Abstract
This study presents a taxonomic revision of the Pteronia adenocarpa group. Six species are recognised within this group, namely P. adenocarpa, P. armatifolia, P. elongata, P. hutchinsoniana, P. stoehelinoides and P. viscosa. The group is distinct in its characteristic basally hairy cypselae, as opposed to the glabrous-glossy, glandular and/or variously hairy cypselae with the hairs evenly distributed throughout the surface found in the remaining species of the genus. We here present a detailed taxonomic treatment with descriptions, nomenclature, diagnostic characters, geographical distribution and maps, ecological information as well as the key to the species.
References
<p>Bello, A.O. (2018) <em>A systematic study of Pteronia L. (Asteraceae).</em> PhD thesis submitted to the Faculty of Sciences, University of Johannesburg, South Africa, 461 pp.</p>
<p>Bello, A.O., Boatwright, J.S., Tilney, P.M., Van der Bank, M. & Magee, A.R. (2017) A taxonomic revision of the <em>Pteronia camphorata </em>group (Astereae, Asteraceae). <em>South African Journal of Botany </em>113: 277–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2017.08.017</p>
<p>Bello, A.O., Boatwright, J.S., Van der Bank, M. & Magee, A.R. (2020) Four new species of <em>Pteronia </em>(Astereae, Asteraceae) from South Africa. <em>Phytotaxa </em>430 (1): 25–32. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.430.1.4</p>
<p>Bergius, P.J. (1767) <em>Descriptiones Plantarum ex Capite Bonæ Spei, </em>L. Salvius, Stockholm, 409 pp.</p>
<p>Candolle, A.P. (1836) <em>Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis, Pars Quinta.</em> Treuttel & Würtz, Paris. [<em>Pteronia</em> on pp. 356–365].</p>
<p>Compton, R.H. (1931) The flora of the Whitehill district. <em>Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa </em>19: 313–315. https://doi.org/10.1080/00359193109518840</p>
<p>Coovadia, Z.H. (2007) <em>The antimicrobial properties and chemical composition of leaf extracts and essential oils of indigenous Pteronia species.</em> MSc thesis submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, 80 pp.</p>
<p>Edwards, D. & Leistner, O.A. (1971) A degree reference system for citing biological records in southern Africa. <em>Mitteilungen des Botanische Staatssammlung München</em> 10: 501–509.</p>
<p>Harvey, W.H. (1865) Compositae. <em>In</em>: Harvey, W.H. & Sonder, O.W. (Eds.) <em>Flora Capensis, </em>vol 3<em>.</em> Hodges, Smith and Co., Dublin. [<em>Pteronia</em> on pp. 95–111].</p>
<p>Herman, P.P.J. (2003) <em>Pteronia. In:</em> Germishuizen & Meyer, N.L. (Eds.) <em>Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist.</em> Strelitzia 14: 276–279.</p>
<p>Hulley, I.M. (2010) <em>The ethnobotany, leaf anatomy, essential oil and antimicrobial activities of Pteronia species (Asteraceae). </em>A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Sciences, University of Johannesburg, South Africa.</p>
<p>Hulley, I.M., Viljoen, A.M., Tilney, P.M., Van Vuuren, S.F., Kamatou, G.P.P. & Van Wyk, B-E. (2010a) Ethnobotany, leaf anatomy, essential oil composition and antibacterial activity of <em>Pteronia onobromoides</em> (Asteraceae). <em>South African Journal of Botany</em> 76: 43–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2009.06.012</p>
<p>Hulley, I.M., Viljoen, A.M., Tilney, P.M., Van Vuuren, S.F., Kamatou, G.P.P. & Van Wyk, B-E. (2010b) The ethnobotany, leaf anatomy, essential oil variation and biological activity of <em>Pteronia incana</em> (Asteraceae). S<em>outh African Journal of Botany</em> 76: 668–675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2010.08.007</p>
<p>Hulley, I.M., Viljoen, A.M., Tilney, P.M., Van Vuuren, S.F., Kamatou, G.P.P. & Van Wyk, B-E. (2011) <em>Pteronia divaricata</em> (Asteraceae): A newly recorded Cape herbal medicine. <em>South African Journal of Botany</em> 77: 66–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2010.05.010</p>
