Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Type: Article
Published: 2016-03-20
Page range: 1–25
Abstract views: 150
PDF downloaded: 1

An inconspicuous, conspicuous new species of Asian pipesnake, genus Cylindrophis (Reptilia: Squamata: Cylindrophiidae), from the south coast of Jawa Tengah, Java, Indonesia, and an overview of the tangled taxonomic history of C. ruffus (Laurenti, 1768)

Department of Animal Evolution and Systematics and Zoological Collection Marburg, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
Department of Animal Evolution and Systematics and Zoological Collection Marburg, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
Department of Animal Evolution and Systematics and Zoological Collection Marburg, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
Department of Animal Evolution and Systematics and Zoological Collection Marburg, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton, WV1 1LY, United Kingdom; and West Midland Safari Park, Bewdley, Worcestershire DY12 1LF, United Kingdom
Department of Biology, Victor Valley College, 18422 Bear Valley Road, Victorville, California 92395, USA; and Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA
Reptilia Cylindrophis subocularis sp. nov. C. ruffus Serpentes Cylindrophiidae Asian pipesnakes species complex morphology Central Java Indonesia Greater Sunda Islands

Abstract

We describe a new species of Cylindrophis currently known only from Grabag, Purworejo Regency, Jawa Tengah Pro-vince (Central Java), Java, Indonesia. Cylindrophis subocularis sp. nov. can be distinguished from all congeners by the presence of a single, eponymous subocular scale between the 3rd and 4th or 4th and 5th supralabial, preventing contact between the 4th or 5th supralabial and the orbit, and by having the prefrontal in narrow contact with or separated from the orbit. We preface our description with a detailed account of the tangled taxonomic history of the similar and putatively wide-ranging species C. ruffus, which leads us to (1) remove the name Scytale scheuchzeri from the synonymy of C. ruffus, (2) list the taxon C. rufa var. javanica as species inquirenda, and (3) synonymize C. mirzae with C. ruffus. We provide additional evidence to confirm that the type locality of C. ruffus is Java. Cylindrophis subocularis sp. nov. is the second species of Asian pipesnake from Java.

 

References

  1. Adler, K., Zhao, E. & Darevsky, I.S. (1992) First records of the Pipe Snake (Cylindrophis) in China. Asiatic Herpetological Research, 4, 37–41.

    Ahl, E. (1933) Ergebnisse der Celebes- und Halmaheira-Expedition Heinrich 1930–32. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 19, 577–583.

    Amarasinghe, A.A.T., Campbell, P.D., Hallermann, J., Sidik, I., Supriatna, J. & Ineich, I. (2015) Two new species of the genus Cylindrophis Wagler, 1828 (Squamata: Cylindrophiidae) from Southeast Asia. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation, 9 (1), 34–51.

    Anonymous (2015) Batavia en lepra. Available from: http://www.suriname.nu/301ges/batavia01.html (accessed 31 October 2015)

    Barbour, T. (1912) A contribution to the zoogeography of the East Indian Islands. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 44 (1), 1–203.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.52042

    Bauer, A.M. & Wahlgren, R. (2013) On the Linck collection and specimens of snakes figured by Johann Jakob Scheuchzer (1735) – the oldest fluid-preserved herpetological collection in the world? Bonn Zoological Bulletin, 62 (2), 220–252.

    Baussard, E. (1756) Nouvelle carte de l’isle de Java (...). Illustrations de histoire générale des voyages. Bibliotheque Nationale de France, Gallica. Paris, Didot. Available from: http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b23005788/f25.item.zoom (accessed 3 December 2015)

    Blackburn, D.G. (1985) Evolutionary origins of viviparity in the Reptilia. II. Serpentes, Amphisbaenia, and Ichthyosauria. Amphibia-Reptilia, 6, 259–291.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853885X00290

    Blackburn, D.G. (1994) Discrepant usage of the term “ovoviviparity” in the herpetological literature. Herpetological Journal, 4, 65–72.

    Blanford, W.T. (1881) On a collection of reptiles and frogs chiefly from Singapore. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1881, 215–226.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1881.tb01281.x

    Boie, F. (1827) Bemerkungen über Merrem’s Versuch eines Systems der Amphibien. Marburg, 1820. 1te Lieferung, Ophidier. Isis von Oken, 20 (6), 508–566.

    Boulenger, G.A. (1893) Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. I. Typhlopidae, Glauconiidae, Boidae, Ilysiidae, Uropletidae, Xenopeltidae, and Colubridae Aglyphae, part. Taylor and Francis, London, 476 pp.

