Abstract
We present the description of Phrynus calypso sp. nov. from Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela This species is very similar to Phrynus pulchripes (Pocock), however after examining Colombian specimens of P. pulchripes (ca. type locality), many differences were found. Characters commonly used in diagnosis of Phrynus species are variable and make identification difficult. Differences in a few structures, like pedipalpal spines, could not be enough to provide a useful diagnosis. It is necessary to account for variation of similar species in conjunction, and select non overlapping groups of characters. Observations in the variation in both species are presented, pointing out sources of confusion, and suggesting alternative characters to support diagnoses. At the moment, details about variation in many species in Phrynus, like that of P. pulchripes, are poorly known, and for this reason a redescription is provided.
References
Armas, L.F. (2006) Sinopsis de los amblipígidos antillanos (Arachnida: Amblypygi). Boletín Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa, 38, 223–245.
Armas, L.F. (2014) Los Amblypygios de Cuba (Arachnida: Amblypygi). Revista Ibérica de Aracnología, 24, 29–51.
Armas, L.F. & Angarita, A. (2008) Nueva espécie de Phrynus Lamark, 1801 (Amblypygi: Phrynidae) de Colombia. Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa (S.E.A), 43, 25–28.
Armas, L.F., Guzmán, A. & Francke, O. (2014) Una espécie nueva de Phrynus (Amblypygi: Phrynidae) de México. Revista Ibérica de Aracnología, 25, 3–7.
Armas, L.F. & Selter, M. (2013) Phrynus gervaisii (Pocock, 1894) is a junior synonym of Phrynus barbadensis (Pocock, 1893) (Amblypygi: Phrynidae). Revista Ibérica de Aracnología, 23, 128–132.
Ávila-Calvo, A.F. & Armas, L.F. de (1997) Lista de los amblipígidos (Arachnida: Amblypygi) de México, Centroamérica y las Antillas. Cocuyo, 6, 31–32.
Cardona, A., Montes, C., Ayala, C., Bustamante, C., Hoyos, N., Montenegro, O. & Zapata, S. (2012) From arc-continent collision to continuous convergence, clues from Paleogene conglomerates along the southern Caribbean–South America plate boundary. Tectonophysics, 580, 58–87.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.08.039Chirivi, D. & Armas, L.F. (2012) La subfamilia Phryninae (Amblypygi: Phrynidae) en Colombia. Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa (S.E.A), 50, 395–402.
Colmenares, P. & Villarreal, O. (2008) Una nueva especie de Phrynus Lamarck, 1801 (Amblypygi: Phrynidae), de La Sierra de Perijá, Venezuela. Boletín Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa, 43, 89–93.
Escalona, A. & Mann, P. (2011) Tectonics, basin subsidence mechanisms, and paleogeography of the Caribbean-South American plate boundary zone. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 28 (1), 8–39.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2010.01.016Esposito, L.A., Bloom, T., Caicedo-Quiroga, L., Alicea-Serrano, A.M., Sánchez-Ruíz, J.A., May-Collado, L.J., Binford, G.J. & Agnarsson, I. (2015) Islands within islands: Diversification of tailless whip spiders (Amblypygi, Phrynus) in Caribbean caves. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 93, 107–117.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.07.005Giupponi, A. & Miranda, G. (2016) Eight New Species of Charinus Simon, 1892 (Arachnida: Amblypygi: Charinidae) Endemic for the Brazilian Amazon, with Notes on Their Conservational Status. PLoS ONE, 11 (2), e0148277.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148277Giupponi, A. & Kury, A. (2013) Two new species of Heterophrynus Pocock, 1894 from Colombia with distribution notes and a new synonymy (Arachnida: Amblypygi: Phrynidae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 329–342.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3647.2.5Guzmán, A., Chirivi, D. & Francke, O. (2015) The first troglomorphic species of the genus Phrynus Lamarck, 1801 (Amblypygi: Phrynidae) from Mexico. Zootaxa, 3920 (3), 474–482.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3920.3.6Harvey, M.S. (2003) Catalogue of the smaller arachnid orders of the world: Amblypygi, Uropygi, Schizomida, Palpigradi, Ricinulei and Solifugae. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria, 385 pp.
Harvey, M.S. (2007) The smaller arachnid orders: diversity, descriptions and distributions from Linnaeus to the present (1758 to 2007). Zootaxa, 1668, 367–380.
