Abstract
Chroogomphus himalayanus sp. nov. is described from the subalpine Himalaya region of India. It is presented herein with morphological descriptions, illustrations and nrITS-based phylogenetic inferences as well as comparisons with similar species.
References
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<p>Griffith, W. (1854) <em>Notulae ad Plantas Asiaticas</em>. Part 4. Posthumous papers arranged by John M’Clelland. Calcutta, pp. 19.</p>
<p>Hall, T.A. (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. <em>Nucleic Acids Symposium Series</em> 41: 95–98.</p>
<p>Imai, S. (1938) Studies on the Agaricaceae of Hokkaido. II. <em>Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido Imperial University</em> 43: 179–378.</p>
<p>Jülich, W. (1982) Higher taxa of Basidiomycetes. <em>Bibliotheca</em> <em>Mycologica </em>85: 1–485.</p>
<p>Kiran, M., Sattar, A., Zamir, K., Haelewaters, D. & Khalid, A.N. (2020) Additions to the genus <em>Chroogomphus </em>(Boletales, Gomphidiaceae) from Pakistan. <em>MycoKeys</em> 66: 23–38.</p>
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<p>Knudsen, H. & Taylor, A. (2012) <em>Chroogomphus</em>.<em> In: </em>Knudsen, H. & Vesterholt, J. (Eds.) <em>Funga Nordica, 2<sup>nd</sup> revised edition. Agaricoid, Boletoid, Clavarioid, Cyphelloid and Gastroid Genera.</em> Copenhagen, Denmark: Nordsvamp Press, 198 pp.</p>
<p>Kõljalg, U., Nilsson, R.H., Abarenkov, K., Tedersoo, L., Taylor, A.F.S., Bahram, M., Bates, S.T., Bruns, T.D., Bengtsson-Palme, J., Callaghan, T.M., Douglas, B., Drenkhan, T., Eberhardt, U., Duenas, M., Grebenc, T., Griffith, G.W., Hartmann, M., Kirk, P.M., Kohout, P., Larsson, E., Lindahl, B.D., Lucking, R., Martin, M.P., Matheny, P.B., Nguyen, N.H., Niskanen, T., Oja, J., Peay, K.G., Peintner, U., Peterson, M., Poldmaa, K., Saag, L., Saar, I., Schuβler, A., Scott, J.A., Sené, C., Smith, M.E., Suija, A., Taylor, D.L., Telleria, M.T., Weiβ, M. & Larsson, K.H. (2013) Towards a unified paradigm for sequence-based identification of Fungi. <em>Molecular ecology</em> 22: 5271–5277. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.12481</p>
<p>Kornerup, A. & Wanscher, J.H. (1978) <em>Methuen handbook of colour</em>, 3<sup>rd</sup> edn. Methuen, London, 252 pp.</p>
<p>Lanfear, R., Frandsen, P.B., Wright, A.M., Senfeld, T. & Calcott, B. (2016) PartitionFinder 2: New Methods for Selecting Partitioned Models of Evolution for Molecular and Morphological Phylogenetic Analyses. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution</em> 34 (3): 772– 773. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw260</p>
<p>Larkin, M.A., Blackshields, G., Brown, N.P., Chenna, R., Mcgettigan, P.A., Mcwilliam, H., Valentin, F., Wallace, I.M., Wilm, A., Lopez, R., Thompson, J.D., Gibson, T.J. & Higgins, D.G. (2007) Clustal W And Clustal X Version 2.0. <em>Bioinformatics</em> 23: 2947–2948. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btm404</p>
<p>Li, Y.C., Yang, Z.L. & Tolgor, B. (2009) Phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships of <em>Chroogomphus</em> species as inferred from molecular and morphological data. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 38: 85–104.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species plantarum, </em>vols. 1–2. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiæ, Stockholm, 1200 pp.</p>
<p>Maire, R. (1933) Fungi Catalaunici. Contributions à l’étude de la Flore Mycologique de la Catalogne. <em>Mus. Barcin. Scient. nat. Op. (bot.2)</em> 15: 1–120.</p>