    Boulenger, G.A. (1896) Descriptions of new reptiles and batrachians obtained by Mr. Alfred Everett in Celebes and Jampea. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 6 (18), 62–64.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222939608680409

    Boulenger, G.A. (1897) List of the reptiles and batrachians collected by Mr. Alfred Everett in Lombok, Flores, Sumba and Saru, with descriptions of new species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 6 (19), 503–509.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222939708680570

    Boulenger, G.A. (1920) Descriptions of four new snakes in the collection of the British Museum. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 9 (6), 108–111.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222932008632417

    Boxer, C.R. (1965) The Dutch Seaborne Empire 16001800. Hutchinson, London, 352 pp.

    Brischoux, F., Bonnet, X. & Shine, R. (2011) Conflicts between feeding and reproduction in amphibious snakes (sea kraits, Laticauda spp.). Austral Ecology, 36, 46–52.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2010.02115.x

    Campden-Main, S.M. (1970) A Field Guide to the Snakes of South Vietnam. U.S. Natural Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C., 114 pp.

    Darman, H. & Sidi, F.H. (2000) An Outline of the Geology of Indonesia. Indonesian Association of Geologists, Jakarta, 192 pp.

    Das, I. (2004) Collecting in the “Land Below the Wind”, herpetological explorations of Borneo. Bonner Zoologische Beiträge, 52 (3/4), 231–243.

    Daudin, F.M. (1803) Histoire Naturelle, Génerale et Particulière des Reptiles; Ouvrage Faisant Suite aux Oeuvres de Leclerc de Buffon, et Partie du Cours Complet d’Histoire Naturelle Rédigé par C.S. Sonnini, Membre de Plusieurs Sociétés Savantes. Tome Septième. F. Dufart, Paris, 436 pp.

    de Lang, R. (2011) The snakes of the Lesser Sunda Islands (Nusa Tenggara), Indonesia. Asian Herpetological Research, 2 (1), 46–54.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1245.2011.00046

    de Lang, R. (2013) The Snakes of the Moluccas (Maluku), Indonesia. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 417 pp.

    de Rooij, N. (1917) The Reptiles of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Vol. II. Ophidia. E.J. Brill, Leiden, 334 pp.

    Deuve, J. (1970) Serpents de Laos. Mémoirs O.R.S.T.O.M., Paris, 252 pp.

    Dowling, H.G. (1951) A proposed standard system of counting ventrals in snakes. British Journal of Herpetology, 1, 97–99.

    Dowling, H.D. & Price, R.M. (1988) A proposed new genus for Elaphe subocularis and Elaphe rosaliae. The Snake, 20, 52–63.

    Duméril, A.M.C. & Bibron, G. (1844) Erpétologie Générale ou Histoire Naturelle Complète des Reptiles. Tome Sixième, Comprenant l’Histoire Générale des Ophidien, la Description des Genres et des Espèces des Serpents non Venimeux, Savoir: la Totalité des Vermiformes ou des Scolécophides, et Partie des Cicuriformes ou Azémiophides; en tout Vingt-cinq Genres et Soixante-cinq Espèces. Ouvrage Accompagné de Planches. Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret, Paris, 610 pp.

    Flower, S.S. (1899) Notes on a second collection of reptiles made in the Malay Peninsula and Siam, from November 1896 to September 1898, with a list of the species recorded from those countries. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1899, 600–696.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1899.tb06880.x

    Gmelin, J.F. (1789) Caroli a Linné, Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Natural, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus Differentilis, Synonymis, Locis. Tomus I, Editio Decima Tertia, Aucta, Reformata. Pars III. Amphibia et Pisces. Georg. Emanuel Beer, Leipzig, 484 pp. [pp. 1033–1516]

    Gower, D.J. & Ablett, J.D. (2006) Counting ventral scales in Asian anilioid snakes. Herpetological Journal, 16, 259–263.

    Gray, J.E. (1849) Catalogue of the Specimens of Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, 125 pp.

    Gray, J.E. (1854) Account of a MS. of Laurence Theodore Gronov lately purchased for the British Museum, with a collection of dry fish which it describes. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 2 (13), 41–45.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03745485709496302

    Greene, H.W. (1973) Defensive tail display by snakes and amphisbaenians. Journal of Herpetology, 7 (3), 143–161.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1563000

    Greene, H.W. (1983) Dietary correlates of the origin and radiation of snakes. American Zoologist, 23 (2), 431–441.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/23.2.431

    Gronovius, L.T. (1756) Musei Ichthyologici. Tomus Secundus Sistens Piscium Indigenorum & Nonnullorum Exoticorum, Quorum Maxima Pars. In: Museo Laurentii Theodori Gronovii, J.U.D. Adservatur, nec non Quorumdam in Aliis Museis Observatorum Descriptiones. Accedunt Nonnullorum Exoticorum Piscium Icones Aeri Incisae, et Amphibiorum Animalium. Historia Zoologica. Published by the author, Leiden, 103 pp.

