Abstract
Aethionema gypsicola D. Öztürk was defined as a new taxon in the central Anatolia (Eskişehir) region of Turkey. It grows at an elevation of about 840–1100 m in marly areas and on gypsiferous rocks. The new species is morphologically closely related to A. dumanii Vural & Adigüzel, but differs by its height, stem conditions, leaf shape and size, flower parts, fruit stem length, fruit size and wings, silicula shape and size, sinus length, and seed structure. Thus, it can be easily distinguished by the many differences in it morphological characters. Diagnostic characters, a detailed description, and photographs of the new taxon are provided herein. The morphology of the new species and its phylogenetic relationships, based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, were discussed. In this study, a detailed description of the new species, its habitat and plant parts, a distribution map, and conservation status were given. Additionally, the pollen ornamentation and seed coat appearance of A. gypsicola were examined in detail and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs were taken. In addition, it was recommended that this species be listed as critically endangered (CR) on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List category (IUCN) due to its limited distribution.
References
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<p>Al-Shehbaz, I.A., Beilstein, M.A. & Kellogg, E.A. (2006) Systematics and phylogeny of the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae): an overview. <em>Plant Systematics and Evolution</em> 259 (2–4): 89–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-006-0415-z</p>
<p>Al-Shehbaz, I.A., Mutlu, B. & Dönmez, A.A. (2007) The Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) of Turkey, Updated. <em>Turkish Journal of Botany</em> 31: 327–336</p>
<p>Ansell, S.W., Schneider, H., Pedersen, N., Grundmann, M., Russell, S.J. & Vogel, J.C. (2007) Recombination diversifies chloroplast trnF pseudogenes in <em>Arabidopsis lyrata</em>. <em>Journal of Evolutionary Biology</em> 20 (6): 2400–2411. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01397.x</p>
<p>Atçeken, M.M., Dural, H. & Yılmaz Çıtak, B. (2016) The morphological, anatomical and palynological investigations on some taxa of genus <em>Aethionema</em> AT Waiton (Brassicaceae). <em>Biological Diversity and Conservation</em> 9 (1): 55–68.</p>
<p>Boissier, E. (1867) <em>Flora Orientalis</em> l. H. Georg, Basel & Genève, xxxiv + 1017 pp.</p>
<p>Davis, P.H., Mill, R.R. & Tan, K. (Eds.) (1988) Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, Vol. 10. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Edinburgh, 590 pp. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. Boissier E. 1867: <em>Flora Orientalis</em>, Vol. 1. H. Georg, Basilae.</p>
<p>Edgar, R.C. (2004) Muscle: Multiple sequence alignments with high accuracy and high throughput. <em>Nucleic Acids Research</em> 32: 1792–1797. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkh340</p>
<p>Erden, A.E. & Menemen, Y. (2021) Comparative pollen morphology studies on some species of Brassicaceae in Turkey. <em>Biological Diversity and Conservation</em> 14 (1): 105–118. https://doi.org/10.46309/biodicon.2021.773419</p>
<p>Güner, A., Akyıldırım, B., Alkayış, M.F., Çıngay, B., Kanoğlu, S.S., Özkan, A.M., Öztekin, M. & Tuğ, G.N. (2012) Türkçe Bitki Adları. Güner, A., Aslan, S., Ekim, T., Vural, M. ve Babaç, M.T. (edlr.) <em>Türkiye Bitkileri Listesi (Damarlı Bitkiler)</em>. Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Araştırmaları Derneği Yayını. İstanbul. [in Turkish]</p>
<p>Güner, A., Özhatay, N., Ekim, T. & Başer, K.H.C. (2000) <em>Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. </em>Vol. 11. Second Supplement, Edinburgh.</p>
<p>Hedge, I.C. (1965) <em>Aethionema </em>W.T. Aiton.<em> In: </em>Davis, P.H. (Ed.) <em>Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands</em>, Vol. 1. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. pp. 314–332.</p>
<p>Inceoglu, O. & Karamustafa, F. (1977) The pollen morphology of plants in Ankara region II. Cruciferae. <em>Comm. Fac. Sci. Univ.Ank. Series C2</em> 21: 111–118.</p>
