Abstract
Banisteriopsis is a taxonomically complex genus, with 57 species in the New World. The best-known species of the genus is Banisteriopsis caapi, culturally important as the principal component of Ayahuasca tea, used in religious ceremonies by the native peoples in the Northwestern Amazon, and now expanded worldwide. A study of the species and names related to a strongly supported clade which includes B. caapi is being undertaken in this paper. Here, we provide four lectotypifications and a neotypification, as no original material species appear to be extant, as well as images of the selected lectotypes.
References
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<p>Anderson, W.R. & Davis, C.C. (2007) Generic adjustments in neotropical Malpighiaceae. <em>Contributions from the University of Michigan Herbarium</em> 25: 137–166.</p>
<p>Anderson, W.R., Anderson, C. & Davis. C.C. (2006) <em>Malpighiaceae.</em> Available from: http://herbarium.lsa.umich.edu/malpigh/index.html (accessed 17 August 2021)</p>
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<p>Carvalho, P.D., Rapini, A. & Conceição, A.A. (2010) Flora da Bahia: <em>Banisteriopsis</em>, <em>Bronwenia</em> e <em>Diplopterys </em>(Malpighiaceae). <em>Sitientibus Série Ciências Biológicas</em> 10: 159–191. https://doi.org/10.13102/scb7958</p>
<p>Davis, C.C. & Anderson, W.R. (2010) A complete generic phylogeny of Malpighiaceae inferred from nucleotide sequence data and morphology<em>. American Journal of Botany</em> 97: 2031–2048. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1000146</p>
<p>Francener, A.N.G. & Almeida, R.F. (2022) <em>Banisteriopsis in</em> Flora e Funga do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available from: https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB8803 (accessed 6 January 2022)</p>
<p>Gardner, G. (1843) Contributions towards a Flora of Brazil. <em>The London Journal of Botany </em>2: 329–355.</p>
<p>Gates, B. (1982) <em>Banisteriopsis, Diplopterys</em> (Malpighiaceae)<em>.</em> Flora Neotropica, New York, 237 pp. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/i400088]</p>
<p>Grisebach, A.H.R. (1858) Malpighiaceae. <em>In</em>: Martius, C.F.P. von, Eichler, A.G. & Urban, I. (Eds.) <em>Flora Brasiliensis, enumeratio plantarum in Brasilia hactenus detectarum :quas suis aliorumque botanicorum studiis descriptas et methodo naturali digestas partim icone illustratas</em>. Fleischer, Leipzig, pp. 43–54. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.454</p>
<p>JSTOR (2021) <em>JSTOR Global Plants</em>. ITHAKA. Available from: https://plants.jstor.org/ (accessed 20 March 2021)</p>
<p>Jussieu, A.H.L. (1832) [“1833”] Malpighiaceae. <em>In</em>: Saint-Hilaire, A., Jussieu, A.H.L. & Cambedesses, A. (Eds.)<em> Flora brasiliae meridionalis. </em>Apud A. Belin, Paris, pp. 5–86.</p>
<p>Jussieu, A.H.L. (1838) [“1837”] Malpighiaceae. <em>In</em>: Delessert, J.P.B. (Ed.) <em>Icones selectae plantarum</em>. Masson, Paris, pp. 18–21.</p>
<p>Jussieu, A. (1840) Malpighiacearum synopsis, monographiae mox edendae prodromus. <em>Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique</em> 213: 247–291, 321–338.</p>
<p>Kunth, C.S. 1822 [“1821”] Malpighiaceae. <em>In:</em> von Humboldt, A., Bonpland, A. & Kunth, C.S. (Eds.) <em>Nova genera et species plantarum</em>, Lutetiae Parisiorum, Apud N. Maze, Biliopolam, pp. 163–167. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.640</p>
<p>Langdon, E.J. (1986) Las clasificaciones del yagé dentro del grupo Siona: Etnobotánica, etnoquímica e história. <em>América Indígena</em> 46: 101–116.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C.V. (1753) <em>Species Plantarum.</em> Laurent Salvi, Stockholm, 560 pp.</p>
<p>McNeill, J., Barrie, F.R., Burdet, H.M., Demoulin, V., Hawksworth, D.L., Marhold, K., Nicolson, D.H., Prado, J., Silva, P.C., Skog, J.E., Wiersema, J.H. & Turland, N.J. (2006) <em>International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna Code), </em>Regnum Vegetabile 146. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG, Ruggel, 568 pp.</p>