    Gruss, D. (2005) UNTEA and West New Guinea. In: von Bogdandy, A. & Wolfrum, R. (Eds.), Max Planck yearbook of United Nations law. Vol. 9. Koninklijke Brill N.V., Leiden, pp. 97–126.

    Hartmann, L., Mecke, S., Kieckbusch, M., Mader, F. & Kaiser, H. (2016) A new species of bent-toed gecko, genus Cyrtodactylus Gray, 1827 (Reptilia: Squamata: Gekkonidae), from Jawa Timur Province, Java, Indonesia, with taxonomic remarks on C. fumosus (Müller, 1895). Zootaxa, 4067 (5), 552–568.

    http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4067.5.2

    ICZN (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 4th Edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, 306 pp.

    in den Bosch, H.A.J. (1985) Snakes of Sulawesi: checklist, key and additional biogeographic remarks. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 217 (27), 1–50.

    Iskandar, D.T. (1998) The biogeography of Cylindrophis (Cylindrophidae, Ophidia) in the Wallacean Region. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Eastern Indonesian-Australian Vertebrate Fauna, Lombok 1996, Indonesia, 32–38.

    Iskandar, D.T. & Colijn, E. (2002) A Checklist of Southeast Asian and New Guinean Reptiles. Part I. Serpentes. Biodiversity Conservation Project. Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Japan International Cooperation Agency, The Ministry of Forestry, The Gibbon Foundation, and Institute of Technology Bandung, Jakarta, 195 pp.

    Köhler, G. (2012) Color Catalogue for Field Biologists. Herpeton, Offenbach, 49 pp.

    Kupfer, A., Gower, D.J. & Himstedt, W. (2003) Field observations on the predation of the caecilian amphibian, genus Ichthyophis (Fitzinger, 1826), by the red-tailed pipe snake Cylindrophis ruffus (Laurenti, 1768). Amphibia-Reptilia, 24, 212–215.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853803322390462

    Lal Hora, S. & Jayaram, K.C. (1949) Remarks on the distribution of snakes of Peninsular India with Malayan affinities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India, 15 (8), 399–403.

    Latreille, P.A. (1802) Histoire naturelle des scytales. In: Sonnini, C.S. & Latreille, P.A. (Eds.), Histoire Naturelle des Reptiles, Avec Figures Déssinnées d'Après Nature. Tome III. Seconde Partie. Serpens. Détérville, Paris, 6 pp. [pp. 158–163]

    Laurenti, J.N. (1768) Specimen Medicum, Exhibens Synopsin Reptilium Emendatam cum Experimentis Circa Venena et Antidota Reptilium Austracorum, Quod Authoritate et Consensu. Johann Thomas von Trattner, Vienna, 217 pp.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.5108

    Linnæus, C. (1758) Systema Naturæ per Regna Tria Naturæ Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Tomus I. Editio Decima, Reformata. Salvius, Holmiæ, 4 + 824 pp.

    Margócsy, D. (2014) Science, Trade, and Visual Culture in the Dutch Golden Age. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 336 pp.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226117881.001.0001

    McDiarmid, R.W., Campbell, J.A. & Touré, T.A. (1999) Snake Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Vol. 1. The Herpetologists’ League, Washington D.C., 511 pp.

    McDowell, S.B. (1975) A catalogue of the snakes of New Guinea and the Solomons, with special reference to those in the Bernice P. Bishop Museum. Part II. Anilioidea and Pythoninae. Journal of Herpetology, 9 (1), 1–79.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1562691

    Mecke, S., Doughty, P. & Donnellan, S.C. (2013) Redescription of Eremiascincus fasciolatus (Günther, 1867) (Reptilia: Squamata: Scincidae) with clarification of its synonyms and the description of a new species. Zootaxa, 3701 (5), 473–517.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3701.5.1

    Merrem, B. (1820) Versuch eines Systems der Amphibien. Johann Christian Krieger, Marburg, 191 pp.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.5037

    Motadel, D. (2014) Islam and the European Empires. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 336 pp.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199668311.001.0001

    Murphy, J.C., Voris, H.K. & Auliya, M. (2005) A new species of Enhydris (Serpentes: Colubridae: Homalopsidae) from the Kapuas river system, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 53 (2), 271–275.

    Natus, I.R. (2005) Biodiversity and Endemic Centres of Indonesian Terrestrial Vertebrates. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Trier, Trier, 183 pp.

