to the new evaluation of characteristics of the claws and of the bucco-pharyngeal apparatus and the use of some characters overlooked before. After that date, as a consequence, four new families and 40 genera have been instituted. Given the changes and number of novelties, the authors have updated the definitions of all familial and generic taxa and have provided keys to aid identification.

References

  1. Arcidiacono, R. (1962) Contributo alla conoscenza dei Tardigradi dei Monti Nebrodi e descrizione di una nuova specie di Itaquascon. Bollettino delle sedute dell’Accademia Gioenia di Scienze Naturali, Catania, S. IV, 3–7, 123–134.

    Barros, R. de (1939) Itaquascon umbellinae gen. nov. (Tardigrada, Macrobiotidae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 128, 106–109.

    Bertolani, R. (1981a) The taxonomic position of some eutardigrades. Bollettino di Zoologia, 48, 197–203.

    Bertolani, R. (1981b) A new genus and five new species of Italian fresh-water tardigrades. Bollettino del Museo civico di Storia Naturale di Verona, 8, 249–254.

    Bertolani, R. (2003) Thulinius, new generic name substituting for Thulinia Bertolani, 1981 (Tardigrada, Eutardigrada). Zootaxa, 314, 1–4.

    Bertolani, R. & Biserov, V.I. (1996) Leg and claw adaptations in soil tardigrades, with erection of two new genera of Eutardigrada, Macrobiotidae. Pseudohexapodibius and Xerobiotus. Invertebrate Biology, 115, 299–304.

    Bertolani, R. & Grimaldi, D. (2000) A new eutardigrade (Tardigrada: Milnesiidae) in amber from the Upper Cretaceous (Turonian) of New Jersey. In: D. Grimaldi (Ed.), Studies on fossils in amber, with particular reference to the Cretaceous of New Jersey. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden The Netherland, 103–110.

    Bertolani, R. & Kristensen, R. (1987) New records of Eohypsibius nadjae Kristensen, 1982, and revision of the taxonomic position of two genera of Eutardigrada (Tardigrada). In: Bertolani R. (Ed.), Biology of Tardigrades. Selected Symposia and Monographs, U.Z.I., 1. Mucchi, Modena, 359–372.

    Bertolani, R. & Pilato, G. (1988) Struttura delle unghie nei Macrobiotidae e descrizione di Murrayon n. gen. (Eutardigrada). Animalia, 15, 17–24.

    Binda, M.G. (1969) Nuovi dati su tardigradi di Sicilia con descrizione di due nuove specie. Bollettino delle sedute dell’Accademia Gioenia di Scienze Naturali, Catania, S. IV, IX, 9, 623–633.

    Binda, M.G. (1971) Su alcuni Tardigradi muscicoli del Nord-Africa. Bollettino delle sedute dell’Accademia Gioenia di Scienze Naturali, Catania, S. IV, X, 9, 759–765.

    Binda, M.G. (1984) Notizie sui Tardigradi dell’Africa meridionale con descrizione di una nuova specie di Apodibius (Eutardigrada). Animalia, 11, 5–15.

    Binda, M.G. & Guglielmino, A. (1991) Tardigradi dell’Africa. VI. Macrobiotus polygonatus nuova specie di eutardigrado del Kilimangiaro (Tanzania). Animalia, 18, 223–227.

    Binda, M.G. & Pilato, G. (1969) Tardigradi muscicoli dell’Isola di Ustica (Sicilia), con descrizione di due specie nuove. Bollettino delle sedute dell’Accademia Gioenia di Scienze Naturali, Catania, S. IV, X, 2, 171–180.

    Binda, M.G. & Pilato, G. (1971) Nuovo contributo alla conoscenza dei Tardigradi di Sicilia. Bollettino delle sedute dell’Accademia Gioenia di Scienze Naturali, Catania, S. IV, X, 10, 896–909.

    Binda, M.G. & Pilato, G. (1985) Hypsibius ragonesei, nuova specie di eutardigrado di Sicilia. Animalia, 12, 245–248.