<p>McNeill, J., Barrie, F.R., Buck, W.R., Demoulin, V., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Marhold, K., Prado, J., Prud’homme Van Reine, W.F., Smith, G.F., Wiersema, J.H. & Turland, N.J. (Eds.) (2012) <em>International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code): Adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011</em>. Regnum Vegetabile 154. Königstein: Koeltz Scientific Books. [http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php]</p>
<p>Merrill, E.D. (1943) Destruction of the Berlin herbarium. <em>Science</em> 98: 490–491. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.98.2553.490</p>
<p>Morton, C.V. (1930) A new <em>Banisteria</em> from Brazil and British Guiana. <em>Proceedings of Biological Society of Washington</em> 43: 157–160.</p>
<p>Morton, C.V. (1931) Notes on yagé, a drug plant of southeastern Colombia. <em>Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences</em> 21: 485–488. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24525782]</p>
<p>Morton, C.V. & Cuatrecasas, J. (1967) Proposal to conserve the name <em>Thryallis</em> Mart. <em>Taxon</em> 16: 76–77. https://doi.org/10.2307/1217132</p>
<p>Nees von, E.C.G.D. & Martius, C.F.P. von (1824) <em>Nova Acta Physico-medica Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae Naturae Curiosorum, </em>12. Natural History Museum Library, London, p. 21.</p>
<p>Niedenzu, F. (1900) <em>De genere Banisteria (pars prior).</em> <em>Index lectionum in Lyceo regio hosiano brunsbergensi per hiemen, </em>Instituendarum, pp. 3–31.</p>
<p>Oliveira, R.C., Sonsin-Oliveira, J., dos Santos, T.A.C., Simas e Silva, M., Fagg, C.W. & Sebastiani, R. (2021) Lectotypification of <em>Banisteriopsis caapi</em> and <em>B. quitensis</em> (Malpighiaceae), names associated with an important ingredient of Ayahuasca. <em>Taxon </em>70: 185–188. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12407</p>
<p>Robinson, C.B. (1910) <em>Banisteriopsis</em>. Malpighiaceae. <em>North American Flora</em> 25: 117–171.</p>
<p>Ruiz, H. & Pavón, J. (1799) <em>Flora Peruviana, et Chilensis, sive, Descriptiones, et icones plantarum Peruvianarum, et Chilensium: secundum systema Linnaeanum digestae, cum characteribus plurium generum evulgatorum reformatis.</em> Typis Gabrielis de Sancha, Madrid, 78 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.814</p>
<p>Schultes, R.E. (1982) The beta-carboline hallucinogens of South America. <em>J. Psychedelic Drugs </em>14: 205–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 02791072.1982.10471930</p>
<p>Schultes, R.E. (1986) Recognition of variability in wild plants by Indians of the Northwest Amazon: An enigma. <em>Journal of Ethnobiology</em> 6: 229–238.</p>
<p>Schultes, R.E., Hoffmann, A. & Ratsch, C. (2001) <em>Plants of the Gods: TheirSacred, Healing, and Hallucinogenic Powers</em>, Healing Arts Press, 281pp.</p>
<p>Shanon, B. (2002) Ayahuasca visualizations: A structural typology. <em>Journal of Consciousness Studies</em> 9: 3–30.</p>
<p>Small, J.K. (1910) Malpighiaceae. North American Flora. <em>Flora Neotropica</em> 25: 117–171.</p>
<p>SpeciesLink (2021)<em> speciesLink network</em>, Available from: https://specieslink.net/search/ (accessed 17 August 2021)</p>
<p>Stafleu, F.A. & Cowan, R.S. (1979) <em>Taxonomic Literature: A selective guide to botanical publications and collections with dates, commentaries and types</em>, 2nd ed., vol. 2, H–Le. Utrecht: Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema, 945 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.48631</p>
<p>Stafleu, F.A. & Cowan, R.S. (1981) <em>Taxonomic Literature: A selective guide to botanical publications and collections with dates, commentaries and types</em>, 2nd ed., vol. 3, Lh–O. Utrecht: Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema, 941 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.48631</p>
<p>Tupper, K.W. (2009) Ayahuasca healing beyond the Amazon: the globalization of a traditional indigenous entheogenic practice. <em>Global Networks</em> 9: 117–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0374.2009.00245.x</p>