    Orlov, N.L., Murphy, R.W. & Papenfuss, T.J. (2000) List of snakes of Tam-Dao mountain ridge (Tonkin, Vietnam). Russian Journal of Herpetology, 7 (1), 69–80.

    O’Shea, M. (1998) Herpetological results of two short field excursions to the Royal Bardia region of western Nepal, including range extensions for Assamese/Indo-Chinese snake taxa. Biology and conservation of the Amphibians, Reptiles and their habitats in South Asia. Proceedings of the International Conference on the biology and conservation of the Amphibians and Reptiles of South Asia, 1998, 306–317.

    O’Shea, M. (1999) An investigation into the sub-species of the short-tailed python Python curtus, with a dichotomous key to the subspecies. The Herptile, 24 (2), 54–59.

    Pauwels, O.S.G., Laohawat, O.A., David, P., Bour, R., Dangsee, P., Puangjit, C. & Chimsunchart, C. (2000) Herpetological investigations in Phang-Nga Province, southern Peninsular Thailand, with a list of reptile species and notes on their biology. Dumerilia, 4 (2), 123–154.

    Roux, J. (1911) Elbert-Sunda-Expedition des Frankfurter Vereins für Geographie und Statistik: Reptilien und Amphibien. Zoologische Jahrbücher Jena, 30 (5), 495–508.

    Riyanto, A, Bauer, A.M. & Yudha, D.S. (2014) A new small karst-dwelling species of Cyrtodactylus (Reptilia: Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Java, Indonesia. Zootaxa, 3785 (4), 589–599.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3785.4.7

    Riyanto, A., Grismer, L.L., & Wood, P.L., Jr. (2015) The fourth Bent-toed Gecko of the genus Cyrtodactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Java, Indonesia. Zootaxa, 4059 (2), 351−363.

    http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4059.2.6

    Russell, P. (1801) A Continuation of an Account of Indian Serpents; Containing Descriptions and Figures, from Specimens and Drawings, Transmitted, from Various Parts of India, to the Hon. the Court of Directors of the East India Company. W. Bulmer and Co. Shakespeare Press, London, 84 pp.

    Sabaj Pérez, M.H. (Ed.) (2014) Standard symbolic codes for institutional resource collections in herpetology and ichthyology: an Online Reference. Version 5.0 (22 September 2014). American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Washington, D.C., USA. Available from: http://www.asih.org/ (accessed 2 February 2016)

    Sathiamurthy, E. & Voris, H.K. (2006) Maps of Holocene sea level transgression and submerged lakes on the Sunda Shelf. The Natural History Journal of Chulalongkorn University, 2, 1–43.

    Schätti, B. (1987) The phylogenetic significance of morphological characters in the holarctic racers of the genus Coluber Linnæus, 1758 (Reptilia, Serpentes). Amphibia-Reptilia, 8, 401–418.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853887X00171

    Scheuchzer, J.J. (1735) Physica Sacra Iconibus Anaeis Illustrata, Procurante & Sumtus Suppeditante. Tomus IV. Augustae Vindelicorum et Ulmae, Ulm, 484, 1054–1537.

    Schlegel, H. (1837a) Essai sur la Physionomie des Serpens. Partie Générale. M.H. Schonekat, Amsterdam, 251 pp.

    Schlegel, H. (1837b) Essai sur la Physionomie des Serpens. Partie Descriptive. M.H. Schonekat, Amsterdam, 622 pp.

    Schlegel, H. (1837–1844) Abbildungen Neuer oder Unvollständig Bekannter Amphibien, nach der Natur oder dem Leben Entworfen. Herausgegeben und mit einem Erläuternden Texte Begleitet. Arnz & Comp., Düsseldorf, 141 pp.

    Schmidt, K.P. (1928) Notes on the herpetology of Indo-China. Copeia, 168, 77–80.

    Seba, A. (1735) Locupletissimi Rerum Naturalium Thesauri Accurata Descriptio, et Iconibus Artificiosissimis Expressio, per Universam Physices Historiam. Opus, cui, in hoc Rerum Genere, Nullum par Exstitit. Ex Toto Terrarum Orbe Collegit, Digessit, Descripsit, et Depingendum Curavit Albertus Seba, Etzela Oostfrisius, Academiæ Caesareæ Leopoldino Carolinæ Naturæ Curiosorum Collega Xenocrates dictus; Societatis Regiæ Anglicanæ, et Instituti Bononiensis, sodalis. Tomus II. Janssonio-Waesbergios & J. Wetstenium & Gul. Smith [Jansson-Waesberg, J. Wetsten & William Smith], Amstelaedami [Amsterdam], [34] + 154 pp.

