Abstract
A new hyphomycetous species, Conlarium sichuanense was found on dead branches of Ficus virens (Moraceae) from a terrestrial habitat in Sichuan Province, China. The new species has sporodochial colonies on natural substate, with micronematous conidiophores and muriform, brown and subglobose to irregular-shaped conidia. The phylogenetic analysis based on combined LSU, ITS and SSU sequence data showed that Conlarium sichuanense clustered together with C. aquaticum and C. thailandense and presented as a distinct lineage. A detailed, illustrated description and comparison with related Conlarium species are provided.
References
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<p>Senanayake, I., Rathnayaka, A., Sandamali, D., Calabon, M. & Vedprakash, H.G. (2020) Morphological approaches in studying fungi: collection, examination, isolation, sporulation and preservation. <em>Mycosphere</em> 11: 2678–2754. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/20</p>
<p>Silvestro, D. & Michalak, I. (2011) RaxmlGUI: a graphical front-end for RAxML. <em>Organisms Diversity & Evolution</em> 12: 335–337. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-011-0056-0</p>
<p>Swofford, D.L. (2002) PAUP: phylogenetic analysis using parsimony. Version 4.0b10. Illinois Natural History Survey, Champion, III.</p>
<p>Vilgalys, R. & Hester, M. (1990) Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several <em>Cryptococcus</em> species. <em>Journal of Bacteriology</em> 172: 4238–4246. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.172.8.4238-4246.1990</p>
<p>White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics.<em> In: </em>Innis, G.M., Shinsky, D. & White, T. (eds.) <em>PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications.</em> Academic, New York, pp. 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1</p>
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<p>Dong, W., Hyde, K.D., Jeewon, R., Doilom, M., Yu, X., Wang, G., Liu, N., Hu, D. & Nalumpang, S. (2021) Towards a natural classification of <em>Annulatascaceae</em>-like taxa Ⅱ: introducing five new genera and eighteen new species from freshwater. <em>Mycosphere</em> 12: 1–88. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/12/1/1</p>
<p>Dubey, R. & Manikpuri, S. (2021) <em>Conlarium indicum</em>: A novel fungus from Western Ghats of India. <em>Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology (Journal of Fungal Biology)</em> 11: 112–118. https://doi.org/10.5943/cream/11/1/9</p>
<p>Ferrer, A., Miller, A.N., Sarmiento, C. & Shearer, C.A. (2012) Three new genera representing novel lineages of Sordariomycetidae (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from tropical freshwater habitats in Costa Rica. <em>Mycologia</em> 104: 865–879. https://doi.org/10.3852/11-111</p>
<p>Huelsenbeck, J.P. & Ronquist, F. (2001) MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. <em>Bioinformatics</em> 17: 754–755. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/17.8.754</p>
<p>Hyde, K.D., Bao, D.F., Hongsanan, S., Chethana, K.W.T., Yang, J. & Suwannarach, N. (2021) Evolution of freshwater Diaporthomycetidae (Sordariomycetes) provides evidence for five new orders and six new families. <em>Fungal Diversity </em>107: 71–105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-021-00469-7</p>
<p>Hyde, K.D., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Hongsanan, S., Samarakoon, M.C., Lücking, R., Pem, D., Harishchandra, D., Jeewon, R., Zhao, R.L. & Xu, J.C. (2017) The ranking of fungi: a tribute to David L. Hawksworth on his 70th birthday. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 84: 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-017-0383-3</p>