    Binda, M.G., & Pilato, G. (1986) Ramazzottius, nuovo genere di eutardigrado (Hypsibiidae). Animalia, 13, 159–166.

    Binda, M.G. & Pilato, G. (1990) Tardigradi di Terra del Fuoco e Magallanes. I. Milnesium brachyungue, nuova specie di tardigrado Milnesiidae. Animalia, 17, 105–110.

    Binda, M.G. & Pilato, G. (2001) Macrobiotus savai and Macrobiotus humilis, two new species of tardigrades from Sri Lanka. Bollettino delle sedute dell’Accademia Gioenia di Scienze Naturali, Catania, 34, 360, 101–111.

    Binda, M.G. & Rebecchi, L. (1992) Precisazioni su Macrobiotus furciger Murray, 1907, e descrizione di Macrobiotus pilatoi n. sp. (Eutardigrada, Macrobiotidae). Animalia, 19, 101–109.

    Biserov, V. (1990) New species of Tardigrada in the USSR fauna. zoologicheskyi Zhurnal, 69, 17–25 (in Russian).

    Biserov, V. (1992) A new genus and three new species of tardigrades (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada) from the USSR. Bollettino di Zoologia, 59, 95–103.

    Christenberry, D. & Higgins, R. (1979) A new species of Pseudodiphascon (Tardigrada) from Alabama. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 98, 508–514.

    Claxton, S.K. (1998) A revision of the genus Minibiotus (Tardigrada: Macrobiotidae) with descriptions of eleven new species from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum, 50, 125–160.

    Claxton, S.K. (1999) Milnesioides exsertum gen. n. sp. n,. a new tardigrade from Australia (Tardigrada: Milnesiidae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 238, 183–190.

    Cooper, K.W. (1964) The first fossil tardigrade: Beorn leggi Cooper, from Cretaceous amber. Psyche, 71, 2, 39–48.

    Dastych, H. (1983) Apodibius confusus gen. n. sp. n., a new water-bear from Poland (Tardigrada). Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Biology, 31, 1–2, 41–46.

    Dastych, H. (1992) Paradiphascon manningi gen. n. sp. n., a new water-bear from South Africa, with the erecting of a new subfamily Diphasconinae (Tardigrada). Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 89, 125–139.

    Dastych, H. (1993) A new genus and four new species of semiterrestrial water-bears from South Africa (Tardigrada). Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 90, 175–186.

    Doyère, L. (1840) Mémoire sur les Tardigrades. Annales de Sciences Naturales, Zoologie, S. 2, 14, 269–361.

    Dujardin, F. (1851) Sur les Tardigrades etc. Observations zoologiques, S. 3, 15 (Zool.), Paris, 161–166.

    Ehrenberg, C.G. (1848) Fortgestze Beobachtungen über jetzt herreschende atmospärische mikroscopische etc. mit Nachtrag und Novarum Specierum Diagnosis. Bericht über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhanlungen del Koniglichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 13, 370–381.

    Guidetti, R. & Bertolani. R. (2001) An evolutionary line of the Macrobiotinae (Tardigrada, Macrobiotidae): Calcarobiotus and related species. Italian Journal of Zoology, 68, 229–233.

    Guidetti, R. & Bertolani, R. (2005) Tardigrade taxonomy: an updated check list of the taxa and a list of characters for their identification. Zootaxa, 845, 1–46.

    Guidetti, R. & Pilato, G. (2003) Revision of the genus Pseudodiphascon (Tardigrada, Macrobiotidae), with the erection of three new genera. Journal of Natural History, 37, 14, 1679–1690.

    Guidi, A, & Rebecchi, L. (1996) Spermatozoan morphology as a character for tardigrade systematics: comparison with sclerified parts of animals and eggs in eutardigrades. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 116, 101–113.

    Guidetti, R., Rebecchi, L. & Bertolani, R. (2000) Cuticle structure and systematic of the Macrobiotidae (Tardigrada, Eutardigrada). Acta Zoologica, 81, 27–36.