<p>Martín, M.P., Siquier, J.L., Salom, J.C., Telleria, M.T. & Finschow, G. (2016) Barcoding sequences clearly separate <em>Chroogomphus mediterraneus</em> (Gomphidiaceae, Boletales) from <em>C</em>. <em>rutilus</em>, and allied species. <em>Mycoscience</em> 57 (6): 384–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.myc.2016.06.004</p>
<p>Miller, O.K. (1964) Monograph of <em>Chroogomphus</em> (Gomphidiaceae). <em>Mycologia</em> 56: 526–549. https://doi.org/10.2307/3756358</p>
<p>Miller, O.K. (1973) A new gastroid genus related to <em>Gomphidius</em>. <em>Mycologia </em>65: 226–229.</p>
<p>Miller, O.K. (2003) The Gomphidiaceae revisited: a worldwide perspective.<em> Mycologia</em> 95 (1): 176–183. https://doi.org/10.2307/3761977</p>
<p>Miller, O.K. & Aime, M.C. (2001) Systematics, ecology and world distribution in the genus <em>Chroogomphus</em> (Gomphidiaceae). <em>In</em>: Misra, J.K. & Horn, B.W. (Ed.) <em>Trichomycetes and other Fungal Groups</em>. Enfield, NH: Science Publishers, pp. 314–333.</p>
<p>Miller, O.K. Jr. & Miller, H.H. (2006) <em>North American mushrooms. </em>Falcon Guides, Globe Prequot Press, Guilford, CT 06437, USA.</p>
<p>Miller, P. (1754) <em>The Gardeners Dictionary</em>, abridged 4<sup>th</sup> edition. V.1. pp. 11.</p>
<p>Murrill, W.A. (1912) The Agaricaceae of the Pacific Coast III. <em>Mycologia</em> 4: 294–308.</p>
<p>Noordeloos, M.E. (2018) Gomphidiaceae. <em>In</em>: Noordeloos, M.E., Kuyper, T.W., Somhorst, I. & Vellinga, E.C. (Eds.) <em>Flora</em> <em>Agaricina Neerlandica volume 7</em>. Candusso Editrice, Origgio (VA), pp. 201–207.</p>
<p>Qi, L., Fu, Y., Lang, N., Bai, X. & Li, Y. (2017) A new species of <em>Gomphidius</em> from Northeast China. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 316 (2): 181–188. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.316.2.7</p>
<p>Razaq, A., Ilyas, S. & Khalid, A.N. (2016) Molecular identification of Chinese <em>Chroogomphus roseolus </em>from Pakistani forests, a mycorrhizal fungus, using ITS-rDNA marker. <em>Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences</em> 53: 393–398.</p>
<p>Rambaut, A., Suchard, M.A., Xie, D. & Drummond, A.J. (2014) Tracer version 1.6. Available from: http://beast.bio.ed.ac.uk/tracer (accessed 13 December 2021)</p>
<p>Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., van der Mark, P., Ayres, D.L., Darling, A., Höhna S, Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M.A. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. <em>Systematic Biology </em>61: 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029</p>
<p>Rudolphi, F. (1830) <em>Systema orbis vegetabilis.</em> Lundae: Typographia Academica. pp. 35.</p>
<p>Sargent, C.S. (1897) <em>The Silva of North America: a description of the trees which grow naturally in North America exclusive of Mexico.</em> Vol. 11. Boston and New York.</p>
<p>Scambler, R., Niskanen, T., Assyov, B., Ainsworth, A.M., Bellanger, J-M., Loizides, M., Moreau, P.-A., Kirk, P.M. and Liimatainen, K. (2018) Diversity of <em>Chroogomphus</em> (Gomphidiaceae, Boletales) in Europe, and typification of <em>C</em>. <em>rutilus</em>. <em>IMA Fungus</em> 9 (2): 271–290. https://doi.org/10.5598/imafungus.2018.09.02.04</p>
<p>Schaeffer, J.C. (1774) Fungorum qui. <em>Bavaria et Palatinatu circa Ratisbonam nascuntur Icones</em> 4: 1–136.</p>
<p>Singer, R. (1938) <em>Sur les genres Ixocomus</em>, <em>Boetinus</em>, <em>Phylloporus</em>, <em>Gyrodon et Gomphidius.</em> <em>Revue de Mycologie</em> 3: 35–53, 157–177.</p>
<p>Singer, R. (1942) Das System der Agaricales. II. <em>Annales Mycologici</em> 40: 1–132.</p>
