Abstract
The Australian species Cotesia nonagriae Olliff stat. rev. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is redescribed and formally removed from synonymy with C. flavipes based on molecular, morphological and biological differences. The taxonomic history and phylogenetic relationships of C. nonagriae with other members of the C. flavipes complex are presented and underscore the importance of molecular-based identification within this group. The biology of C. nonagriae on the native noctuid stemborer host, Bathytricha truncata (Walker), is compared with previously recorded C. flavipes life history traits. The implications of this taxonomic study relative to biological control and importation of stemborer parasitoids into Australia are discussed.References
Alam, M.M., Beg, M.N. & Ghani, M.A. (1972) Introduction of Apanteles spp. against graminaceous borers into Pakistan. Technical Bulletin, Commonwealth Institute Biological Control, 15, 1–10.
Austin, A.D. & Dangerfield, P.C. (1992) Synopsis of Australasian Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) with a key to genera and description of new species. Invertebrate Taxonomy, 6, 1–76.
Beard, J.J. (1999) Taxonomy and biological control: Neoseiulus cucumeris (Acari: Phytoseiidae), a case study. Australian Journal of Entomology, 38, 51–59.
Bell, A.F. (1934) Annual Report Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations, 50–74 pp.
Boucçk, Z. (1988) Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A Biosystematic Revision of Genera of Fourteen Families, with a Reclassification of Species. CAB International, Wallingford, 832 pp.
Clausen, C.P. (1942) The relation of taxonomy to biological control. Journal of Economic Entomology, 35, 744–748.
Common, I.F.B. (1990) Moths of Australia. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 535 pp.
Compere, H. (1969) The role of systematists in biological control: a backward look. Israel Journal of Entomology, 4, 5–10.
Danks, H.V. (1988) Systematics in support of entomology. Annual Review of Entomology, 33, 271–296.
Debach, P. (1960) The importance of taxonomy to biological control as illustrated by the cryptic history of Aphytis holoxanthus n. sp. (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), a parasite of Chrysomphalus aonidium and Aphytis coheni n. sp., a parasite of Aonidiella aurantii. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 53, 701–705.
Debach, P. & Rosen, D. (1991) Biological Control by Natural Enemies. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 440 pp.
Dupas, S., Gitau, C., Le Ru, B. & Silvain, J.-F. (2006) Single-step PCR differentiation of Cotesia sesamiae (Cameron) and Cotesia flavipes Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) using polydnavirus markers. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 42, 319–324.
Eady, R.D. (1968) Some illustrations of microsculpture in the Hymenoptera. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London Series A, 43, 66–72.
Harris, R.A. (1979) A glossary of surface sculpturing. California Department of Food and Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology, Occasional Papers, 28, 1–31.
Hattori, I. & Siwi, S.S. (1986) Rice stemborers in Indonesia. Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly, 20, 25–30.
Henneman, M.L. & Memmott, J. (2001) Infiltration of a Hawaiian community by introduced biological control agents. Science, 293, 1314–1316.
Heraty, J.M. (2004) Molecular systematics, chalcidoidea and biological control. In: Ehler, L.E., Siorza, R. & Mateille, T., (Eds.). Genetics, Evolution and Biological Control. CAB International, London, pp. 39–71.
Hopper, K.R., Roush, R.T. & Powell, W. (1993) Management of genetics of biological control introductions. Annual Review of Entomology, 38, 27–51.
Howarth, F.G. (1991) Environmental impacts of classical biological control. Annual Review of Entomology, 36, 489–509.
Inayatullah, C. (1983) Host selection by Apanteles flavipes (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): Influence of host and host plant. Journal of Economic Entomology, 76, 1086–1087.
Ingram, W.R. (1983) Biological control of graminaceous stemborers and pod-borers. Insect Science and its Application, 4, 205–209.
Jarvis, E. (1927) Notes on Insects Damaging Sugar Cane in Queensland. Division of Entomology. Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations, 9–11 pp.
Jones, E.L. (1966) Rice stem borer Bathytricha truncata. Annual Report 1965–66. New South Wales Department of Agriculture, Entomology Branch, 14–15 pp.
Kajita, H. & Drake, E.F. (1969) Biology of Apanteles chilonis and A. flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), parasites of Chilo suppressalis. Mushi, 42, 163–179.
Khoo, S.G. (1986) Pest outbreaks in the tropics. Journal of Plant Protection in the Tropics, 3(1), 13–24.
Kimani-Njogu, S.W. & Overholt, W.A. (1997) Biosystematics of the Cotesia flavipes species complex (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), parasitoids of the gramineous stemborers. Insect Science and its Application, 17(1), 119–130.