<p>Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F. (Eds.) (2018) <em>International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code)</em>, Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten, 254 pp. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018</p>
<p>Anderson, W.R. & Davis, C.C. (2007) Generic adjustments in neotropical Malpighiaceae. <em>Contributions from the University of Michigan Herbarium</em> 25: 137–166.</p>
<p>Anderson, W.R., Anderson, C. & Davis. C.C. (2006) <em>Malpighiaceae.</em> Available from: http://herbarium.lsa.umich.edu/malpigh/index.html (accessed 17 August 2021)</p>
<p>Araújo, J.S., Almeida, R.F.D. & Meira, R.M.S.A. (2020) Taxonomic relevance of leaf anatomy in <em>Banisteriopsis</em> CB Rob. (Malpighiaceae). <em>Acta Botanica Brasilica</em> 34: 214–228. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-33062019abb0276</p>
<p>Carvalho, P.D., Rapini, A. & Conceição, A.A. (2010) Flora da Bahia: <em>Banisteriopsis</em>, <em>Bronwenia</em> e <em>Diplopterys </em>(Malpighiaceae). <em>Sitientibus Série Ciências Biológicas</em> 10: 159–191. https://doi.org/10.13102/scb7958</p>
<p>Davis, C.C. & Anderson, W.R. (2010) A complete generic phylogeny of Malpighiaceae inferred from nucleotide sequence data and morphology<em>. American Journal of Botany</em> 97: 2031–2048. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1000146</p>
<p>Francener, A.N.G. & Almeida, R.F. (2022) <em>Banisteriopsis in</em> Flora e Funga do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available from: https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB8803 (accessed 6 January 2022)</p>
<p>Gardner, G. (1843) Contributions towards a Flora of Brazil. <em>The London Journal of Botany </em>2: 329–355.</p>
<p>Gates, B. (1982) <em>Banisteriopsis, Diplopterys</em> (Malpighiaceae)<em>.</em> Flora Neotropica, New York, 237 pp. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/i400088]</p>
<p>Grisebach, A.H.R. (1858) Malpighiaceae. <em>In</em>: Martius, C.F.P. von, Eichler, A.G. & Urban, I. (Eds.) <em>Flora Brasiliensis, enumeratio plantarum in Brasilia hactenus detectarum :quas suis aliorumque botanicorum studiis descriptas et methodo naturali digestas partim icone illustratas</em>. Fleischer, Leipzig, pp. 43–54. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.454</p>
<p>JSTOR (2021) <em>JSTOR Global Plants</em>. ITHAKA. Available from: https://plants.jstor.org/ (accessed 20 March 2021)</p>
<p>Jussieu, A.H.L. (1832) [“1833”] Malpighiaceae. <em>In</em>: Saint-Hilaire, A., Jussieu, A.H.L. & Cambedesses, A. (Eds.)<em> Flora brasiliae meridionalis. </em>Apud A. Belin, Paris, pp. 5–86.</p>
<p>Jussieu, A.H.L. (1838) [“1837”] Malpighiaceae. <em>In</em>: Delessert, J.P.B. (Ed.) <em>Icones selectae plantarum</em>. Masson, Paris, pp. 18–21.</p>
<p>Jussieu, A. (1840) Malpighiacearum synopsis, monographiae mox edendae prodromus. <em>Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique</em> 213: 247–291, 321–338.</p>
<p>Kunth, C.S. 1822 [“1821”] Malpighiaceae. <em>In:</em> von Humboldt, A., Bonpland, A. & Kunth, C.S. (Eds.) <em>Nova genera et species plantarum</em>, Lutetiae Parisiorum, Apud N. Maze, Biliopolam, pp. 163–167. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.640</p>
<p>Langdon, E.J. (1986) Las clasificaciones del yagé dentro del grupo Siona: Etnobotánica, etnoquímica e história. <em>América Indígena</em> 46: 101–116.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C.V. (1753) <em>Species Plantarum.</em> Laurent Salvi, Stockholm, 560 pp.</p>
<p>McNeill, J., Barrie, F.R., Burdet, H.M., Demoulin, V., Hawksworth, D.L., Marhold, K., Nicolson, D.H., Prado, J., Silva, P.C., Skog, J.E., Wiersema, J.H. & Turland, N.J. (2006) <em>International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna Code), </em>Regnum Vegetabile 146. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG, Ruggel, 568 pp.</p>
<p>McNeill, J., Barrie, F.R., Buck, W.R., Demoulin, V., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Marhold, K., Prado, J., Prud’homme Van Reine, W.F., Smith, G.F., Wiersema, J.H. & Turland, N.J. (Eds.) (2012) <em>International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code): Adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011</em>. Regnum Vegetabile 154. Königstein: Koeltz Scientific Books. [http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php]</p>