<p>Singer, R. (1948) New and interesting species of Basidiomycetes. II. <em>Papers of the Michigan Academy of Sciences</em> 32: 103–150.</p>
<p>Talavera, G. & Castresana, J. (2007) Improvement of phylogenies after removing divergent and ambiguously aligned blocks from protein sequence alignments. <em>Systematic Biology</em> 56: 564–577. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150701472164</p>
<p>Thiers, B. (2021 [continuously updated]) Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg. org/science/ih/ (accessed 13 December 2021)</p>
<p>Thulasinathan, B., Kulanthaisamy, M.R., Nagarajan, A., Soorangkattan, S., Muthuramalingam, J.B., Jeyaraman, J. & Arun, A. (2018) Studies on the diversity of macrofungus in Kodaikanal region of Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India. <em>Biodiversitas</em> 19 (6): 2283–2293.</p>
<p>Watling, R. (2004) New combinations in <em>Boletaceae</em> and <em>Gomphidiaceae</em> (<em>Boletales</em>)<em>. Edinburgh Journal of Botany</em> 61: 41–47.</p>
<p>Watling, R. & Abraham, S.P. (1992) Ectomycorrhizal fungi of Kashmir forests. <em>Mycorrhiza</em> 2: 81–87.</p>
<p>Watling, R., Hills, A.E. (2005) Boletes and their allies – Boletaceae, Strobilomycetaceae, Gyroporaceae, Paxillaceae, Coniophoraceae, Gomphidiaceae (revised and enlarged edition). <em>In</em>: Henderson, D.M. & Watling, R. (Eds.) <em>British Fungus Flora, Agarics and Boleti</em>, <em>vol. 1</em>. HMSO, Edinburgh. 174 pp.</p>
<p>Das, K., Chakraborty, D. & Vizzini, A. (2017) Morphological and phylogenetic evidences unveil a novel species of <em>Gyroporus</em> (Gyroporaceae, Boletales) from Indian Himalaya. <em>Nordic Journal of Botany</em> 35: 669–675. https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.01628</p>
<p>Edler, D., Klein, J., Antonelli, A. & Silvestro, D. (2021) raxmlGUI 2.0: a graphical interface and toolkit for phylogenetic analyses using RAxML. <em>Methods in Ecology and Evolution</em> 12: 373–377. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.13512</p>
<p>Fries, E. (1836) <em>Corpus Florarum provincialium suecicae</em> I. Floram Scanicam. pp. 1–349</p>
<p>Gilbert, E.J. (1931) <em>Les Livres du Mycologue Tome</em> I–IV, Tom. III: Les Bolets. pp. 1–254.</p>
<p>Griffith, W. (1854) <em>Notulae ad Plantas Asiaticas</em>. Part 4. Posthumous papers arranged by John M’Clelland. Calcutta, pp. 19.</p>
<p>Hall, T.A. (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. <em>Nucleic Acids Symposium Series</em> 41: 95–98.</p>
<p>Imai, S. (1938) Studies on the Agaricaceae of Hokkaido. II. <em>Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido Imperial University</em> 43: 179–378.</p>
<p>Jülich, W. (1982) Higher taxa of Basidiomycetes. <em>Bibliotheca</em> <em>Mycologica </em>85: 1–485.</p>
<p>Kiran, M., Sattar, A., Zamir, K., Haelewaters, D. & Khalid, A.N. (2020) Additions to the genus <em>Chroogomphus </em>(Boletales, Gomphidiaceae) from Pakistan. <em>MycoKeys</em> 66: 23–38.</p>
<p>Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P.F., Minte, D.W. & Stalpers, J.A. (2008) <em>Ainsworth & Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi</em>, 10<sup>th</sup> edn. CABI, UK, 771 pp. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851998268.0000</p>
<p>Knudsen, H. & Taylor, A. (2012) <em>Chroogomphus</em>.<em> In: </em>Knudsen, H. & Vesterholt, J. (Eds.) <em>Funga Nordica, 2<sup>nd</sup> revised edition. Agaricoid, Boletoid, Clavarioid, Cyphelloid and Gastroid Genera.</em> Copenhagen, Denmark: Nordsvamp Press, 198 pp.</p>