    Guidetti, R., Gandolfi, A, Rossi, V. & Bertolani, R. (2005) Phylogenetic analysis of Macrobiotidae (Eutardigrada, Parachela): a combined morphological and molecular approach. Zoologica Scripta, 34, 3, 235–244.

    Guidetti, R. Schill, R.O., Bertolani, R., Dandekar, T. & Wolf, M. (2009) New molecular data for tardigrade phylogeny, with erection of Paramacrobiotus gen. n.. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 47, 4: 315–321.

    Horning, D.S., Schuster, R.O. & Grigarick, A.A. (1978) Tardigrada of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 5, 185–280.

    Iharos, G. (1966) Beiträge zur Kennetnis der Tardigraden-Fauna Osterreichs. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, XII, 1–2, 123–127.

    Ito, M. (1991) Taxonomic study on the Eutardigrada from the Northern Slope of Mt Fuji, Central Japan. I. Families Calohypsibiidae and Eohypsibiidae. Proceedings Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology, 45, 30–43.

    Kaczmarek, L. & Michalczyk, L. (2006) Redescription of Macrobiotus tridigitus Schuster, 1983 and the erection of a new genus of Tardigrada (Eutardigrada, Macrobiotidae). Journal of Natural History, 40, 19–20, 1223–1229.

    Kathmann, D.R. & Nelson, D.R. (1989) Pseudodiphascon arrowsmithi, a new species of tardigrade from Brtish Columbia, Canada (Macrobiotidae: Eutardigrada; Tardigrada). Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 86, 66–70.

    Kristensen, R. (1982a) New aberrant eutardigrades from homothermic springs in Disko Island, West Greenland. In: Nelson D.R. (Ed.), Procceedings of third International Symposium on Tardigrada, East Tennessee State University Press, Johnson City, Tennessee, 203–220.

    Kristensen, R.M. (1982b) First record of cyclomorphosis in Tardigrada based on a new genus and species from Arctic meiobenthos. Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, 2, 249–270.

    Marcus, E. (1928) Bartierchen (Tardigrada). In: Dahl F. (Ed.), Die Tierwelt Deutschlands und der angrenzenden Meeresteile, Jena, IV, 1–230.

    Marcus, E. (1929) Tardigrada. In: Bronn’s Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs, Leipzig, 5, 1–608.

    Maucci, W. (1986) Tardigrada. In: Fauna d’Italia, Calderini, Bologna, 1–388.

    Maucci, W. & Ramazzotti, G. (1981) Adorybiotus gen. nov.: nuova posizione sistematica per Macrobiotus granulatus Richters, 1903 e per Macrobiotus coronifer Richters, 1903 (Tardigrada, Macrobiotidae). Memorie dell’Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia, Pallanza, 39, 153–159.

    May, R.M. (1948) Nouveau genre et espèce de Tardigrade du Mexique: Haplomacrobiotus hermosillensis. Bulletin de la Societé Zoologique de France, 73, 95–97.

    Murray, J. (1905.) The Tardigrada of the Scottish Lochs. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 41, 27, 677–698.

    Murray, J. (1907) Scottish Tardigrada collected by the Lake Survey. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 45, 641–668.

    Murray, J. (1911). Arctiscoida. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 31, 1–16, plates I–III.

    Nelson, D.R. (1991) Tardigrada. In: Thorp, J.H. & Covich, A.P. (Eds.), Ecology and Classification of North American invertebrates. Academic Press, Inc., pp. 501–521.

    Nelson, D.R. & Higgins, R.P. (1990) Tardigrada. In: Dindal, D.L. (Ed.), Soil Biology Guide. Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, pp. 393–419.

    Nelson, D. R. & McInnes, S. (2002) Tardigrada. In: Rundle, S.D., Robertson, A.L. & Schmid-Araya, J.M. (Eds.) Freshwater meiofauna: Biology and Ecology. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, 177–215.