<p>Hutchinson, J. & Phillips, E.P. (1917) A revision of the genus <em>Pteronia</em> (Compositae). <em>Annals of the South African Museum</em> 9: 277–329.</p>
<p>Kolberg, H. & Van Slageren, M. (2014) A synopsis of the genus <em>Pteronia </em>(Compositae: Astereae) in Namibia including the resurrection of <em>Pteronia quadrifaria. Kew Bulletin </em>69: 1–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-014-9488-y</p>
<p>Leistner, O.A. & Morris, J.M. (1976) Southern African place names. <em>Annals of the Cape Province Museum</em> 12.</p>
<p>Lessing, C.F. (1832) <em>Sysnopsis Generum Compositarum. </em>Berolini, Sumtibus Dunckeri et Humblotii, Paris and London. [<em>Pteronia </em>on pp. 195–196].</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1763) <em>Species plantarum</em> (ed. 2) vol. 2. Laurentii Salvius, Stockholm, pp. 1176.</p>
<p>Manning, J.C. & Goldblatt, P. (2012) <em>Plants of the Greater Cape Floristic Region 1: the Core Cape flora</em>. Strelitzia 29, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, 853 pp.</p>
<p>Merxmüller, H. (1967) Asteraceae. <em>In</em>: Merxmüller, H. (ed.) <em>Prodromus einer Flora von Südwestafrika</em>. J. Cramer, Lehre 139: 150–159.</p>
<p>Merxmüller, H. & Roessler, H. (1984) Compositen-Studien XI. Neue Übersicht der Compositen Südwestafrikas. <em>Mitteilungen Botanischen Staatssammlung München</em> 20: 61–96.</p>
<p>Raimondo, D., von Staden, L., Foden, W., Victor, J.E., Helme, N.A., Turner, R.C., Kamundi, D.A. & Manyama, P.A. (2009) <em>Red List of South African Plants.</em> Strelitzia 25, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.</p>
<p>Rood, B. (1994) <em>Uit die veldapteek</em>. Tafelberg-Uitgewers Beperk, Kaapstad, pp. 36–37.</p>
<p>SANBI (2020) <em>Red List of South African Plants </em>version 2020.1. Available from: http://redlist.sanbi.org/genus.php?genus=3222 (accessed 10 February 2021)</p>
<p>Shearing, D. (1997) <em>Karoo. South African Wild Flower Guide 6. </em>Botanical Society of South Africa, Kirstenbosch, Claremont.</p>
<p>Snijman, D.A. (ed.) (2013) <em>Plants of the Greater Cape Floristic Region, Vol. 2: the Extra Cape flora</em>. Strelitzia 30. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria 543 pp.</p>
<p>Smith, C.A. (1966) <em>Common names of South African plants.</em> Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa 35. Department of Agricultural Technical Services, Pretoria, 642 pp.</p>
<p>Thiers, B. (2021) <em>Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff.</em> New York Botanical Gardens Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ (accessed 6 March 2021)</p>
<p>Thunberg, C.P. (1800) <em>Prodromus Plantarum</em> <em>Capensium</em>, quas, in Promontorio Bonæ Spei Africes, annis 1772–1775. Pars posterior. Joh. Fr. Edman, Uppsala pp. 143–144.</p>
<p>Thunberg, C.P. (1823) <em>Flora Capensis</em>. Plantas Promontorio Bonæ Spei Africes, IA Schultes pp. 629–634.</p>
<p>Van Wyk, B-E. (2008) A review of Khoi-San and Cape Dutch medical ethnobotany. <em>Journal of Ethnopharmacology</em> 119: 331–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.07.021</p>
<p>Victor, J.E. & Smith, G.F. (2011) The conservation imperative and setting plant taxonomic research priorities in South Africa. <em>Biodiversity and Conservation </em>20: 1501–1505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-011-0041-0</p>
<p>Victor, J.E., Hamer, M. & Smith, G.F. (2013) <em>A Biosystematics Research Strategy for the Algae, Animals, Bacteria and Archaea, Fungi and Plants of South Africa 2013–2018.</em> SANBI Biodiversity Series 23. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, 48 pp.</p>