Harvey, M.S. (2002) The first old world species of Phrynidae (Amblypygi): Phrynus exsul from Indonesia. 2002. The Journal of Arachnology, 30, 470–474.
https://doi.org/10.1636/0161-8202(2002)030[0470:TFOWSO]2.0.CO;2Kraepelin, K. (1895) Revision der Tarantuliden Fabr. Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg, 13 (3), 3–53.
Kraepelin, K. (1899) Scorpiones und Pedipalpi. Tierreich, 8, i–xviii, 1–265.
Mello-Leitão, C. (1931) Pedipalpos do Brasil e algumas notas sobre a ordem. Archivos do Museu Nacional, 33, 7–72.
Mello-Leitão, C. (1946) Nuevos arácnidos sudamericanos de las colecciones del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo. Comunicaciones Zoológicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo, 2 (35), 1–10.
Mullinex, C.L. (1975) Revision of Paraphrynus Moreno (Amblypygida: Phrynidae) for North America and the Antilles. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, 116, 1–80.
Oliveira, A.C., Giupponi, A.P.L. & Lopes, R. (2013) A new species of Charinus Simon, 1892 from Northeastern Brazil with comments on the potential distribution of the genus in Central and South America (Arachnida: Amblypygi: Charinidae). Zootaxa, 3737 (4), 488–500.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3737.4.9Pindell, J.L. (1994) Evolution of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean. In: Caribbean Geology: An Introduction. U.W.I. Publishers Association, Kingston, pp. 13–39.
Pindell, J.L., Kennan, L., Wright, D. & Erikson, J. (2009) Clastic domains of sandstones in central/eastern Venezuela, Trinidad, and Barbados: heavy mineral and tectonic constraints on provenance and palaeogeography. In: James, K.H., Lorente, M.A. & Pindell, J.L. (Eds.), Origin and Evolution of the Caribbean Plate, Geological Society Special Publications 328, pp. 743–797.
https://doi.org/10.1144/SP328.29Pocock, R.I. (1894) Notes on the Pedipalpi of the family Tarantulidae contained in the collection of the British Museum. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 14 (6), 273–298.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939408677804Pocock, R.I. (1902) Arachnida: Scorpiones, Pedi- palpi, and Solifugae. In: Godman, F.D. & Salvin, O. (Eds.), Biologia Centrali-Americana. Vol. 3. Taylor and Francis, London, pp. 1–71.
Quintero, D. (1981) The Amblypygid genus Phrynus in the Americas (Amblypygi, Phrynidae). Journal of Arachnology, 9, 117–166.
Rahmadi, C. & Harvey, M. (2007) The female of Phrynus exsul (Amblypygi, Phrynidae) from Indonesia. Journal of Arachnology, 35 (1), 137–142.
https://doi.org/10.1636/SH06-21.1Shultz, J.W. (1999) Muscular anatomy of a whipspider, Phrynus longipes (Pocock) (Arachnida: Amblypygi), and its evolutionary significance. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 126, 81–116.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1999.tb00608.xTeruel, R. & Armas, L. (2005) Novedades aracnológicas de República Dominicana (Arachnida: Amblypygi, Schizomida, Solpugida, Uropygi). Boletín Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa (SEA), 37, 129−133.
Villagómez, D. & Spikings, R. (2013) Thermochronology and tectonics of the Central and Western Cordilleras of Colombia: Early Cretaceous–Tertiary evolution of the Northern Andes. Lithos, 160–161, 228–249.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2012.12.008Weygoldt, P. (1994) Amblypygi. In: Juberthie, C. & Decu, V. (Eds.), Encyclopaedia biospeologica. Vol. 1.Société de Biospéologie, Moulis and Bucarest, pp. 241–247
Weygoldt, P. (2000) Whip spiders (Chelicerata: Amblypygi). Their biology, morphology and systematics. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 163 pp.
Weygoldt, P. (2002) Amblypygi. In: Adis, J. (Ed.), Amazonian Arachnida and Diplopoda – Keys for the identification to classes, orders, families, some genera, and lists of known species. Pensoft Publishers, Sofia-Moscow, pp. 293–302.
Zapata, S., Cardona, A., Montes, C., Valencia, V., Vervoort, J. & Reiners, P. (2014) Provenance of the Eocene Soebi Blanco formation, Bonaire, Leeward Antilles: Correlations with post-Eocene tectonic evolution of northern South America. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 52, 179–193.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2014.02.009