    Nelson, D.R., Marley, N.J. & Bertolani, R. (1999) Re-description of the genus Pseudobiotus (Eutardigrada, Hypsibiidae) and of the new type species Pseudobiotus kathmanae sp.n.. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 238, 311–317.

    Özdikmen, H. (2008) Bertolanius nom. nov., a replacement name for the genus Amphibolus Bertolani, 1981 (Tardigrada: Parachela) with type species designation. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 3, 1, 330–332.

    Pilato, G. (1969a) Su un interessante Tardigrado esapodo delle dune costiere siciliane: Hexapodibius micronyx n. gen. n. sp. Bollettino delle sedute dell’Accademia Gioenia di Scienze Naturali, Catania, S. IV, IX, 9, 619–622.

    Pilato, G. (1969b) Evoluzione e nuova sistemazione degli Eutardigrada. Bollettino di Zoologia, 36, 3, 327–345.

    Pilato, G. (1969c) Su alcuni Tardigradi muscicoli delle Alpi Apuane. Bollettino delle sedute dell’Accademia Gioenia di Scienze Naturali, Catania, S. IV, X, 2, 194–204.

    Pilato, G. (1971a) Necopinatum mirabile n. gen. n. sp., interessantissimo Eutardigrado incertae sedis. Bollettino delle sedute dell’Accademia Gioenia di Scienze Naturali, Catania, S. IV, X, 10, 861–867.

    Pilato, G, (1971b) Tardigradi delle acque dolci siciliane. Nota prima. Bollettino delle sedute dell’Accademia Gioenia di Scienze Naturali, Catania, S. IV, XI, 1–2, 861–867.

    Pilato, G. (1972) Structure, intraspecific variability and systematic value of the buccal armature of eutardigrades. Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, 10,1, 65–78.

    Pilato, G. (1973a) Redescription of Halomacrobiotus hermosillensis May, 1848, and consideration on the genus Haplomacrobiotus (Eutardigrada). Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, 11, 4, 283–286.

    Pilato, G. (1973b) Tardigradi delle acque dolci siciliane. Nota seconda. Bollettino delle sedute dell’Accademia Gioenia di Scienze Naturali, Catania, S. IV, XII, 1–2, 177–186

    Pilato, G. (1974) Tardigradi delle acque dolci siciliane. Terza Nota. Animalia, 1, 235–244.

    Pilato, G. (1975) On the taxonomic criteria of the Eutardigrada. In: Higgins, R.P. (Ed.), International Symposium on Tardigrades. Memorie dell’Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia, 32 (Suppl.), 277–303.

    Pilato, G. (1981) Analisi di nuovi caratteri nello studio dgli Eutardigradi. Animalia, 8, 51–57.

    Pilato, G. (1982a) The systematics of Eutardigrada. Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, 20, 4, 271–284.

    Pilato, G. (1982b) Descrizione di Hexapodibius bindae n. sp. e discussione sulla famiglia Calohypsibiidae. Animalia, 9, 213–226.

    Pilato, G. (1987) Revision of the genus Diphascon Plate, 1889, with remarks on the subfamily Itaquasconinae (Eutardigrada, Hypsibiidae). In: Bertolani R. (Ed.), Biology of Tardigrades. Selected Symposia and Monographs, U.Z.I, Mucchi, Modena, 1, 337–357.

    Pilato, G. (1989) Phylogenesis and systematic arrangement of the family Calohypsibiidae Pilato, 1969 (Eutardigrada). Zeitschrift für zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, 27, 8–13.

    Pilato, G. (1992) Mixibius, nuovo genere di Hypsibiidae (Eutardigrada). Animalia, 19, 121–125.

    Pilato, G. (1993) Nuove considerazioni sulla posizione sistematica del genere Haplomacrobiotus May, 1948 (Eutardigrada). Animalia, 20, 13–21.

    Pilato, G. (1997) Astatumen, a new genus of the Eutardigrada (Hysibiidae, Itaquasconinae). Entomologische Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum Hamburg 12, 205–208.