<p>Viljoen, A.M., Kamatou, G.P.P., Coovadia, Z.H., Özek, T. & Başer, K.H.C. (2010) Rare sesquiterpenes from South African <em>Pteronia</em> species. <em>South African Journal of Botany</em> 76: 146–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2009.07.012</p>
<p>Von Staden, L., Raimondo, D. & Dayaram, A. (2013) Taxonomic research priorities for the conservation of the South African flora. <em>South African Journal of Science </em>109: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1590/sajs.2013/1182</p>
<p>Bello, A.O., Boatwright, J.S., Tilney, P.M., Van der Bank, M. & Magee, A.R. (2017) A taxonomic revision of the <em>Pteronia camphorata </em>group (Astereae, Asteraceae). <em>South African Journal of Botany </em>113: 277–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2017.08.017</p>
<p>Bello, A.O., Boatwright, J.S., Van der Bank, M. & Magee, A.R. (2020) Four new species of <em>Pteronia </em>(Astereae, Asteraceae) from South Africa. <em>Phytotaxa </em>430 (1): 25–32. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.430.1.4</p>
<p>Bergius, P.J. (1767) <em>Descriptiones Plantarum ex Capite Bonæ Spei, </em>L. Salvius, Stockholm, 409 pp.</p>
<p>Candolle, A.P. (1836) <em>Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis, Pars Quinta.</em> Treuttel & Würtz, Paris. [<em>Pteronia</em> on pp. 356–365].</p>
<p>Compton, R.H. (1931) The flora of the Whitehill district. <em>Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa </em>19: 313–315. https://doi.org/10.1080/00359193109518840</p>
<p>Coovadia, Z.H. (2007) <em>The antimicrobial properties and chemical composition of leaf extracts and essential oils of indigenous Pteronia species.</em> MSc thesis submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, 80 pp.</p>
<p>Edwards, D. & Leistner, O.A. (1971) A degree reference system for citing biological records in southern Africa. <em>Mitteilungen des Botanische Staatssammlung München</em> 10: 501–509.</p>
<p>Harvey, W.H. (1865) Compositae. <em>In</em>: Harvey, W.H. & Sonder, O.W. (Eds.) <em>Flora Capensis, </em>vol 3<em>.</em> Hodges, Smith and Co., Dublin. [<em>Pteronia</em> on pp. 95–111].</p>
<p>Herman, P.P.J. (2003) <em>Pteronia. In:</em> Germishuizen & Meyer, N.L. (Eds.) <em>Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist.</em> Strelitzia 14: 276–279.</p>
<p>Hulley, I.M. (2010) <em>The ethnobotany, leaf anatomy, essential oil and antimicrobial activities of Pteronia species (Asteraceae). </em>A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Sciences, University of Johannesburg, South Africa.</p>
<p>Hulley, I.M., Viljoen, A.M., Tilney, P.M., Van Vuuren, S.F., Kamatou, G.P.P. & Van Wyk, B-E. (2010a) Ethnobotany, leaf anatomy, essential oil composition and antibacterial activity of <em>Pteronia onobromoides</em> (Asteraceae). <em>South African Journal of Botany</em> 76: 43–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2009.06.012</p>
<p>Hulley, I.M., Viljoen, A.M., Tilney, P.M., Van Vuuren, S.F., Kamatou, G.P.P. & Van Wyk, B-E. (2010b) The ethnobotany, leaf anatomy, essential oil variation and biological activity of <em>Pteronia incana</em> (Asteraceae). S<em>outh African Journal of Botany</em> 76: 668–675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2010.08.007</p>
<p>Hulley, I.M., Viljoen, A.M., Tilney, P.M., Van Vuuren, S.F., Kamatou, G.P.P. & Van Wyk, B-E. (2011) <em>Pteronia divaricata</em> (Asteraceae): A newly recorded Cape herbal medicine. <em>South African Journal of Botany</em> 77: 66–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2010.05.010</p>
<p>Hutchinson, J. & Phillips, E.P. (1917) A revision of the genus <em>Pteronia</em> (Compositae). <em>Annals of the South African Museum</em> 9: 277–329.</p>
<p>Kolberg, H. & Van Slageren, M. (2014) A synopsis of the genus <em>Pteronia </em>(Compositae: Astereae) in Namibia including the resurrection of <em>Pteronia quadrifaria. Kew Bulletin </em>69: 1–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-014-9488-y</p>