    Shaw, G. (1802) General Zoology or Systematic Natural History. Vol. III. Part II. With Plates from the First Authorities and Most Selected Specimens, Engraved Principally by Mr. Heath. G. Kearsly, London, 303 pp. [pp. 313–615]

    Smith, M.A. (1927) Contributions to the Herpetology of the Indo-Australian region. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 97 (1), 199–226.

    Smith, M.A. (1943) The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, Including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Subregion. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. III. Serpentes. Taylor and Francis, London, 583 pp.

    Smith, L.A. & Sidik, I. (1998) Description of a new species of Cylindrophis (Serpentes: Cylindrophiidae) from Yamdena Island, Tanimbar Archipelago, Indonesia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 46 (2), 419–424.

    Stuebing, R. (1991) A checklist of the snakes of Borneo. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 39, 323–362.

    Stuebing, R. (1994) A new species of Cylindrophis (Serpentes: Cylindrophiidae) from Sarawak, Western Borneo. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 42 (4), 967–973.

    Taylor, E.H. (1965) The serpents of Thailand and adjacent waters. The University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 45 (1), 609–1096.

    Teynié, A., David, P. & Ohler, A. (2010) Note on a collection of amphibians and reptiles from Western Sumatra (Indonesia), with the description of a new species of the genus Bufo. Zootaxa, 2416, 1–43.

    Thorpe, R.S. (1975) Quantitative handling of characters useful in snake systematics with particular reference in the Ringed Snake Natrix natrix (L.). Biological Journal of the Linnæan Society, 7 (1), 27–43.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1975.tb00732.x

    Thorpe, R.S. (1983) A biometric study of the effects of growth on the analysis of geographic variation: tooth number in Green Geckos (Reptilia: Phelsuma). Journal of Zoology, 201 (1), 13–26.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1983.tb04258.x

    Turan, C. (1999) A note on the examination of morphometric differentiation among fish populations: the Truss System. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 23, 259–263.

    Uetz, P. & Hošek, J. (Eds.) (2015) The Reptile Database. Available from: http://www.reptile-database.org (accessed 20 November 2015)

    van Rooijen, J. & Vogel, G. (2008) An investigation into the taxonomy of Dendrelaphis tristis (Daudin, 1803): revalidation of Dipsas schokari (Kuhl, 1820) (Serpentes, Colubridae). Contributions to Zoology, 77 (1), 33–43.

    van Rooijen, J. & Vogel, G. (2010) On the discovery and origin of a Javan population of the Indochinese colubrid snake Dendrelaphis subocularis (Boulenger, 1888): a multivariate study. Contributions to Zoology, 79 (3), 85–92.

    Vogel, G., David, P., Lutz, M., van Rooijen, J. & Vidal, N. (2007) Revision of the Tropidolaemus wagleri-complex (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae). I. Definition of included taxa and redescription of Tropidolaemus wagleri (Boie, 1827). Zootaxa, 1644, 1–40.

    Voris, H.K. (2000) Maps of Pleistocene sea levels in Southeast Asia: shorelines, river systems and time durations. Journal of Biogeography, 27, 1153–1167.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00489.x

    Wagler, J. (1828−1833) Descriptiones et Icones Amphibiorum. Fasc. I. J.G. Cotta, Munich, 81 pp.

    Wallach, V., Williams, K.L. & Boundy, J. (2014) Snakes of the World: a Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. CRC Press, New York, 1237 pp.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b16901

    Weijola, V. & Sweet, S.S. (2015) A single species of mangrove monitor (Varanus) occupies Ambon, Seram, Buru and Saparua, Moluccas, Indonesia. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation, 9 (1), 14–23.

    Whitten, T., Afiff, S.A. & Soeriaatmadja, R.E. (1996) The Ecology of Java and Bali. Periplus Editions, Singapore, 969 pp.

    Wilting, A., Sollmann, R., Meijaard, E., Helgen, K.M. & Fickel, J. (2012) Mentawai’s endemic, relictual fauna: is it evidence for Pleistocene extinctions on Sumatra? Journal of Biogeography, 39 (9), 1608–1620.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2012.02717.x

    Zehr, D.R. (1962) Stages in the normal development of the Common Garter Snake, Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis. Copeia, 1962 (2), 322−329.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1440898

    Zug, G.R., Win, H., Thin, T., Min, T.Z., Lhon, W.Z. & Kyaw, K. (1998) Herpetofauna of the Chatthin Wildlife Sanctuary, North-Central Myanmar with preliminary observations of their natural history. Hamadryad, 23 (2), 111–120.