    Pilato, G. (1998) Microhypsibiidae, new family of eutardigrades, and description of the new genus Fractonotus. Spixiana, 21, 2, 129–134.

    Pilato, G. (2009) Bindius triquetrus gen. nov. sp. nov. (Eutardigrada, Hypsibiidae) from Sicily. Zootaxa, 2058, 62–68.

    Pilato, G. & Beasley, C.W. (1987) Haplohexapodibius seductor n. gen. n. sp. (Eutardigrada, Calohypsibidae) with remarks on the systematic position of the new genus. Animalia, 14, 65–71.

    Pilato, G. & Binda, M.G. (1983a) Descrizione di una nuova specie di eutardigrado d’Australia: Macrobiotus joannae n. sp. Animalia, 10, 267–272.

    Pilato, G. & Binda, M.G. (1983b) Precisazioni sull’apparato buccofaringeo di tipo Diphascon (Eutardigrada). Animalia, 10, 291–302.

    Pilato, G. & Binda, M.G. (1987a) Parascon schusteri n. gen. n. sp. (Eutardigrada Hypsibiidae, Itaquasconinae). Animalia, 14, 81–97.

    Pilato, G. & Binda, M.G. (1987b) Richtersia, nuovo genere di Macrobiotidae, e nuova definizione di Adorybiotus Maucci & Ramazzotti, 1981 (Eutardigrada). Animalia, 14, 147–152.

    Pilato, G. & Binda, M.G. (1989) Richtersius, nuovo nome generico in sostituzione di Richtersia Pilato e Binda, 1987 (Eutardigrada). Animalia, 16, 147–148.

    Pilato G. & Binda, M.G. (1990) Tardigradi dell’Antartide. I. Ramajendas, nuovo genere di eutardigrado. Nuova posizione sistematica di Hypsibius renaudi Ramazzotti, 1972 e descrizione di Ramajendas frigidus n. sp. Animalia, 17, 61–71.

    Pilato, G. & Binda, M.G. (1996a) Mixibius fueginus, nuova specie di eutardigrado della Terra del Fuoco. Bollettino delle sedute dell’Accademia Gioenia di Scienze Naturali, Catania, 29, 351, 27–32.

    Pilato, G. & Binda, M.G. (1996b) Additional remarks to the description of some genera of eutardigrades. Bollettino delle sedute dell’Accademia Gioenia di Scienze Naturali, Catania, 29, 351, 33–40.

    Pilato, G. & Binda, M.G. (1997) Acutuncus, a new genus of Hypsibiidae (Eutardigrada). Entomologische Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum Hamburg, 12, 159–162.

    Pilato, G. & Binda, M.G. (2003) An opinion on the genus Fujiscon Ito, 1991 (Eutardigrada, Hypsibiidae). Zootaxa, 306, 1–6.

    Pilato, G. & Catanzaro, R. (1988) Macroversum mirum n. gen. n. sp. nuovo eutardigrado (Macrobiotidae) dei Monti Nebrodi (Sicilia). Animalia, 15, 175–180.

    Pilato, G. & Catanzaro, R. (1989) Tardigradi delle acque dolci siciliane. IV. Isohypsibius tubereticulatus e Isohypspibius verae, due nuove specie di Eutardigradi di Sicilia. Animalia, 16, 81–88.

    Pilato, G. & Rebecchi, L. (1992) Ramazzottius semisculptus, nuova specie di Hypsibiidae (Eutardigrada). Animalia, 19, 227–234.

    Pilato, G. & Sperlinga, G. (1974) Tardigradi muscicoli di Sardegna. Animalia, 2, 79–90.

    Pilato, G., Binda, M.G. & Catanzaro, R. (1991) Remarks on some tardigrades of the African fauna with the description of three new species of Macrobiotus Schultze, 1834. Tropical Zoology, 4, 167–178.