<p>Leistner, O.A. & Morris, J.M. (1976) Southern African place names. <em>Annals of the Cape Province Museum</em> 12.</p>
<p>Lessing, C.F. (1832) <em>Sysnopsis Generum Compositarum. </em>Berolini, Sumtibus Dunckeri et Humblotii, Paris and London. [<em>Pteronia </em>on pp. 195–196].</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1763) <em>Species plantarum</em> (ed. 2) vol. 2. Laurentii Salvius, Stockholm, pp. 1176.</p>
<p>Manning, J.C. & Goldblatt, P. (2012) <em>Plants of the Greater Cape Floristic Region 1: the Core Cape flora</em>. Strelitzia 29, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, 853 pp.</p>
<p>Merxmüller, H. (1967) Asteraceae. <em>In</em>: Merxmüller, H. (ed.) <em>Prodromus einer Flora von Südwestafrika</em>. J. Cramer, Lehre 139: 150–159.</p>
<p>Merxmüller, H. & Roessler, H. (1984) Compositen-Studien XI. Neue Übersicht der Compositen Südwestafrikas. <em>Mitteilungen Botanischen Staatssammlung München</em> 20: 61–96.</p>
<p>Raimondo, D., von Staden, L., Foden, W., Victor, J.E., Helme, N.A., Turner, R.C., Kamundi, D.A. & Manyama, P.A. (2009) <em>Red List of South African Plants.</em> Strelitzia 25, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.</p>
<p>Rood, B. (1994) <em>Uit die veldapteek</em>. Tafelberg-Uitgewers Beperk, Kaapstad, pp. 36–37.</p>
<p>SANBI (2020) <em>Red List of South African Plants </em>version 2020.1. Available from: http://redlist.sanbi.org/genus.php?genus=3222 (accessed 10 February 2021)</p>
<p>Shearing, D. (1997) <em>Karoo. South African Wild Flower Guide 6. </em>Botanical Society of South Africa, Kirstenbosch, Claremont.</p>
<p>Snijman, D.A. (ed.) (2013) <em>Plants of the Greater Cape Floristic Region, Vol. 2: the Extra Cape flora</em>. Strelitzia 30. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria 543 pp.</p>
<p>Smith, C.A. (1966) <em>Common names of South African plants.</em> Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa 35. Department of Agricultural Technical Services, Pretoria, 642 pp.</p>
<p>Thiers, B. (2021) <em>Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff.</em> New York Botanical Gardens Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ (accessed 6 March 2021)</p>
<p>Thunberg, C.P. (1800) <em>Prodromus Plantarum</em> <em>Capensium</em>, quas, in Promontorio Bonæ Spei Africes, annis 1772–1775. Pars posterior. Joh. Fr. Edman, Uppsala pp. 143–144.</p>
<p>Thunberg, C.P. (1823) <em>Flora Capensis</em>. Plantas Promontorio Bonæ Spei Africes, IA Schultes pp. 629–634.</p>
<p>Van Wyk, B-E. (2008) A review of Khoi-San and Cape Dutch medical ethnobotany. <em>Journal of Ethnopharmacology</em> 119: 331–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.07.021</p>
<p>Victor, J.E. & Smith, G.F. (2011) The conservation imperative and setting plant taxonomic research priorities in South Africa. <em>Biodiversity and Conservation </em>20: 1501–1505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-011-0041-0</p>
<p>Victor, J.E., Hamer, M. & Smith, G.F. (2013) <em>A Biosystematics Research Strategy for the Algae, Animals, Bacteria and Archaea, Fungi and Plants of South Africa 2013–2018.</em> SANBI Biodiversity Series 23. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, 48 pp.</p>
<p>Viljoen, A.M., Kamatou, G.P.P., Coovadia, Z.H., Özek, T. & Başer, K.H.C. (2010) Rare sesquiterpenes from South African <em>Pteronia</em> species. <em>South African Journal of Botany</em> 76: 146–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2009.07.012</p>
<p>Von Staden, L., Raimondo, D. & Dayaram, A. (2013) Taxonomic research priorities for the conservation of the South African flora. <em>South African Journal of Science </em>109: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1590/sajs.2013/1182</p>