<p>Karaismailoğlu, M.C. (2019) Comparative morphology and anatomy of seeds of some <em>Aethionema</em> WT Aiton (Brassicaceae) taxa from Turkey. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v26i1.41911</p>
<p>Koul, K.K., Nagpal, R. & Raina, S.N. (2000) Seed coat microsculpturing in Brassica and Allied genera (Subtribes Brassicinae, Raphaninae, Morcandinae). <em>Annals of Botany</em> 86: 385–397. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.2000.1197</p>
<p>Moazzeni, H., Al-Shehbaz, I.A., German, D.A., Assadi, M., Mueller, J., Joharchi, M.R. & Memariani, F. (2018) A taxonomic revision of the genus <em>Aethionema</em> sl (Brassicaceae) in Iran. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 356 (4): 241–266. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.356.4.1</p>
<p>Özdeniz, E., Bölükbaşı, A., Kurt, L. & Özbey, B.G. (2016) Jipsofil bitkilerin ekolojisi. <em>Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Dergisi</em> 4 (2): 57–62.</p>
<p>Özgişi, K., Ocak, A. & Özüdoğru, B. (2018) <em>Noccaea birolmutlui</em>, a new Crucifer species from southwest Anatolia, Turkey.<em> Phytotaxa</em> 345 (1): 59–67. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.345.1.7</p>
<p>Pinar, N.M., Adiguzel, N. & Geven, F. (2007) Seed coat macrosculpturing in some Turkish <em>Aethionema</em> R. BR.(Brassicaceae). <em>Pakistan Journal of Botany</em> 39 (4): 1025.</p>
<p>Rambaut, A. & Drummond, A.J. (2009) Tracer version 1.5 [computer program] Available from: http://beast.bio.ed.ac.uk (accessed 1 March 2018)</p>
<p>Ronquist, F. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2003) MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. <em>Bioinformatics</em> 19 (12): 1572–1574. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180</p>
<p>Taberlet, P., Gielly, L., Pautou, G. & Bouvet, J. (1991) Universal primers for amplification of three non-coding regions of chloroplast DNA. <em>Plant Molecular Biology</em> 17 (5): 1105–1109. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00037152</p>
<p>Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Peterson, D., Filipski, A. & Kumar, S. (2013) MEGA6: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution</em> 30: 2725–2729. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst197</p>
<p>Yıldırımlı, Ş. & Kılıç, Ö. (2016) New infrageneric taxa and species of <em>Aethionema</em> WT Aiton (Brassicaceae) and their current key from Turkey. <em>Ot Sistematik Botanik Dergisi</em> 23 (1–2): 1–6.</p>
<p>Yıldırımlı, Ş. & Kılıç, Ö. (2019) A new <em>Aethionema</em> (Brassicaceae), <em>A. sancakense</em> p.p. and a. new description of <em>A. adiyamanense</em> from Turkey. <em>Ot Sistematik Botanik Dergisi </em>26 (2): 49–58.</p>
<p>Al-Shehbaz, I.A. (1986) The genera of Lepidieae (Cruciferae; Brassicaceae) in the southeastern United States. <em>Journal of the Arnold Arboretum</em> 67 (3): 265–311. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.27392</p>
<p>Al-Shehbaz, I.A., Beilstein, M.A. & Kellogg, E.A. (2006) Systematics and phylogeny of the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae): an overview. <em>Plant Systematics and Evolution</em> 259 (2–4): 89–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-006-0415-z</p>
<p>Al-Shehbaz, I.A., Mutlu, B. & Dönmez, A.A. (2007) The Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) of Turkey, Updated. <em>Turkish Journal of Botany</em> 31: 327–336</p>
<p>Ansell, S.W., Schneider, H., Pedersen, N., Grundmann, M., Russell, S.J. & Vogel, J.C. (2007) Recombination diversifies chloroplast trnF pseudogenes in <em>Arabidopsis lyrata</em>. <em>Journal of Evolutionary Biology</em> 20 (6): 2400–2411. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01397.x</p>
<p>Atçeken, M.M., Dural, H. & Yılmaz Çıtak, B. (2016) The morphological, anatomical and palynological investigations on some taxa of genus <em>Aethionema</em> AT Waiton (Brassicaceae). <em>Biological Diversity and Conservation</em> 9 (1): 55–68.</p>
<p>Boissier, E. (1867) <em>Flora Orientalis</em> l. H. Georg, Basel & Genève, xxxiv + 1017 pp.</p>
<p>Davis, P.H., Mill, R.R. & Tan, K. (Eds.) (1988) Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, Vol. 10. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Edinburgh, 590 pp. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. Boissier E. 1867: <em>Flora Orientalis</em>, Vol. 1. H. Georg, Basilae.</p>