<p>Kõljalg, U., Nilsson, R.H., Abarenkov, K., Tedersoo, L., Taylor, A.F.S., Bahram, M., Bates, S.T., Bruns, T.D., Bengtsson-Palme, J., Callaghan, T.M., Douglas, B., Drenkhan, T., Eberhardt, U., Duenas, M., Grebenc, T., Griffith, G.W., Hartmann, M., Kirk, P.M., Kohout, P., Larsson, E., Lindahl, B.D., Lucking, R., Martin, M.P., Matheny, P.B., Nguyen, N.H., Niskanen, T., Oja, J., Peay, K.G., Peintner, U., Peterson, M., Poldmaa, K., Saag, L., Saar, I., Schuβler, A., Scott, J.A., Sené, C., Smith, M.E., Suija, A., Taylor, D.L., Telleria, M.T., Weiβ, M. & Larsson, K.H. (2013) Towards a unified paradigm for sequence-based identification of Fungi. <em>Molecular ecology</em> 22: 5271–5277. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.12481</p>
<p>Kornerup, A. & Wanscher, J.H. (1978) <em>Methuen handbook of colour</em>, 3<sup>rd</sup> edn. Methuen, London, 252 pp.</p>
<p>Lanfear, R., Frandsen, P.B., Wright, A.M., Senfeld, T. & Calcott, B. (2016) PartitionFinder 2: New Methods for Selecting Partitioned Models of Evolution for Molecular and Morphological Phylogenetic Analyses. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution</em> 34 (3): 772– 773. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw260</p>
<p>Larkin, M.A., Blackshields, G., Brown, N.P., Chenna, R., Mcgettigan, P.A., Mcwilliam, H., Valentin, F., Wallace, I.M., Wilm, A., Lopez, R., Thompson, J.D., Gibson, T.J. & Higgins, D.G. (2007) Clustal W And Clustal X Version 2.0. <em>Bioinformatics</em> 23: 2947–2948. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btm404</p>
<p>Li, Y.C., Yang, Z.L. & Tolgor, B. (2009) Phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships of <em>Chroogomphus</em> species as inferred from molecular and morphological data. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 38: 85–104.</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species plantarum, </em>vols. 1–2. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiæ, Stockholm, 1200 pp.</p>
<p>Maire, R. (1933) Fungi Catalaunici. Contributions à l’étude de la Flore Mycologique de la Catalogne. <em>Mus. Barcin. Scient. nat. Op. (bot.2)</em> 15: 1–120.</p>
<p>Martín, M.P., Siquier, J.L., Salom, J.C., Telleria, M.T. & Finschow, G. (2016) Barcoding sequences clearly separate <em>Chroogomphus mediterraneus</em> (Gomphidiaceae, Boletales) from <em>C</em>. <em>rutilus</em>, and allied species. <em>Mycoscience</em> 57 (6): 384–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.myc.2016.06.004</p>
<p>Miller, O.K. (1964) Monograph of <em>Chroogomphus</em> (Gomphidiaceae). <em>Mycologia</em> 56: 526–549. https://doi.org/10.2307/3756358</p>
<p>Miller, O.K. (1973) A new gastroid genus related to <em>Gomphidius</em>. <em>Mycologia </em>65: 226–229.</p>
<p>Miller, O.K. (2003) The Gomphidiaceae revisited: a worldwide perspective.<em> Mycologia</em> 95 (1): 176–183. https://doi.org/10.2307/3761977</p>
<p>Miller, O.K. & Aime, M.C. (2001) Systematics, ecology and world distribution in the genus <em>Chroogomphus</em> (Gomphidiaceae). <em>In</em>: Misra, J.K. & Horn, B.W. (Ed.) <em>Trichomycetes and other Fungal Groups</em>. Enfield, NH: Science Publishers, pp. 314–333.</p>
<p>Miller, O.K. Jr. & Miller, H.H. (2006) <em>North American mushrooms. </em>Falcon Guides, Globe Prequot Press, Guilford, CT 06437, USA.</p>
<p>Miller, P. (1754) <em>The Gardeners Dictionary</em>, abridged 4<sup>th</sup> edition. V.1. pp. 11.</p>
<p>Murrill, W.A. (1912) The Agaricaceae of the Pacific Coast III. <em>Mycologia</em> 4: 294–308.</p>
<p>Noordeloos, M.E. (2018) Gomphidiaceae. <em>In</em>: Noordeloos, M.E., Kuyper, T.W., Somhorst, I. & Vellinga, E.C. (Eds.) <em>Flora</em> <em>Agaricina Neerlandica volume 7</em>. Candusso Editrice, Origgio (VA), pp. 201–207.</p>