    Pilato, G., Binda, M.G. & Lisi O. (2002) Notes on tardigrades of the Seychelles with the description of two new species. Bollettino delle sedute dell’Accademia Gioenia di Scienze Naturali, Catania, 35, 361, 503–517.

    Pilato, G., Binda, M.G. & Lisi, O. (2003) Remarks on some species of tardigrades from South America with the description of Minibiotus sidereus n. sp. Zootaxa, 195, 1–8.

    Pilato, G., Binda, M.G., & Lisi, O. (2004a) Famelobiotus scalicii, n. gen. n. sp., a new eutardigrade from Borneo. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 31, 57–60.

    Pilato, G., Binda, M.G. & Lisi, O. (2004b) Notes on tardigrades of the Seychelles with the description of three new species. Italian Journal of Zoology, 71, 171–178.

    Pilato, G, Binda, M.G. & Lisi, O. (2006) Three new species of eutardigrades from the Seychelles. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 33, 39–48.

    Pilato, G. Guidetti, R., Rebecchi, L., Lisi, O., Hansen, J.G. & Bertolani, R. (2006) Geonemy, ecology, reproductive biology and morphology of the tardigrade Hypibius zetlandicus (Eutardigrada: Hypsibiidae) with erection of Borealibius gen. n. Polar Biology, 29, 595–603.

    Plate, L. (1889) Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte der Tardigraden. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Anatomie 3, 487–550.

    Ramazzotti, G. (1962) Il phylum Tardigrada. Memorie dell’Istituto Italiano di Idrobilogia, Pallanza, XVI, 1–595.

    Ramazzotti, G. (1965) Il Phylum Tardigrada (1° Supplemento). Memorie dell’Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia, Pallanza, 19, 101–212.

    Ramazzotti, G. (1972) Tardigradi delle Isole Kerguelen e descrizione della nuova specie Hypsibius (I.) renaudi. Memorie dell’Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia, Pallanza, 29, 141–144.

    Ramazzotti, G. & Maucci, W. (1983) Il Phylum Tardigrada. Memorie dell’Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia, Pallanza, 41, 1–1012.

    Richters, F. (1900) Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Fauna der Umgegend von Frankfurt am Main. Bericht der Senckenberzischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Frankfurt am Main, 21–44.

    Richters, F. (1903) Nordische Tardigraden. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 27, 5, 168–172.

    Richters, F. (1904) Vorläufiger Bericht über die antarktische Moosfauna. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft, 1904, 236–239.

    Rudescu, L. (1964) Tardigrada. Fauna Republicii Populare Romîne, Arthropoda, 4, 1–400.

    Schultze, C.A.S. (1834) Macrobiotus hufelandi animal e crustaceorum classe novum reviviscendi post diuturnam asphyxiam et ariditatem potens, etc. 8, C. Curths, Berlin.

    Schuster, R.O. (1983) A new species of Macrobiotus from Tierra del Fuego (Tardigrada, Macrobiotidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 59, 1–4, 254–25.

    Schuster, R.O. & Toftner, E.C. (1982) Dominican Republic Tardigrada. In: Nelson D.R. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on the Tardigrada. East Tennessee State University Press, Johnson City, 221–235.

    Schuster, R.O., Toftner, E.C. & Gri-garick, A.A. (1978) Tardigrada of Pope Beach Lake Tahoe, California. The Wasmann Journal of Biology, 35, 1, 115–136.

    Schuster, R.O., Nelson, D.R., Grigarick, A.A. & Chistenberry, D. (1980) Systematic criteria of the Eutardigrada. Transctions of the American Microscopical Society, 99, 3, 284–303.

    Thulin, G. (1911) Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Tardigradenfauna Schwedens. Arkiv för Zoologi, Stockholm, 7, 1–60.

    Thulin, G. (1928) Über die Phylogenie und das System der Tardigraden. Hereditas, 207–266.

    Weglarska, B. (1970) Hypsibius (Isohypsibius) smreczynskii spec. nov., a new species of fresh-water tardigrade. Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, Prace Zoologiczne, 16, 107–114.