Li, C.S. (1970) Some aspects of the conservation of natural enemies of rice stem borers and the feasibility of harmonizing chemical and biological control of these pests in Australia. Mushi, 44, 15–23.
Macqueen, A. 1969. Notes on the large moth borer, Bathytricha truncata (Walker). Proceedings of the Queensland Society of Sugar Cane Technologists. Queensland, Australia. pp. 57–67.
Mason, W.R.M. (1981) The polyphyletic nature of Apanteles Foerster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): a phylogeny and reclassification of Microgastrinae. Memoirs of the Entomologcial Society of Canada, 115, 1–47.
Messing, R.H. (1992) Biological control in island ecosystems: cornerstone of sustainable agriculture or threat to biological diversity. Pacific Science, 46, 387–388.
Michel-Salzat, A. & Whitfield, J.B. (2004) Preliminary evolutionary relationships within the parasitoid wasp genus Cotesia (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae): combined analysis of four genes. Systematic Entomology, 29, 1–12.
Mochiah, M.B., Ngi-Song, A.J., Overholt, W.A. & Botchey, M. (2001) Host suitability of four cereal stem borers (Lepidoptera: Crambidae, Noctuidae) for different geographic populations of Cotesia sesamiae (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Kenya. Biological Control, 21, 285–292.
Mohyuddin, A.I. (1971) Comparative biology and ecology of Apanteles flavipes (Cam) and A. sesamiae Cam. as parasites of graminaceous borers. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 61, 33–39.
Mohyuddin, A.I., Inayatullah, C. & King, E.G. (1981) Host selection and strain occurrence in Apanteles flavipes (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and its bearing on biological control of graminaceous stem-borers (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 71, 575–581.
Muirhead, K.A., Murphy, N.P., Sallam, M.N., Donnellan, S.C. & Austin, A.D. (2006) Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of the Cotesia flavipes complex of parasitic wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 42, 309–318.
Ngi-Song, A.J., Overholt, W.A. & Ayertey, J.N. (1995) Suitability of African graminaceous stemborers for development of Cotesia flavipes and C. sesamiae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Environmental Entomology, 24, 978–984.
Ngi-Song, A.J., Overholt, W.A. & Stouthammer, R. (1998) Suitability of Busseola fusca and Sesamia calamistis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) for the development of two population of Cotesia sesamiae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Kenya. Biological Control, 12, 208–214.
Olliff, A.S. (1893) Report on a visit to the Clarence River District for the purpose of ascertaining the nature and extent of insect ravages in the sugar cane crops. Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales, 4, 373–387.
Omwega, C.O., Kimani, S.W., Overholt, W.A. & Ogol, C.K.P.O. (1995) Evidence of the establishment of Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in continental Africa. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 85, 525–530.
Onyango, F. & Ochieng-Odero, J. (1994) Continuous rearing of the maize stem borer Busseola fusca on an artificial diet. Entomologia Experimentalis Applicata, 73, 139–144.
Overholt, W.A., Ngi-Song, A.J., Omwega, C.O., Kimani-Njogu, S.W., Mbapila, J., Sallam, M.N. & Ofomata, V. (1997) A review of the introduction and establishment of Cotesia flavipes Cameron in East Africa for biocontrol of cereal stemborers. Insect Science and its Application, 17, 79–88.
Overholt, W.A., Ochieng, J.O., Lammers, P. & Ogedah, K. (1994) Rearing and field release methods for Cotesia flavipes Cameron (Hym.: Braconidae), a parasitoid of tropical gramineous stemborers. Insect Science and its Application, 15, 253–259.
Polaszek, A. & Walker, A.K. (1991) The Cotesia flavipes species-complex: parasitoids of cereal stem borers in the tropics. Redia, 74, 335–341.
Potting, R.P.J., Overholt, W.A., Danso, F.O. & Takasu, K. (1997a) Foraging behavior and life history of the stemborer parasitoid Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Journal of Insect Behavior, 10, 13–29.
Potting, R.P.J., Vet, L.E.M. & Overholt, W.A. (1997b) Geographic variation in host selection behaviour and reproductive success in the stemborer parasitoid Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 87, 515–524.
Rajabalee, M.A. & Govendasamy, M. (1988) Host specificity and efficacy of Apanteles flavipes (Cam.) and A. sesamiae (Cam.) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasites of sugarcane moth borers in Mauritius. Revue Agricole et Sucriere, 67, 78–80.
Ruberson, J.R., Tauber, M.J. & Tauber, C.A. (1989) Intraspecific variability in hymenopteran parasitoids: comparative studies of two biotypes of the egg parasitoid Edovum puttleri (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 62, 189–202.