<p>Qi, L., Fu, Y., Lang, N., Bai, X. & Li, Y. (2017) A new species of <em>Gomphidius</em> from Northeast China. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 316 (2): 181–188. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.316.2.7</p>
<p>Razaq, A., Ilyas, S. & Khalid, A.N. (2016) Molecular identification of Chinese <em>Chroogomphus roseolus </em>from Pakistani forests, a mycorrhizal fungus, using ITS-rDNA marker. <em>Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences</em> 53: 393–398.</p>
<p>Rambaut, A., Suchard, M.A., Xie, D. & Drummond, A.J. (2014) Tracer version 1.6. Available from: http://beast.bio.ed.ac.uk/tracer (accessed 13 December 2021)</p>
<p>Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., van der Mark, P., Ayres, D.L., Darling, A., Höhna S, Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M.A. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. <em>Systematic Biology </em>61: 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029</p>
<p>Rudolphi, F. (1830) <em>Systema orbis vegetabilis.</em> Lundae: Typographia Academica. pp. 35.</p>
<p>Sargent, C.S. (1897) <em>The Silva of North America: a description of the trees which grow naturally in North America exclusive of Mexico.</em> Vol. 11. Boston and New York.</p>
<p>Scambler, R., Niskanen, T., Assyov, B., Ainsworth, A.M., Bellanger, J-M., Loizides, M., Moreau, P.-A., Kirk, P.M. and Liimatainen, K. (2018) Diversity of <em>Chroogomphus</em> (Gomphidiaceae, Boletales) in Europe, and typification of <em>C</em>. <em>rutilus</em>. <em>IMA Fungus</em> 9 (2): 271–290. https://doi.org/10.5598/imafungus.2018.09.02.04</p>
<p>Schaeffer, J.C. (1774) Fungorum qui. <em>Bavaria et Palatinatu circa Ratisbonam nascuntur Icones</em> 4: 1–136.</p>
<p>Singer, R. (1938) <em>Sur les genres Ixocomus</em>, <em>Boetinus</em>, <em>Phylloporus</em>, <em>Gyrodon et Gomphidius.</em> <em>Revue de Mycologie</em> 3: 35–53, 157–177.</p>
<p>Singer, R. (1942) Das System der Agaricales. II. <em>Annales Mycologici</em> 40: 1–132.</p>
<p>Singer, R. (1948) New and interesting species of Basidiomycetes. II. <em>Papers of the Michigan Academy of Sciences</em> 32: 103–150.</p>
<p>Talavera, G. & Castresana, J. (2007) Improvement of phylogenies after removing divergent and ambiguously aligned blocks from protein sequence alignments. <em>Systematic Biology</em> 56: 564–577. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150701472164</p>
<p>Thiers, B. (2021 [continuously updated]) Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg. org/science/ih/ (accessed 13 December 2021)</p>
<p>Thulasinathan, B., Kulanthaisamy, M.R., Nagarajan, A., Soorangkattan, S., Muthuramalingam, J.B., Jeyaraman, J. & Arun, A. (2018) Studies on the diversity of macrofungus in Kodaikanal region of Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India. <em>Biodiversitas</em> 19 (6): 2283–2293.</p>
<p>Watling, R. (2004) New combinations in <em>Boletaceae</em> and <em>Gomphidiaceae</em> (<em>Boletales</em>)<em>. Edinburgh Journal of Botany</em> 61: 41–47.</p>
<p>Watling, R. & Abraham, S.P. (1992) Ectomycorrhizal fungi of Kashmir forests. <em>Mycorrhiza</em> 2: 81–87.</p>
<p>Watling, R., Hills, A.E. (2005) Boletes and their allies – Boletaceae, Strobilomycetaceae, Gyroporaceae, Paxillaceae, Coniophoraceae, Gomphidiaceae (revised and enlarged edition). <em>In</em>: Henderson, D.M. & Watling, R. (Eds.) <em>British Fungus Flora, Agarics and Boleti</em>, <em>vol. 1</em>. HMSO, Edinburgh. 174 pp.</p>