<p>Merrill, E.D. (1943) Destruction of the Berlin herbarium. <em>Science</em> 98: 490–491. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.98.2553.490</p>
<p>Morton, C.V. (1930) A new <em>Banisteria</em> from Brazil and British Guiana. <em>Proceedings of Biological Society of Washington</em> 43: 157–160.</p>
<p>Morton, C.V. (1931) Notes on yagé, a drug plant of southeastern Colombia. <em>Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences</em> 21: 485–488. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24525782]</p>
<p>Morton, C.V. & Cuatrecasas, J. (1967) Proposal to conserve the name <em>Thryallis</em> Mart. <em>Taxon</em> 16: 76–77. https://doi.org/10.2307/1217132</p>
<p>Nees von, E.C.G.D. & Martius, C.F.P. von (1824) <em>Nova Acta Physico-medica Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae Naturae Curiosorum, </em>12. Natural History Museum Library, London, p. 21.</p>
<p>Niedenzu, F. (1900) <em>De genere Banisteria (pars prior).</em> <em>Index lectionum in Lyceo regio hosiano brunsbergensi per hiemen, </em>Instituendarum, pp. 3–31.</p>
<p>Oliveira, R.C., Sonsin-Oliveira, J., dos Santos, T.A.C., Simas e Silva, M., Fagg, C.W. & Sebastiani, R. (2021) Lectotypification of <em>Banisteriopsis caapi</em> and <em>B. quitensis</em> (Malpighiaceae), names associated with an important ingredient of Ayahuasca. <em>Taxon </em>70: 185–188. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12407</p>
<p>Robinson, C.B. (1910) <em>Banisteriopsis</em>. Malpighiaceae. <em>North American Flora</em> 25: 117–171.</p>
<p>Ruiz, H. & Pavón, J. (1799) <em>Flora Peruviana, et Chilensis, sive, Descriptiones, et icones plantarum Peruvianarum, et Chilensium: secundum systema Linnaeanum digestae, cum characteribus plurium generum evulgatorum reformatis.</em> Typis Gabrielis de Sancha, Madrid, 78 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.814</p>
<p>Schultes, R.E. (1982) The beta-carboline hallucinogens of South America. <em>J. Psychedelic Drugs </em>14: 205–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 02791072.1982.10471930</p>
<p>Schultes, R.E. (1986) Recognition of variability in wild plants by Indians of the Northwest Amazon: An enigma. <em>Journal of Ethnobiology</em> 6: 229–238.</p>
<p>Schultes, R.E., Hoffmann, A. & Ratsch, C. (2001) <em>Plants of the Gods: TheirSacred, Healing, and Hallucinogenic Powers</em>, Healing Arts Press, 281pp.</p>
<p>Shanon, B. (2002) Ayahuasca visualizations: A structural typology. <em>Journal of Consciousness Studies</em> 9: 3–30.</p>
<p>Small, J.K. (1910) Malpighiaceae. North American Flora. <em>Flora Neotropica</em> 25: 117–171.</p>
<p>SpeciesLink (2021)<em> speciesLink network</em>, Available from: https://specieslink.net/search/ (accessed 17 August 2021)</p>
<p>Stafleu, F.A. & Cowan, R.S. (1979) <em>Taxonomic Literature: A selective guide to botanical publications and collections with dates, commentaries and types</em>, 2nd ed., vol. 2, H–Le. Utrecht: Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema, 945 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.48631</p>
<p>Stafleu, F.A. & Cowan, R.S. (1981) <em>Taxonomic Literature: A selective guide to botanical publications and collections with dates, commentaries and types</em>, 2nd ed., vol. 3, Lh–O. Utrecht: Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema, 941 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.48631</p>
<p>Tupper, K.W. (2009) Ayahuasca healing beyond the Amazon: the globalization of a traditional indigenous entheogenic practice. <em>Global Networks</em> 9: 117–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0374.2009.00245.x</p>
<p>Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F. (Eds.) (2018) <em>International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code)</em>, Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten, 254 pp. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018</p>