<p>Hyde, K.D., Dong, Y., Phookamsak, R., Jeewon, R., Bhat, D.J., Jones, E.B.G., Liu, N.G., Abeywickrama, P.D., Mapook, A., Wei, D., Perera, R.H., Manawasinghe, I.S., Pem, D., Bundhun, D., Karunarathna, A., Ekanayaka, A.H., Bao, D.F., Li, J., Samarakoon, M.C., Chaiwan, N., Lin, C.G., Phutthacharoen, K., Zhang, S.N., Senanayake, I.C., Goonasekara, I.D., Thambugala, K.M., Phukhamsakda, C., Tennakoon, D.S., Jiang, H.B., Yang, J., Zeng, M., Huanraluek, N., Liu, J.K., Wijesinghe, S.N., Tian, Q., Tibpromma, S., Brahmanage, R.S., Boonmee, S., Huang, S.K., Thiyagaraja, V., Lu, Y.Z., Jayawardena, R.S., Dong, W., Yang, E.F., Singh, S.K., Singh, S.M., Rana, S., Lad, S.S., Anand, G., Devadatha, B., Niranjan, M., Sarma, V.V., Liimatainen, K., Aguirre-Hudson, B., Niskanen, T., Overall, A., Alvarenga, R.L.M., Gibertoni, T.B., Pfliegler, W.P., Horváth, E., Imre, A., Alves, A.L., da Silva Santos, A.C., Tiago, P.V., Bulgakov, T.S., Wanasinghe, D.N., Bahkali, A.H., Doilom, M., Elgorban, A.M., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Rajeshkumar, K.C., Haelewaters, D., Mortimer, P.E., Zhao, Q., Lumyong, S., Xu, J. & Sheng, J. (2020) Fungal diversity notes 1151–1276: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungal taxa. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 100: 5–277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-020-00439-5</p>
<p>Katoh, K. & Standley, D.M. (2013) Katoh K, Standley DM.. MAFFT Multiple Sequence Alignment Software Version 7: Improvements in performance and usability. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution</em> 30: 772–780. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010</p>
<p>Larsson & Anders. (2014) AliView: a fast and lightweight alignment viewer and editor for large datasets. <em>Bioinformatics </em>30: 3276–3278. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu531</p>
<p>Liu, F., Hu, D.M. & Cai, L. (2012) <em>Conlarium duplumascospora</em> <em>gen. et. sp. nov.</em> and <em>Jobellisia guangdongensis</em> <em>sp. nov.</em> from freshwater habitats in China. <em>Mycologia</em> 104: 1178–1186. https://doi.org/10.3852/11-379</p>
<p>Liu, J.K., Chomnunti, P., Cei, L., Phookamsak, R. & Hyde, K.D. (2010) Phylogeny and morphology of <em>Neodeightonia palmicola</em> <em>sp. nov.</em> from palms. <em>Sydowia </em>62: 261–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riam.2010.07.001</p>
<p>Luo, Z.L., Hyde, K.D., Liu, J.K., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Jeewon, R., Bao, D.F., Bhat, D.J., Lin, C.G., Li, W.L., Yang, J., Liu, N.G., Lu, Y.Z., Jayawardena, R.S., Li, J.F. & Su, H.Y. (2019) Freshwater Sordariomycetes. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 99: 451–660. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-019-00438-1</p>
<p>Maddison, W.P. & Maddison, D.R. (2014) Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis. Version 3.01. [http://mesquiteproject.org]</p>
<p>Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Hyde, K.D., Jones, E.B.G., McKenzie, E.H.C., Huang, S.K., Abdel-Wahab, M.A., Daranagama, D.A., Dayarathne, M., D’souza, M.J. & Goonasekara, I.D. (2015) Towards a natural classification and backbone tree for Sordariomycetes. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 72: 199–301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-015-0331-z</p>
<p>Nylander, J.A.A. (2004) MrModeltest v2. Program distributed by the author. Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University. </p>