Sallam, M.N. (2003) A Review of Sugarcane Stemborers and Their Natural Enemies in Asia and Indian Ocean Islands: An Australian Perspective. Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations, 62 pp.
Sallam, M.N., Overholt, W.A. & Kairu, E. (2002) Intraspecific and interspecific competition between Cotesia flavipes and Cotesia sesamiae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), gregarious larval endoparasitoids of lepidopteran stemborers. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 12, 493–506.
Sallam, M.N., Overholt, W.A., Kairu, E. & Guofa, Z. (2001) Will Cotesia flavipes drive its African homologue, Cotesia sesamiae, to extinction? Insect Science and its Application, 21, 297–302.
Samways, M.J. (1997) Classical biological control and biodiversity conservation: what risks are we prepared to accept? Biodiversity and Conservation, 6, 1309–1316.
Sands, D.P.A. (1997) The "safety" of biological control agents: assessing their impact on beneficial and other non-target hosts. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 56, 611–616.
Schauff, M.E. & La Salle, J. (1998) The Relevance of systematics to biological control: Protecting the Investment in Research. In: Zalucki, M.P., Drew, R.A.I. & White, G.G., (Eds). Pest Management - Future Challenges. Proceeding of the Sixth Australasian Applied Entomological Research Conference. Brisbane. pp. 425–436.
Shami, S. & Mohyuddin, A.I. (1992) Studies on host plant preference of Cotesia flavipes (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) an important parasitoid of graminaceous stalk borers. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 24, 313–316.
Sharkey, M.J. & Wharton, R.A. (1997) Morphology and terminology. In: Wharton, R.A., Marsh, M.J. & Sharkey, M.J., (Eds.). Manual of the New World Genera of the Family Braconidae (Hymenoptera). International Society of Hymenopterists, Washington DC, pp. 19–37.
Shenefelt, R.D. (1972) Braconidae 4, Microgasterinae, Apanteles. Part 7. Gravenhage, Junk, 429–668 pp.
Simmonds, F.J. (1969) Report of Work Carried Out During 1969. Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, 103 pp.
Smith, P.T. & Kambhampati, S. (1999) Status of the Cotesia flavipes species complex (Braconidae: Microgastrinae) based on mitochondrial 16S, rRNA and NADH 1 dehydrogenase gene sequence. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 72, 306–314.
Songa, J.M., Bergvinson, D. & Mugo, S. 2001. Mass rearing of the maize stem borers Chilo partellus, Busseola fusca, Sesamia calamistis, Chilo orichalcociliellus and Eldana saccharina. Seventh Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Maize Conference. Nairobi, Kenya. pp. 120–124.
Templeton, A.R. (1989) The meaning of species and speciation: a genetic perspective. In: Otte, D. & Endler, J.A., (Eds.). Speciation and its Consequences. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Mass., pp. 3–27.
Unruh, T.R. & Messing, R.H. (1993) Intraspecific biodiversity in hymenoptera: Implication for conservation and biological control. In: LaSalle, J. & Gauld, I.D., (Eds.). Hymenoptera and Biodiversity. CAB International, Wallingford, pp. 27–54.
Van Verden, G. & Ahmadzabidi, A.L. (1986) Pests of Rice and Their Natural Enemies in Peninsular Malaysia. PUDOC, Wageningen, pp. 230 pp.
Vaughn, T.T. & Antolin,, M.F. (1998) Population genetics of an opportunistic parasitoid in an agricultural landscape. Heredity, 80, 152–162.
Walker, A.K. (1994) Species of Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitizing lepidopterous cereal stem borers in Africa. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 84, 421–434.
Watanabe, C. (1932) A revision of Braconid-species parasitic in the injurious insects of rice-plant and sugar-cane in Japan and Formosa. Transactions of the Sapporo Natural History Society, 12, 63–72.
Watanabe, C. (1965) Notes on the Apanteles flavipes complex (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Mushi, 38, 111–116.
Wilkinson, D.S. (1928a) A revision of the Indo-Australian species of the genus Apanteles (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Part A. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 19, 79–105.
Wilkinson, D.S. (1928b) A revision of the Indo-Australian species of the genus Apanteles (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Part B. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 19, 109–146.
Wilkinson, D.S. (1929) New parasitic Hymenoptera and notes on other species. Bulletin of Entomological Research 20, 103–114.
Zhang, D.X. & Hewitt, G.M. (1996) Nuclear integrations: challenges for mitochondrial DNA markers. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 11, 247–251.