<p>Edgar, R.C. (2004) Muscle: Multiple sequence alignments with high accuracy and high throughput. <em>Nucleic Acids Research</em> 32: 1792–1797. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkh340</p>
<p>Erden, A.E. & Menemen, Y. (2021) Comparative pollen morphology studies on some species of Brassicaceae in Turkey. <em>Biological Diversity and Conservation</em> 14 (1): 105–118. https://doi.org/10.46309/biodicon.2021.773419</p>
<p>Güner, A., Akyıldırım, B., Alkayış, M.F., Çıngay, B., Kanoğlu, S.S., Özkan, A.M., Öztekin, M. & Tuğ, G.N. (2012) Türkçe Bitki Adları. Güner, A., Aslan, S., Ekim, T., Vural, M. ve Babaç, M.T. (edlr.) <em>Türkiye Bitkileri Listesi (Damarlı Bitkiler)</em>. Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Araştırmaları Derneği Yayını. İstanbul. [in Turkish]</p>
<p>Güner, A., Özhatay, N., Ekim, T. & Başer, K.H.C. (2000) <em>Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. </em>Vol. 11. Second Supplement, Edinburgh.</p>
<p>Hedge, I.C. (1965) <em>Aethionema </em>W.T. Aiton.<em> In: </em>Davis, P.H. (Ed.) <em>Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands</em>, Vol. 1. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. pp. 314–332.</p>
<p>Inceoglu, O. & Karamustafa, F. (1977) The pollen morphology of plants in Ankara region II. Cruciferae. <em>Comm. Fac. Sci. Univ.Ank. Series C2</em> 21: 111–118.</p>
<p>Karaismailoğlu, M.C. (2019) Comparative morphology and anatomy of seeds of some <em>Aethionema</em> WT Aiton (Brassicaceae) taxa from Turkey. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v26i1.41911</p>
<p>Koul, K.K., Nagpal, R. & Raina, S.N. (2000) Seed coat microsculpturing in Brassica and Allied genera (Subtribes Brassicinae, Raphaninae, Morcandinae). <em>Annals of Botany</em> 86: 385–397. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.2000.1197</p>
<p>Moazzeni, H., Al-Shehbaz, I.A., German, D.A., Assadi, M., Mueller, J., Joharchi, M.R. & Memariani, F. (2018) A taxonomic revision of the genus <em>Aethionema</em> sl (Brassicaceae) in Iran. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 356 (4): 241–266. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.356.4.1</p>
<p>Özdeniz, E., Bölükbaşı, A., Kurt, L. & Özbey, B.G. (2016) Jipsofil bitkilerin ekolojisi. <em>Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Dergisi</em> 4 (2): 57–62.</p>
<p>Özgişi, K., Ocak, A. & Özüdoğru, B. (2018) <em>Noccaea birolmutlui</em>, a new Crucifer species from southwest Anatolia, Turkey.<em> Phytotaxa</em> 345 (1): 59–67. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.345.1.7</p>
<p>Pinar, N.M., Adiguzel, N. & Geven, F. (2007) Seed coat macrosculpturing in some Turkish <em>Aethionema</em> R. BR.(Brassicaceae). <em>Pakistan Journal of Botany</em> 39 (4): 1025.</p>
<p>Rambaut, A. & Drummond, A.J. (2009) Tracer version 1.5 [computer program] Available from: http://beast.bio.ed.ac.uk (accessed 1 March 2018)</p>
<p>Ronquist, F. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2003) MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. <em>Bioinformatics</em> 19 (12): 1572–1574. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180</p>
<p>Taberlet, P., Gielly, L., Pautou, G. & Bouvet, J. (1991) Universal primers for amplification of three non-coding regions of chloroplast DNA. <em>Plant Molecular Biology</em> 17 (5): 1105–1109. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00037152</p>
<p>Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Peterson, D., Filipski, A. & Kumar, S. (2013) MEGA6: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution</em> 30: 2725–2729. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst197</p>
<p>Yıldırımlı, Ş. & Kılıç, Ö. (2016) New infrageneric taxa and species of <em>Aethionema</em> WT Aiton (Brassicaceae) and their current key from Turkey. <em>Ot Sistematik Botanik Dergisi</em> 23 (1–2): 1–6.</p>
<p>Yıldırımlı, Ş. & Kılıç, Ö. (2019) A new <em>Aethionema</em> (Brassicaceae), <em>A. sancakense</em> p.p. and a. new description of <em>A. adiyamanense</em> from Turkey. <em>Ot Sistematik Botanik Dergisi </em>26 (2): 49–58.</p>