<p>Phookamsak, R., Hyde, K.D., Jeewon, R., Bhat, D.J., Jones, E.B.G., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Raspé, O., Karunarathna, S.C., Wanasinghe, D.N., Hongsanan, S., Doilom, M., Tennakoon, D.S., Machado, A.R., Firmino, A.L., Ghosh, A., Karunarathna, A., Mešić, A., Dutta, A.K., Thongbai, B., Devadatha, B., Norphanphoun, C., Senwanna, C., Wei, D., Pem, D., Ackah, F.K., Wang, G.N., Jiang, H.B., Madrid, H., Lee, H.B., Goonasekara, I.D., Manawasinghe, I.S., Kušan, I., Cano, J., Gené, J., Li, J., Das, K., Acharya, K., Raj, K.N.A., Latha, K.P.D., Chethana, K.W.T., He, M.Q., Dueñas, M., Jadan, M., Martín, M.P., Samarakoon, M.C., Dayarathne, M.C., Raza, M., Park, M.S., Telleria, M.T., Chaiwan, N., Matočec, N., de Silva, N.I., Pereira, O.L., Singh, P.N., Manimohan, P., Uniyal, P., Shang, Q.J., Bhatt, R.P., Perera, R.H., Alvarenga, R.L.M., Nogal-Prata, S., Singh, S.K., Vadthanarat, S., Oh, S.Y., Huang, S.K., Rana, S., Konta, S., Paloi, S., Jayasiri, S.C., Jeon, S.J., Mehmood, T., Gibertoni, T.B., Nguyen, T.T.T., Singh, U., Thiyagaraja, V., Sarma, V.V., Dong, W., Yu, X.D., Lu, Y.Z., Lim, Y.W., Chen, Y., Tkalčec, Z., Zhang, Z.F., Luo, Z.L., Daranagama, D.A., Thambugala, K.M., Tibpromma, S., Camporesi, E., Bulgakov, T.S., Dissanayake, A.J., Senanayake, I.C., Dai, D.Q., Tang, L.Z., Khan, S., Zhang, H., Promputtha, I., Cai, L., Chomnunti, P., Zhao, R.L., Lumyong, S., Boonmee, S., Wen, T.C., Mortimer, P.E. & Xu, J. (2019) Fungal diversity notes 929–1035: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungi. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 95: 1–273 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-019-00421-w</p>
<p>Rambaut, A. (2006) FigTree. Tree figure drawing tool version 1.3.1. Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh.</p>
<p>Ronquist, Fredrik, Teslenko, Maxim, Mark, V.D., Paul, Ayres, Daniel, L., Darling & Aaron. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: Efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. <em>Systematic Biology</em> 61: 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029</p>
<p>Senanayake, I., Rathnayaka, A., Sandamali, D., Calabon, M. & Vedprakash, H.G. (2020) Morphological approaches in studying fungi: collection, examination, isolation, sporulation and preservation. <em>Mycosphere</em> 11: 2678–2754. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/20</p>
<p>Silvestro, D. & Michalak, I. (2011) RaxmlGUI: a graphical front-end for RAxML. <em>Organisms Diversity & Evolution</em> 12: 335–337. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-011-0056-0</p>
<p>Swofford, D.L. (2002) PAUP: phylogenetic analysis using parsimony. Version 4.0b10. Illinois Natural History Survey, Champion, III.</p>
<p>Vilgalys, R. & Hester, M. (1990) Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several <em>Cryptococcus</em> species. <em>Journal of Bacteriology</em> 172: 4238–4246. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.172.8.4238-4246.1990</p>
<p>White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics.<em> In: </em>Innis, G.M., Shinsky, D. & White, T. (eds.) <em>PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications.</em> Academic, New York, pp. 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1</p>
<p>Xie, L., Chen, Y.L., Long, Y.Y., Zhang, Y., Liao, S.T., Liu, B., Qin, L.P., Nong, Q. & Zhang, W.L. (2019) Three new species of <em>Conlarium</em> from sugarcane rhizosphere in southern China. <em>MycoKeys</em> 56: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.56.35857</p>
<p>Zhang, H., Dong, W., Hyde, K.D., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Hongsanan, S., Jayarama Bhat, D., Al-Sadi, A.M. & Zhang, D. (2017) Towards a natural classification of <em>Annulatascaceae</em>-like taxa: introducing <em>Atractosporales </em>ord. nov. and six new families. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 85: 75–110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-017-0387-z</p>